The Amazon from an international law perspective / Beatriz Garcia.
2011
KH642.A46 G37 2011 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
The Amazon from an international law perspective / Beatriz Garcia.
Published
Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Call Number
KH642.A46 G37 2011
ISBN
9780521769624 (hardback : alk. paper)
0521769620 (hardback : alk. paper)
9780511861062 (e-book)
0511861060 (e-book)
0521769620 (hardback : alk. paper)
9780511861062 (e-book)
0511861060 (e-book)
Description
xxiii, 379 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)666491063
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 327-369) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Maps and Figures
xi
List of Tables
xii
Preface
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
Abbreviations and Acronyms
xix
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
International Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection
3
1.2.
The Context and Meaning of International Cooperation
5
1.3.
Limits to International Cooperation in the Environmental Field
10
1.4.
International Cooperation in the Context of the Present Study
16
2.
The Characteristics of the Amazon Region
23
2.1.
Physical Characteristics
23
2.1.1.
Land Area
23
2.1.2.
Hydrological Characteristics
26
2.2.
Socioeconomic Characteristics
29
2.2.1.
Population
29
2.2.2.
Economic Development and Trade
32
2.3.
Current Threats to the Amazonian Environment
34
2.3.1.
Deforestation in the Amazon
36
2.3.2.
Impacts of Deforestation on the Amazon
46
3.
The Origins of Regional Cooperation in the Amazon
50
3.1.
International Boundaries Delimiting the Amazon Region
50
3.1.1.
The Uti Possidetis as a Principle for Establishing International Boundaries
51
3.1.2.
International Boundaries between Brazil and the Other Amazon States
54
3.2.
Commerce and Navigation
60
3.3.
Early Forms of Cooperation in the Amazon Region
66
3.3.1.
Treaties of Friendship and Cooperation
66
3.3.2.
Environmental Conservation
67
3.3.3.
Toward Regional Cooperation
70
Conclusions
72
4.
The 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty
74
A.
Origins of the 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty
75
4.1.
The Rationale of a Regional Cooperation Treaty
75
4.2.
The Negotiation of a Regional Cooperation Treaty
82
B.
An Overview of the 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty
85
4.3.
Normative Framework
85
4.3.1.
Spatial Domain of Validity
86
4.3.2.
Principles and Obligations
88
4.3.3.
Implementation Mechanisms
95
4.3.4.
Normative Evolution
97
4.4.
Institutional Framework
100
4.4.1.
Meetings of the Presidents
100
4.4.2.
Meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs
101
4.4.3.
Amazon Cooperation Council
103
4.4.4.
Permanent National Commissions
104
4.4.5.
Special Commissions
105
4.4.6.
From Pro Tempore Secretariats to a Permanent Structure
107
4.4.7.
The Functions and Structure of the Permanent Secretariat
110
4.4.8.
The Permanent Secretariat Today
113
4.4.9.
Financial Mechanism
117
4.5.
Assessing the Effectiveness of the 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty
118
Conclusions
123
5.
Regional and Subregional Organizations
127
5.1.
Organization of American States
129
5.2.
Andean Community
132
5.3.
Caribbean Community
137
5.4.
Common Market of the South
140
5.5.
Inter-American Development Bank
145
5.6.
Andean Development Corporation
148
Conclusions
149
6.
Other Legal Instruments Adopted by the Amazon States Inter Se
151
A.
Cooperation among the Amazon States Inter Se
152
6.1.
Freshwater Resources
153
6.2.
Biodiversity
159
6.2.1.
Genetic Resources
162
6.2.2.
Wildlife Species of Fauna and Flora
164
6.3.
Health, Food Safety, and Sanitation
166
6.4.
Forests
170
6.5.
Hazardous Substances and Activities
174
6.6.
Disaster Prevention and Management
174
6.7.
Indigenous Populations
175
B.
Cooperation among the Amazon States and Other Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean
184
Conclusions
186
7.
Multilateral Treaties and Global Actors in the Amazon
188
A.
Multilateral Environmental Agreements
188
B.
Global Actors
196
7.1.
International Organizations
196
7.1.1.
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
196
7.1.2.
United Nations Environment Programme
198
7.1.3.
United Nations Development Programme
200
7.1.4.
The World Bank and the Global Environment Facility
201
7.1.5.
The Pilot Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rain Forest
207
7.2.
International Nongovernmental Organizations
210
C.
Synergies and Conflicts between Norms and Institutions
214
Conclusions
224
8.
Positive Incentives for Protecting the Amazon
227
8.1.
Carbon Trading
233
8.1.1.
The Compliance Market
233
8.1.2.
The Voluntary Carbon Market
236
8.2.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
238
8.2.1.
The International Negotiations on REDD
243
8.2.2.
REDD in Practice
246
8.2.3.
REDD: Pros and Cons
248
8.3.
Payments for Environmental Services
253
8.3.1.
Payments for Environmental Services in Practice
254
8.3.2.
PES: Pros and Cons
256
Conclusions
260
9.
The Legal Status of the Amazon: Implications for International Cooperation
266
9.1.
The Amazon as a Common Heritage of Humankind?
270
9.2.
The Amazon as an Area of Special Protection?
275
9.3.
The Amazon as a Common Concern of Humankind
279
9.3.1.
Consequences of a Common Concern Status
284
9.3.2.
A Right of Surveillance in the Protection of the Amazon
294
Conclusions
304
10.
General Conclusions
306
10.1.
Cooperation among the Amazon States Inter Se
306
10.2.
The Role of the 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty
311
10.3.
Cooperation between the Amazon States and the International Community
319
10.4.
International Legal Status for the Amazon and Possible Implications
323
Bibliography
327
Index
371