The enforcement of patents / edited by Kung-Chung Liu, Reto M. Hilty.
2012
K1505 .E54 2012 (Map It)
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Title
The enforcement of patents / edited by Kung-Chung Liu, Reto M. Hilty.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn : Wolters Kluwer, Law & Business, [2012]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Aspen Publishers, Inc.
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
K1505 .E54 2012
ISBN
9041135278 (cloth)
9789041135278 (cloth)
9789041135278 (cloth)
Description
xxvi, 460 pages : illustrations ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)769262954
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Summary of Contents
v
Introduction / Kung-Chung Liu
1
1.
The Origin, Purposes and Contents of This Publication
1
2.
Some General Trends Observed in the Jurisdictions Surveyed
2
3.
Possible Resource Pool or Magazine for Friction?
3
pt. I
Doctrinal Clarification
7
ch. 1
Keynote / Reto M. Hilty
9
1.
Substantive Patent Law and Litigation Must Necessarily Be Co-related
11
2.
Patent Infringements May Produce Serious Problems
13
3.
Disincentives against Patent Infringement Risk Being Too Weak (Unclear)
17
4.
Imitation, "Counterfeiting" and "Piracy" Are Not Equivalents
19
5.
Imitations Potentially Lie in the Public Interest
20
6.
Criminal Law Is a Dangerous Weapon in the Field of Patent Law
22
7.
Countermeasures May Ban the Misuse of Enforcement Tools
24
8.
Strategic (Mis)use May Require Specific Measures
25
9.
Financial Resources May Outrank Technical Facts
26
10.
Asian Countries Might Have an Interest in Taking Further Steps
30
ch. 2
More Economic Approach to IPR and Competition Law: A Cross-Jurisdiction Study on Patent Pools / Kung-Chung Liu
33
1.
Introduction
33
2.
The Adoption of the More Economic Approach
34
2.1.
United States
35
2.2.
EU
35
2.3.
Japan
37
2.4.
Korea
37
2.5.
Taiwan
37
3.
The Characteristics of the More Economic Approach
38
3.1.
Intervention Threshold (Safety Zone)
38
3.2.
Rule of Reason over Per Se Rule
39
3.2.1.
Per Se Illegal Rule Phasing Out
39
3.2.2.
Per Se Legal Rule Remains a Rarity
41
4.
Assessing Licensing Agreements in Patent Pools and the Impact of Antitrust Violation
41
4.1.
United States
41
4.1.1.
DOJ and FTC: Including Substitute Patents Does Not Make the Pool Presumptively Anticompetitive
41
4.1.2.
CAFC: Rule of Reason Analysis of Any Pooling Agreement
42
4.1.2.1.
No Patent Misuse by Inducing a Third Party Not to License Its Separate, Competitive Technology
43
4.1.2.2.
Agreement not to license Competing Technology Analyzed under the Rule of Reason
44
4.2.
EU
45
4.2.1.
Highly Intolerant of Patent Pools with Substitute Technologies
45
4.2.2.
Refusal to License the Pooled IPR: Concerned about Competition in Downstream Market
46
4.3.
Japan
47
4.3.1.
Highly Intolerant of Patent Pools with Substitute Technologies
47
4.3.2.
Refusal to License the Pooled IPR: Private Monopolization if It Substantially Restrains Competition
48
4.4.
Korea
48
4.4.1.
Patent Pools with Substitute Technologies Likely to Be Unjust
48
4.4.2.
Refusal to License Pooled IPR: Concerned about Fair Trade in the Relevant Market
48
4.5.
Taiwan
49
4.5.1.
Much Emphasis on Not Including Substitute Patents in Patent Pool
49
4.5.2.
Refusal to License Pooled IPR via Refusing Royalty Negotiation: Abuse of Monopolistic Position
50
4.6.
Analysis
51
4.6.1.
The Governance of Patent Pools Is the Key
51
4.6.1.1.
Independent Patent Controller
52
4.6.1.2.
Openness
52
4.6.1.3.
Firewalls
53
4.6.2.
Abusing a Dominant Position by Patent Pools a Likely Issue
54
4.6.2.1.
Refusal to License
54
4.6.2.2.
Charging Prohibitive Royalty
55
4.6.3.
The Impact of Antitrust Violation
57
4.6.3.1.
On the Cease-and-Decease Request Based on IPR
57
4.6.3.2.
On IPR Licensing Agreement
57
5.
Future Prospect
59
5.1.
Maintaining Comprehensive Guidelines on IPR Licensing Agreements
59
5.2.
Recognizing the Economics of IPR
59
5.3.
Building a More Economic-Based Patent Regime: Compulsory Licensing as an Example
60
Comment Reflections on a Second Thought / Richard Li-Dar Wang
61
1.
Affirmation of Mandatory Package License on the CAFC
61
2.
IPR Misuse and Competition Law: Should They Be the Same?
62
3.
Would a More Economic Approach Necessarily Be Better Off?
63
ch. 3
The Economics of Patent Enforcement and Its Reception in Asia / Andrea Wechsler
65
1.
Introduction
65
2.
Methodological and Economic Foundations
66
2.1.
The Economic Analysis of Law
67
2.2.
The Economic Analysis of Patent Law
69
3.
The Economics of Patent Enforcement
72
3.1.
Substantive Issues
72
3.2.
Institutional Issues
74
4.
The Reception of the Economics of Patent Enforcement in Asia
76
4.1.
Asian Jurisdictions with Civil Law Traditions
76
4.2.
Asian Jurisdictions with Common Law Traditions
79
5.
Summary and Recommendations
80
Comment / Steven S. Kan
82
1.
The Role of Legal Scholars in Applying Law and Economics
83
2.
Further Research Topics that may be of Interest to Asian Legal Scholars
85
pt. II
Patent Enforcement in East Asian Jurisdictions with Civil Law Background
87
ch. 4
Mainland China / Di Lu
89
1.
The Protection of Technical Innovation in General
89
1.1.
Legal Framework and Statutory Instruments
89
1.1.1.
IP Laws
89
1.1.2.
Administrative Regulations and Rules
90
1.1.3.
Judicial Interpretations issued by the Supreme People's Court
91
1.1.4.
International Conventions for the Protection of IPR
91
1.2.
Enforcement Structures
92
1.2.1.
Remedies and Procedures
92
1.2.1.1.
Civil Procedure
92
1.2.1.1.1.
Pre-trial Cessation
92
1.2.1.1.2.
The Main Procedure
92
1.2.1.1.3.
Representatives
93
1.2.1.1.4.
Burden of Proof
94
1.2.1.1.5.
The Role of Experts
94
1.2.1.1.6.
Defenses
95
1.2.1.1.7.
Civil Liability
95
1.2.1.2.
Criminal Law
96
1.2.1.3.
Administrative Law
96
1.2.1.4.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
97
1.2.2.
Court System
97
1.2.2.1.
Courts
97
1.2.2.2.
Tribunals in Courts
97
1.2.2.3.
Judges
98
1.3.
Enforcement Statistics
98
1.3.1.
Administrative Enforcement
98
1.3.2.
Judicial Enforcement
99
2.
Patent Enforcement in Particular
101
2.1.
Cooperation with Other Countries
101
2.2.
Particularities for Patent Enforcement
101
2.2.1.
Divided Trials for Patent Invalidity and Infringement
102
2.2.2.
Administrative Patent Enforcement System
102
2.2.3.
Jurisdiction of Civil Patent Litigations
103
2.3.
Parties Involved in Patent Enforcement
103
2.3.1.
Competent Plaintiff
103
2.3.2.
Competent Defendant
104
2.3.3.
The Third Party
104
2.4.
Position of Competitors and Third-Parties vis-a-vis Existing Patents
105
2.4.1.
Prior Art/Design Defense
105
2.4.2.
Prior Use Right
106
2.4.3.
Invalidation
106
2.4.4.
Compulsory Licenses
107
2.5.
Scope of Protection
108
2.5.1.
Definition of Infringements
108
2.5.2.
Principles of Patent Infringement Determination
108
2.5.2.1.
The "Eclectic" Principle for the Interpretation of Claims
108
2.5.2.2.
"Doctrine of Full-scale Embrace"
109
2.5.2.3.
"Doctrine of Equivalents"
109
2.5.2.4.
"Doctrine of Contribution" and "Doctrine of Prosecution History Estoppel"
109
2.5.3.
Prohibition of Over-Protection
109
2.6.
Misuse of the Patent System
110
2.6.1.
Patent Abuse and Competition Law
110
2.6.2.
Malicious Prosecution and Legal Remedies
111
2.6.3.
Warning Letter and Declaratory Judgment of Noninfringement
112
3.
Conclusions
112
Comment / Heinz Goddar
114
ch. 5
Japan / Yoshiyuki Tamura
119
1.
Protection of Technical Innovation in General
119
1.1.
Legal Framework and Statutory Instruments
119
1.2.
Enforcement
120
1.2.1.
Remedies
120
1.2.1.1.
Injunctions
120
1.2.1.2.
Damage Compensation
122
1.2.1.2.1.
Subjective Requirements
122
1.2.1.2.2.
Compensation for Lost Profits
123
1.2.1.2.3.
Compensation Corresponding to License Fee
125
1.2.1.3.
Unjust Enrichment
125
1.2.1.4.
Demand for Disposal or Removal
126
1.2.1.5.
Criminal Punishment
127
1.3.
Procedure
127
1.3.1.
Preliminary Injunctions
127
1.3.2.
Action on the Merits
128
1.3.3.
Judicial Settlement
131
1.4.
Court System
132
2.
Enforcement Statistics
134
3.
Features of Patent Enforcement in Japan
135
3.1.
Cooperation with Other Countries
135
3.1.1.
Cooperation in Patent Examination
135
3.1.2.
Cooperation in Patent Enforcement
136
3.1.3.
Other Important Features of Patent Enforcement in Japan
136
3.1.3.1.
Separation of Invalidity and Infringement
136
3.1.3.2.
Specialized Courts
138
3.1.3.3.
Composition of Courts and the BTE at the JPO
138
3.1.3.4.
International Jurisdiction
139
3.2.
Parties Involved in Patent Enforcement
140
3.2.1.
Competent Plaintiff
140
3.2.2.
Competent Defendant
141
3.2.3.
Third Parties
141
3.2.4.
Representatives: Attorneys and Patent Attorneys
141
3.3.
Position of Competitors and Third Parties vis-a-vis Existing Patents
142
3.3.1.
Invalidation
142
3.3.2.
Access to Compulsory Licenses
142
3.4.
Scope of Protection
142
3.4.1.
Definition of Infringement
142
3.4.1.1.
Working the Patent
142
3.4.1.2.
The Doctrine of Equivalents
143
3.4.1.3.
Indirect Infringement
143
3.4.2.
Defenses
144
3.4.2.1.
Prior Use
144
3.4.2.2.
Working for Experimental or Research Purposes
145
3.4.2.3.
Exhaustion
146
3.4.2.4.
Invalidation
146
3.4.3.
Other Issues
147
3.5.
Dysfunctional Use of the Patent System
147
3.5.1.
Regulation by the Japan Fair Trade Commission (JFTC)
147
3.6.
Wrongful Enforcement
149
3.6.1.
Groundless Threats of Patent Infringement
149
3.6.2.
Unwarranted Lawsuits
151
4.
Recent Trends in Patent Invalidation
151
5.
Conclusion and Recommendations
153
Comment / Klaus Hinkelmann
156
1.
The Need for Double Protection of an Invention via a Patent and a Utility Model
157
2.
International Exhaustion
157
3.
Re-establishment of Opposition System?
158
ch. 6
Korea / Byungil Kim
159
1.
The Protection of Technical Innovation in General
159
1.1.
Industrial Property System
159
1.2.
Basics of Enforcement Structures
160
2.
Enforcement of Patent Rights in Particular
160
2.1.
Parties to an Infringement Action
160
2.2.
Jurisdiction
161
2.3.
The Object of Patent Protection
161
2.4.
Preliminary Measures
162
2.5.
The Main Action
164
2.5.1.
Warning Letters
164
2.5.2.
Procedures in the Main Action
165
2.6.
Scope of Protection
166
2.7.
Defenses
167
2.7.1.
Noninfringement
167
2.7.2.
Abuse of Patent Right
168
2.7.3.
Invalidation Action
169
2.7.4.
Confirmation of Scope
170
2.8.
Remedies
170
2.8.1.
Civil Remedies
171
2.8.1.1.
Injunctive Relief
171
2.8.1.2.
Damage Claims
172
2.8.2.
Criminal Sanctions
172
3.
Conclusion
173
Comment When Public Law Comes Across Private Law / Sung-Mei Hsiung
174
1.
"Dual Track Problem" in East Asian Patent Litigation
174
2.
A Breakthrough in the "Dual Track Problem" in Taiwan
175
ch. 7
Taiwan / Su-Hua Lee
177
1.
Introduction
177
2.
Overview of the Development of Patent Act
178
2.1.
History of Patent Act
178
2.2.
Framework of the Patent Act
179
2.3.
Patent Authorities and International Cooperation
179
3.
Patent Enforcement
180
3.1.
Administrative Proceedings of Patent Prosecution and Validity
181
3.2.
Civil Proceedings of Patent Infringement
183
3.2.1.
Definition of Infringement
183
3.2.2.
Determining Patent Infringement
184
3.2.3.
Remedies and Procedures
185
3.2.4.
Position of Competitors and Third Parties
186
3.2.5.
International Jurisdiction
187
3.3.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
187
3.4.
Special Requirements Related to Border Measures
188
3.5.
Dysfunctional Use of the Patent System
188
3.5.1.
Patent Law Remedies
188
3.5.2.
Competition Law Remedies
189
3.6.
Wrongful Enforcement
190
4.
Courts of Patent Enforcement
191
4.1.
IP Court
191
4.2.
Technical Examination Officer
194
4.2.1.
Laws and Regulations
194
4.2.2.
Relation to Expert Verification on Litigation and Adjudication
195
4.3.
Patent Attorney
195
4.4.
Problematic Issues in Adjudicating Patent Cases
196
4.4.1.
District Courts Lack Technical Expertise
196
4.4.2.
The Interest of the Parties Abridged by the IP Court Adjudicating First and Second Instances
197
4.4.3.
The Controversial Role of the TEOs and Their Reports
197
4.4.4.
Stay of the Civil Proceedings
198
4.4.4.1.
From Must Stay to Must Not Stay
198
4.4.4.2.
Confirmation of Patent Invalidity is Only Binding to the Case in Question
199
5.
Statistics and Analysis on Patent Cases
199
5.1.
Methodology and Scope
199
5.2.
Civil Litigation Decisions
200
5.2.1.
Types of Patents and Litigation
200
5.2.2.
Raising Patent Validity Defense
200
5.2.2.1.
Observations and Initial Analyses of Court Practice
201
5.2.2.2.
Issues Worthy of Continued Observation
205
5.3.
Plaintiffs Lost in Most Patent Infringement Cases
205
5.4.
Damages
206
5.5.
Adjudication Time Spans of Second Instance
209
6.
Conclusion
210
Comment / Rupprecht Podszun
211
ch. 8
Patent Enforcement in Indonesia / Christoph Antons
215
1.
An Introduction to Patents in the Context of the Intellectual Property System of Indonesia
215
2.
The Enforcement Structure
217
2.1.
Criminal, Civil and Administrative Enforcement
217
2.1.1.
The National Team for the Prevention of Intellectual Property Violations
219
2.1.2.
The Civil Servant Investigators
219
2.1.3.
The IP Profession
220
2.1.4.
The Courts
220
2.2.
Enforcement of Patent Rights in the Indonesian Courts and Remedies Available
222
2.2.1.
Criminal Procedures
222
2.2.2.
Civil Procedures: Infringement and Revocation
224
2.2.2.1.
Procedural Law in Civil Cases and the Relevance of Injunctions
224
2.2.2.2.
Infringement Proceedings
226
2.2.2.3.
Revocation Proceedings
227
2.3.
Dysfunctional Use of the Patent System
229
3.
Conclusion
230
Comment / Min-Chiuan Wang
237
ch. 9
Philippines / Alex Ferdinand S. Fider
239
1.
Introduction
237
1.1.
The Intellectual Property Code
238
1.2.
The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines
239
1.3.
Issues in Enforcement of IP Rights
239
2.
Patent Enforcement in Particular
240
2.1.
Patentable Invention and Remedies of Applicant and True Inventor
240
2.2.
Rights of Patentees
241
2.3.
Infringement of Patents
241
2.4.
Who can File
242
2.5.
Invalidity of a Patent
242
2.6.
Venue
243
3.
Basic Features of a Civil Case and an Administrative Case
243
3.1.
Jurisdiction
243
3.2.
Responsive Pleading
244
3.3.
Pretrial and Mediation
244
3.4.
Duration of Proceedings
244
4.
Determining Patent Infringement
245
4.1.
Two Step Process
245
4.2.
Shifting the Burden of Proof
246
4.3.
Doctrine of Equivalents
246
4.4.
File Wrapper Estoppel
246
4.5.
Expert Witness
247
5.
Patent Limitations in Pharmaceutical Products
247
5.1.
Swiss Claims
247
5.2.
Parallel Importation
248
5.3.
Bolar Exception
248
5.4.
Compulsory Licensing
249
6.
Provisional Remedies
250
6.1.
Civil Case
250
6.1.1.
Civil Search and Seizure
250
6.1.2.
Injunction
251
6.1.3.
Preliminary Attachment
251
6.2.
Administrative Case
251
6.3.
Penalties and Award of Damages
252
6.4.
Border Control Measures
253
6.4.1.
IP Recordation
253
6.4.2.
Issuance of Alert/Hold Order
254
6.4.2.1.
Physical Inspection
254
6.4.2.2.
Seizure
254
6.4.2.3.
Hearing
254
6.4.2.4.
Decree of Forfeiture
254
6.4.2.5.
Disposition of the Forfeited Goods
254
6.5.
Criminal Case
255
6.6.
Malicious Prosecution of Patent Infringement Case
255
7.
Enforcement of Foreign Judgment
256
8.
Conclusion
257
Comment / Chung-Lun Shen
258
1.
Inventorship
258
2.
Doctrine of Equivalents
259
3.
Injunctions
260
4.
Damages
260
ch. 10
Thailand / Nandana Indananda
261
1.
The Protection of Technical Innovation in General
261
1.1.
Legal Framework and Statutory Instruments
261
1.2.
Enforcement Structures
262
1.2.1.
Remedies and Procedures
262
1.2.2.
Civil Proceeding
262
1.2.3.
Criminal Proceeding
263
1.2.4.
Court System
263
2.
Patent Enforcement in Particular
263
2.1.
Patents Protection in Thailand
263
2.1.1.
Types of Patents
263
2.1.1.1.
Patent for Invention
263
2.1.1.2.
Design Patent
265
2.1.1.3.
Petty Patent
265
2.1.1.4.
Non-patentable Subject Matter
265
2.2.
Scope of Protection
266
2.2.1.
Licensing
266
2.2.2.
Patent Infringement
266
2.2.3.
Exceptions to the Patent Owner's Rights
267
2.2.4.
Opposition
267
2.2.5.
Invalidation
268
2.2.6.
Compulsory License
268
2.2.7.
Patent Application Statistics
268
2.3.
Jurisdiction
269
2.4.
Parties to an Infringement Action
269
2.5.
Preliminary Measures
270
2.6.
Main Action
272
2.6.1.
Warning Letters
272
2.6.2.
Main Action Proceedings
273
2.6.3.
Acquisition of Evidence
274
2.6.4.
Invalidity Action
275
2.6.5.
Remedies
276
2.6.5.1.
Injunction
276
2.6.5.2.
Damages
278
2.6.6.
Court Fees
279
2.6.7.
Dysfunctional Use of the Patent System and Wrongful Enforcement
279
2.6.8.
Cooperation with Other Countries
279
3.
Conclusions and Recommendations
280
Comment A Closer Look at the TRIPS Compatibility Issue of Patent Enforcement in Thailand / Tsu-Sung Hsieh
281
pt. III
Patent Enforcement in East Asian Jurisdictions with Common Law Background
283
ch. 11
Hong Kong / Alice Lee
285
1.
The Protection of Technical Innovation in General
285
1.1.
Legal Framework and Statutory Instruments
285
1.2.
Enforcement Structures
287
1.2.1.
Against Direct Use
287
1.2.2.
Against Indirect Use
287
1.2.3.
Exemptions from Liability
288
1.2.4.
Remedies
288
1.2.5.
Exclusive Licensee May also Bring a Civil Action
290
1.2.6.
Revocation of Patents
291
1.3.
Enforcement Statistics
292
2.
Patent Enforcement in Particular
293
2.1.
Cooperation with Other Countries
293
2.2.
Particularities for Patent Enforcement
293
2.3.
Parties Involved in Patent Enforcement
294
2.4.
Position of Competitors and Third-Parties vis-a-vis Existing Patents (or Patents Coming into Existence)
295
2.4.1.
Mechanism for Referring the Question of Entitlement
295
2.4.2.
Determination of Right to Patent after Grant
295
2.4.3.
Compulsory Licenses
296
2.4.4.
Scope of Protection
296
2.4.5.
Dysfunctional Use of the Patent System
297
2.4.6.
Wrongful Enforcement
298
3.
The Shortcomings of Short-term Patents
299
3.1.
Case Study
299
3.2.
The Inadequacies Remain Unaddressed
302
Annex
306
1.
Number of Applications Received and Patents Granted
306
2.
Subject Matters of the Inventions
307
3.
Number of Patent Applications Which Had Not Proceeded to Grant
308
Comment Towards More Cost-Effective and Efficient Patent Enforcement in Hong Kong / Kuo-Lien Hsieh
309
1.
Problematic Trends
309
2.
Costly Patent Enforcement
310
3.
Towards more Efficient Procedures
311
4.
Lessons from the United Kingdom
312
5.
Concluding Remarks
315
ch. 12
Malaysia / Kherk Ying Chew
317
1.
The Protection of Technical Innovation in General
317
1.1.
Legal Framework and Statutory Instruments
317
1.2.
Enforcement Structures
318
1.2.1.
Civil Suits
318
1.2.2.
Criminal Enforcement
318
1.2.3.
Warning Letters
318
1.2.4.
Preliminary Measures
318
1.2.4.1.
Obtaining Evidence in Civil Proceedings (Icluding Seizures)
318
1.2.4.2.
Interim Injunctions
319
1.2.4.2.1.
General Interim Injunction
319
1.2.4.2.2.
Mareva Injunction
320
1.3.
Procedures in the Main Action
320
1.3.1.
Obtaining Evidence and Introducing Evidence during Trial
320
1.3.2.
Role of Experts
321
1.4.
Defenses
321
1.4.1.
Non-Infringement
321
1.4.2.
Nullity (Invalidity)
321
1.4.3.
Separation of Invalidity and Infringement
322
1.5.
Remedies
322
1.5.1.
Damages
322
1.5.2.
Account of Profits
323
1.5.3.
Injunctive Relief
323
1.5.4.
Delivery Up
323
1.5.5.
Monetary Fines/Imprisonment
323
1.6.
Court System
323
1.7.
Court Costs and Attorney's Fees
324
2.
Patent Enforcement in Particular
324
2.1.
Cooperation with Other Countries
324
2.1.1.
Patent Examination
324
2.1.2.
Patent Enforcement
325
2.1.3.
Mutual Recognition of Foreign Court Decisions
325
2.2.
Particularities for Patent Enforcement
326
2.2.1.
Jurisdiction
326
2.2.1.1.
National Jurisdiction
326
2.2.1.2.
International Jurisdiction
327
2.2.2.
Composition of the Courts and Specialized Courts
327
2.3.
Parties Involved in Patent Enforcement
327
2.3.1.
Competent Plaintiff
327
2.3.2.
Competent Defendant
327
2.3.3.
Third Parties
328
2.3.4.
Position of Competitors and Third Parties vis-a-vis Patents
328
2.3.4.1.
Opposition
328
2.3.4.2.
Invalidity
328
2.3.4.3.
Compulsory Licenses
328
2.3.4.3.1.
Abuse of Monopoly
328
2.3.4.3.2.
Interdependence of Patents
329
2.4.
Scope of Protection
329
2.5.
Dysfunctional Use of Patent System
329
2.5.1.
The Invention Prior to Application
329
2.5.2.
Remedies against Abuse
330
2.5.3.
Wrongful Enforcement
330
3.
Significant Future Developments
331
4.
Conclusion and Recommendations
331
Comment / Chung-Hsin Hsu
332
1.
Warning Letters
332
2.
Interim Injunctions
333
2.1.
Interim Injunctions under English Law
333
2.2.
Preliminary Injunctions under US Law
334
ch. 13
Singapore / Ng-Loy Wee Loon
335
1.
The Patent Legal Framework and Statutory Instruments
335
2.
The Enforcement Structure
338
2.1.
Jurisdiction
338
2.2.
Plaintiff in Patent Civil Action
339
2.3.
Nature of Patent Monopoly
340
2.4.
Remedies
341
3.
Patent Prosecution (Registration)
342
4.
Prospect of Change?
345
Comment / Chung-Hsin Hsu
347
1.
A Mareva Injunction to Freeze the Assets of a Defendant
347
1.1.
Freezing Injunctions
347
1.2.
The Requirements for a Freezing Injunction
348
2.
Damages for Patent Infringement
348
ch. 14
India / Mrinalini Kochupillai
351
1.
Introduction
351
2.
The Protection of Technical Innovation in India
352
2.1.
A Brief History of Patent Protection in India
352
2.1.1.
The Tek Chand Committee Report
353
2.1.2.
The Ayyangar Committee Report
354
2.2.
Recent Amendments to the Indian Patents Act, 1970
357
2.2.1.
The Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002
358
2.2.1.1.
Invention
358
2.2.1.2.
Plants
359
2.2.1.3.
Traditional Knowledge and Biodiversity
359
2.2.1.4.
Reversal of Burden of Proof
360
2.2.2.
The Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005
360
2.2.2.1.
Product Patents for Pharmaceudicals and Chemicals
360
2.2.2.2.
Section 3(d) and the Requirement of "Therapeutic Efficacy"
361
2.2.2.3.
Patenting Software-Related Inventions
365
2.2.2.4.
Exhaustion and Parallel Imports (Section 107A(b))
368
2.2.2.5.
Amendments to the Compulsory Licensing Provisions
369
2.2.3.
International Cooperation
370
3.
Enforcement Structure under the Patents Act: Remedies and Procedures
371
3.1.
Forums and Causes of Action under the Patents Act, 1970
371
3.1.1.
The Controller General of Patents
371
3.1.1.1.
Opposition Proceedings
371
3.1.1.1.1.
Pre-grant Oppositions
372
3.1.1.1.2.
Post-grant Oppositions
372
3.1.1.2.
Applications for the Grant of Compulsory Licenses
373
3.1.2.
The Intellectual Property Appellate Board
374
3.1.2.1.
Appeals from the Decisions of the Controller General of Patents
375
3.1.2.2.
Revocation Proceedings
376
3.1.3.
The High Court and Infringement Proceedings in India
377
3.2.
A Closer Look at Current Trends in Patent Enforcement in India
378
3.2.1.
Patent Filing and Litigation
378
3.2.2.
Remedies for Patent Infringement
379
3.2.2.1.
Availability of Preliminary Measures: Interim Injunctions
379
3.2.2.1.1.
Preliminary Injunctions and Public Interest
380
3.2.2.1.2.
Preliminary Injunctions and the "Working" Requirement
382
3.2.2.1.3.
Information on the Prosecution of Patents in Other Jurisdictions
383
3.2.2.2.
Reliefs in a Suit for Infringement
384
3.2.2.3.
Role of Experts
385
3.2.3.
Defenses in a Suit for Infringement
386
3.2.4.
Wrongful Threats and Suppression of Facts
388
4.
Conclusions
388
Comment / Chung-Lun Shen
390
pt. IV
American and European Issues
393
ch. 15
Centralized Patent Enforcement: Experiences and Problems with the U.S. System / Manuel Kleinemenke
395
1.
Introduction
395
2.
Advantages of the Centralized System
398
3.
Problems of the Centralized System
399
3.1.
General Criticism
399
3.2.
Problems of Institutional Design
404
3.2.1.
The CAFC and the District Courts
404
3.2.2.
The CAFC and the Supreme Court
405
4.
Examples of Disputable CAFC Law
407
4.1.
Patentability of Business Methods
408
4.2.
Patentability of Business Methods/Software in Europe
416
4.3.
Doctrine of Equivalents
423
5.
A Lesson to be Learned?
426
6.
Conclusion
427
Comment / Ming-Jye Huang
429
ch. 16
The Present and Future of European Patent Jurisdiction / Thomas Jaeger
433
1.
Introduction: Two Patent-Relevant Legal Systems in Europe and Their Complementary Nature
433
2.
Complementing the EU Patent by a Court
437
2.1.
Need for a Court Depending on the Degree of Market Integration
437
2.2.
Why European Litigation Systems are not Good Enough Today
439
2.2.1.
The EPC Litigation System for Infringements
439
2.2.2.
The EU Litigation System for Private Law
439
2.3.
Sensitive Issues in Internationalizing Patent Litigation
442
3.
Failed Patent Litigation Models for Europe
444
4.
A Balanced Litigation Model: The 2009 Agreement
447
4.1.
The 2009 Agreement and Model
447
4.2.
Flaws and Remedies
449
5.
Conclusions
451
Comment / Wei-Lin Wang
453
Index
457