Blame it on the WTO? : a human rights critique / Sarah Joseph.
2011
K3240 .J6667 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Blame it on the WTO? : a human rights critique / Sarah Joseph.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2011.
Call Number
K3240 .J6667 2011
ISBN
9780199565894 (cloth : alk. paper)
0199565899 (cloth : alk. paper)
0199565899 (cloth : alk. paper)
Description
xxxiii, 327 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)663438456
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [299]-318) and index.
Record Appears in
Portion of Title
Blame it on the World Trade Organization
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
xix
Table of Conventions, Declarations, and other Instruments
xxv
Abbreviations
xxxi
Introduction
1
1.
Introducing the WTO and International Human Rights Law Regimes
7
A.
The World Trade Organization
7
Raison d'etre of the WTO
11
B.
The International Human Rights Regime
13
UN standards
13
UN human rights institutions and enforcement machinery
14
Regional systems
16
The ICCPR and the ICESCR
17
Differences between the ICCPR and the ICESCR
19
Positive and negative rights
21
The tripartite nature of all human rights
22
C.
A Closer Look at Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
23
Progressive obligations
23
Maximum available resources
25
Immediate obligations under the ICESCR
26
Justiciability of ICESCR rights
27
D.
Human Rights and Customary International Law
29
E.
Conclusion
31
2.
Relationship between the WTO and International Human Rights Law
32
A.
Underlying Values
32
Freedoms and rights under trade law and human rights law
34
Non-discrimination
38
Rule of law
39
Economic efficiency and enhanced welfare
40
Cultural and economic relativism
44
B.
Normative Relationship between the WTO and International Human Rights Law
46
WTO jurisprudence and human rights
50
Human rights jurisprudence and the WTO
54
C.
Conclusion
55
3.
Democratic Deficit and the WTO
56
A.
The Two Components to the WTO/Democratic Deficit Argument
56
`Non-trade' interests
58
Developing States
62
Dispute settlement
65
WTO secretariat
67
Conclusion on WTO processes
68
B.
The Relevance of International Human Rights Law
71
C.
Democratic Deficit, the WTO, and the International Human Rights Law Regime: A Comparison
78
Democratic deficit and the international human rights regimes
78
Comparison with the WTO
81
Conclusion
84
D.
Does the WTO Promote Democracy?
84
E.
The Paradox of Power Politics and Participation Rights in the WTO
87
F.
Conclusion
88
4.
`Human Rights' Restrictions on Trade
91
A.
Human Rights Trade Measures
92
General human rights sanctions
92
Product-based trade measures based on human rights
96
B.
Do Human Rights Trade Measures Prima Facie Breach GATT/GATS?
97
`Like' goods and services
98
Discrimination against `like' goods
101
Quantitative restrictions
102
C.
Articles XX GATT and XIV GATS
104
Extraterritorial application of Article XX exceptions
106
Process of interpreting Article XX and Article XIV exceptions
107
Protection of public morals and public order
108
Protection of health
110
The test of `necessity'
111
Protection of environment
114
The chapeau
115
Conclusion on GATT/GATS jurisprudence
117
D.
The SPS and TBT Agreements
120
The SPS
120
The TBT
126
E.
Waivers
129
F.
A `Labour Rights' Clause for the WTO?
130
G.
The Potential Emancipatory Effect of `Good' Trade
137
H.
Conclusion
140
5.
The WTO, Poverty, and Development
142
A.
Poverty and Human Rights Violations
143
B.
Current WTO Rules and Developing States
144
Bias against developing States with in the WTO
145
Special and differential treatment
146
C.
The Uruguay Round Bargain
149
GATS
150
TRIPS
152
TRIMS
154
Non-tariff barriers
155
Accession
156
The Northern side of the bargain
158
Conclusion on current WTO rules
160
D.
Free Trade, Economic Growth, and Poverty
160
Comparative advantage: theory and practice
161
Freer trade and economic growth
164
Freer trade, poverty, and inequality
165
E.
Liberalization and Development: The Way Forward for Developing States
169
Loss of tariff revenue
170
Institutional reforms and social safety nets
170
Static and dynamic comparative advantage
171
Infant industry protection
173
Conclusion
175
F.
Developing States, the WTO, and Human Rights
178
G.
Conclusion
180
6.
The WTO and the Right to Food
181
A.
The Right to Food
181
World hunger statistics
183
B.
Trade and Food
185
WTO agricultural rules
185
C.
Food and Trade: An Uneasy Combination
192
Subsidized imports and food aid
193
Trade efficiency and food
194
Volatile markets
196
Cartelization
197
Export orientation
200
Specialization
202
Environmental damage
203
Conclusion
204
D.
Empowering Smallholder Farmers
204
E.
Food and Intellectual Property
207
F.
Conclusion
210
7.
TRIPS and the Right to Health
214
A.
Intellectual Property Protection: A Human Right?
214
B.
The Right to Health
217
C.
Arguments in Favour of Patents
220
D.
TRIPS Requirements for Pharmaceutical Patents
221
Does TRIPS permit States to comply with human rights duties regarding access to drugs?
226
E.
A Reconsideration of the Justification for Intellectual Property
230
Problems regarding patents in the pharmaceutical industry
235
A radical proposal?
237
Other alternatives to IP
239
F.
The IP Maximalist Trend
241
G.
Conclusion
244
8.
Extraterritorial Human Rights Duties
245
A.
Extraterritorial Obligations under International Human Rights Law
245
The Declaration on the Right to Development and Millennium Development Goals
247
B.
Treaties
248
ICCPR
248
ICESCR
249
C.
Responsibility and Causation in a World of Inequality and Neediness
255
D.
Practical Operation of Extraterritorial Duties
259
E.
Balancing Human Rights in North and South
261
F.
Conclusion
264
9.
WTO Reform, the Doha Round, and Other Free Trade Initiatives
265
Chapter 3 and democratic deficit
265
Chapter 4 and human rights trade measures
266
Chapters 5 and 6: developing States and the WTO
267
Chapters 6 and 7: TRIPS and human rights
267
A.
Potential Reforms in Light of the Issues Raised in Chapters 3 to 7
268
Deferential doctrines
268
Obligations of non-discrimination rather than minimum standards
268
Respecting consumer choice
269
A caveat regarding the first three reform proposals
270
A human rights exception and a social clause
271
Human rights impact assessments
272
A Human Rights Declaration
274
Deferring to expert opinion
274
Conclusion
275
B.
The Doha Development Round: The Story So Far
276
Agricultural negotiations
277
Non-Agricultural Market Access (NAMA)
278
Other
279
Other free trade agreements
281
C.
Conclusion
283
10.
Conclusion
285
A.
Free Trade Fundamentalism
288
B.
The Purported `Neatness' of Free Trade Rules
290
C.
Global Free Trade: Efficiency and Distribution
291
D.
Equalizing the Regimes
293
E.
Final Thoughts
296
Bibliography
299
Index
319