The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women : a commentary / editors, Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin and Beate Rudolf.
2011
K3243.A4198 U5 2012 (Map It)
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Title
The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women : a commentary / editors, Marsha A. Freeman, Christine Chinkin and Beate Rudolf.
Published
Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2011.
Call Number
K3243.A4198 U5 2012
ISBN
9780199565061 (hbk.)
0199565066 (hbk.)
0199565066 (hbk.)
Description
1 volume ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)751726002
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
Dedication
vii
Preface
ix
Authors' Contributions
xi
A Note on the Authors
xxxi
A Note on Citation Formats
xxxv
A Note on Citations to the Commentary
xxxvii
Table of Acronyms
xxxix
Table of Cases
xli
Table of Legislation
xlvii
Introduction
1
A.
Introduction
2
B.
Towards a Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women
3
I.
The League of Nations
3
II.
The UN Charter
4
III.
The Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1967
5
IV.
The UN Decade for Women 1975-1985 and the Decade World Conferences
6
V.
Adoption of the Convention, 1979
6
C.
Structure of the Convention
8
I.
Preamble
8
II.
Articles 1 to 5
8
III.
Articles 6 to 16
10
IV.
Articles 17 to 22
11
V.
Articles 23 to 30
12
VI.
The Optional Protocol
13
D.
Issues of Definition and Interpretation
13
I.
The Committee as Interpretive Body
13
II.
Definitions
14
1.
Woman
14
2.
Gender
15
3.
Domestic Implementation
16
III.
Core Concepts
17
1.
The Equality Model
17
2.
Equality and Equity
18
IV.
Women's Multiple Identities
19
V.
Respect, Protect, Fulfil
19
E.
Interpretive Processes and Mechanisms
20
I.
General Recommendations
20
II.
Concluding Observations
22
III.
Individual Communications and Inquiry
22
IV.
Suggestions, Decisions, and Statements
23
V.
Status of Interpretive Mechanisms as Sources of International Law
23
VI.
Contributions by NGOs
24
F.
Interpreting and Applying Convention Norms: Substantive and Contextual Issues
25
I.
The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument
25
II.
Relationship to Other International Instruments
26
III.
The Convention, Non-derogability, and Customary International Law
28
IV.
Integrating Gender Perspectives into the Human Rights Work of the United Nations
29
V.
Challenges Based on Religion and Culture
30
VI.
The Challenges of Globalization
31
G.
The Convention in the Twenty-first Century
32
Preamble
35
A.
Introduction
36
B.
Travaux Preparatories
38
C.
Issues of Interpretation
38
I.
Structure of the Preamble
38
II.
Contents of the Preamble Paragraphs
39
Article 1
51
A.
Introduction
52
I.
Background
52
II.
Concepts of Equality and Discrimination
53
1.
Formal Equality
53
2.
Substantive Equality
54
3.
Transformative Equality
55
4.
Equality of Opportunity
56
5.
Equality of Result or Equality of Outcome
56
III.
Comparison with Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments
57
B.
Travaux Preparatories
57
C.
Issues of Interpretation
59
I.
Analysis of the Text
59
1.
`Any Distinction, Exclusion or Restriction Made on the Basis of [Sex]'
59
2.
`Sex, Gender and Sexuality'
59
3.
`Which has the Effect or Purpose of'
60
4.
`Impairing or Nullifying the Recognition, Enjoyment or Exercise by Women'
60
5.
`Irrespective of Their Marital Status'
61
6.
`On a Basis of Equality of Men and Women'
61
7.
`Of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil or any Other Field'
62
II.
Interpretation by the Committee
62
1.
General Approach
62
2.
Sex and Gender
64
3.
Sexuality/Sexual Orientation
64
4.
Concepts of Equality
64
a).
Formal and Substantive Equality
64
b).
De Jure and De Facto Equality
65
c).
Direct and Indirect Discrimination
65
d).
Equality of Opportunity/Equality of Outcome or Result
66
e).
Equality and Equity
66
5.
Relationship between Article 1 and Article 4
67
6.
Rights and Freedoms to Which the Convention Applies
67
a).
Broader Application: Violence against Women
68
7.
Intersectionality
68
D.
Reservations
70
Article 2
71
A.
Introduction
72
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
73
C.
Issues of Interpretation
74
I.
Chapeau
75
1.
`States Parties Condemn Discrimination against Women in all its Forms'
75
2.
`Agree to Pursue by all Appropriate Means and Without Delay a Policy of Eliminating Discrimination against Women'
76
3.
`All Appropriate Means'/`(All) Appropriate Measures'
77
4.
`And, to this End, Undertake'
78
II.
Article 2(a)
78
1.
Direct Incorporation of the Convention into Domestic Law
79
2.
`And to Ensure, Through Law and Other Appropriate Means, the Practical Realization of this Principle'
82
III.
Article 2(b)
83
IV.
Article 2(c)
84
V.
Article 2(d)
85
VI.
Article 2(e)
86
VII.
Article 2(f)
90
VIII.
Article 2(g)
92
D.
Other Issues of Application
93
I.
Federal States/States with Decentralized or Devolved Governance Arrangements
93
II.
Territorial Application of the Convention
93
III.
Extraterritorial Application of the Convention
94
IV.
Conduct of States Parties as Participants in International Organizations
96
V.
Ratification of Other Instruments
97
E.
Reservations
97
Article 3
101
A.
Introduction
101
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
103
C.
Issues of Interpretation
103
I.
`States Parties Shall Take in All Fields'
103
II.
`In Particular in Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Fields'
105
III.
`All Appropriate Measures'
107
IV.
`Including Legislation'
108
V.
`To Ensure the Full Development and Advancement of Women'
108
VI.
`For the Purpose of Guaranteeing them the Exercise and Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms'
112
VII.
`On a Basis of Equality with Men'
114
D.
Equality in Context
114
I.
Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality
114
E.
States Parties' Obligations
115
I.
Implementation: Respect, Protect, Promote and Fulfil
115
1.
Obligation to Respect
116
2.
Obligation to Protect
119
3.
Obligation to Promote and Fulfil
120
F.
Conclusions
121
Article 4
123
A.
Introduction
124
I.
Background
124
II.
Concepcual Framework of Article 4
126
1.
Special Measures are Integral to De Facto Equality
126
2.
Protecting Maternity is Integral to Development and Sustainability
127
3.
`Special'
127
4.
Mandatory Nature
128
5.
Financing of Special Measures
128
6.
Time Scale
129
III.
Comparison to Corresponding Articles in Other Human Rights Instruments
129
B.
Travaux Preparatories
130
C.
Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(1)
130
I.
Promotional Equality
130
1.
Accelerating De Facto Equality
130
2.
`Special Measures'
131
3.
Special Measures Are Not Discriminatory
131
4.
Systemization of TSMs in Different Contexts
131
5.
Temporary
133
II.
Issues of Policy
134
1.
Merit
134
2.
Target Beneficiaries
134
3.
Burden on Third Parties
135
III.
Areas of Application
135
1.
Scope of Promotional Special Measures
135
2.
Intersectionality
136
D.
Issues of Interpretation-Article 4(2)
136
I.
Maternity
136
1.
Procreation---Biological Difference
136
2.
Childrearing
137
Article 5
141
A.
Introduction
142
I.
The Place and Function of Article 5 in the Convention
142
1.
Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles
142
2.
The Place of Article 5 in the Convention
143
3.
Transformative Equality and Structural Discrimination
143
4.
The Relationship between Article 5 and Discrimination against Women
144
5.
Equality, Dignity, and Diversity
145
II.
Gender Stereotypes and Fixed Parental Gender Roles
146
1.
Ideas about the Inferiority or Superiority of either of the Sexes
146
2.
Gender and Gender Stereotypes
147
3.
Fixed Parental Gender Roles
147
4.
The Persistence of Gender Stereotypes
148
5.
Gender Stereotypes and Intersectional Discrimination
149
III.
The Concept of Culture in the Context of Article 5
150
IV.
Related Provisions in Other Human Rights Documents
151
B.
Travaux Preparatories
151
I.
The Basis for the Article
151
II.
Developments during the Drafting Process
152
C.
The Committee's Interpretation of Article 5
153
I.
References in Committee Documents
153
II.
Article 5 in Relation to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Women
154
1.
Direct Discrimination
154
2.
Indirect Discrimination
155
3.
Structural Discrimination
155
III.
The Committee's Approach to Culture
155
1.
The Committee's Response to Cultural Essentialism
155
2.
Cultural Practices and Beliefs under the Scope of Article 5
156
a).
Traditional Harmful Practices and Beliefs
156
b).
Machismo
157
c).
Protective Maternity Laws
157
d).
Breadwinner Models and Sharing Responsibilities within the Family
158
e).
Gender Stereotyping in Education and the Media
159
3.
Culture and Religion Cannot Justify Discrimination against Women
159
D.
Issues of Implementation
161
I.
The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5
161
1.
All Appropriate Measures to Modify Patterns of Conduct and to Ensure Education
161
2.
Measures to Modify Stereotyped Representations of Women in Educational Materials, in Advertising, and in the Media
161
a).
The State Party's Obligation to Change Stereotypes
161
b).
The State Party's Obligation to Intervene in Public Expressions of Gender Stereotypes
162
3.
Measures to Eliminate Structural Discrimination and to Promote the Sharing of Family Responsibilities
163
a).
Revealing Structural Discrimination
163
b).
Abolishing and Amending Laws and Policies that Sustain Structural Discrimination
163
c).
Adopting New Laws and Public Policies
164
4.
Temporary Special Measures to Implement Article 5
164
II.
The Extent of the Obligations
165
1.
Immediate or Gradual Implementation
165
2.
Public and Private Life
166
3.
Justiciability
166
4.
Reservations
167
Article 6
169
A.
Introduction
170
I.
Historical Context and Main Concepts
170
II.
Role of the Convention
171
III.
CEDAW Committee Practice
173
1.
Concluding Observations
173
2.
General Recommendations
173
3.
Optional Protocol
174
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
175
I.
Article 6 Placement and Brevity
175
II.
Scope of Subject Matter
176
1.
`All Forms of Traffic'
176
2.
`Exploitation of Prostitution'
176
3.
Other Harms
177
C.
Issues of Interpretation
177
I.
`All Forms of Traffic'
177
II.
`Exploitation of Prostitution'
178
D.
Equality in Context
180
I.
Formal and Substantive Equality
180
II.
Transformative Equality
181
III.
Direct and Indirect Discrimination
182
IV.
Intersectional Discrimination
182
E.
States Parties' Obligation
183
I.
Nature of the Obligation
183
1.
`All Appropriate Measures'
183
2.
Immediate Implementation
184
3.
Specific and Non-specific Obligations
184
II.
Implementation
185
1.
Obligation to Respect
186
a).
No Prosecution of Trafficked Women for Status Offences
186
b).
No Routine Detention of Trafficked Women
186
c).
Respect for Established Rights
186
d).
Trafficked Women's and Girls' Citizenship and Nationality Rights
187
e).
Discrimination against Prostitutes
187
f).
Prompt and Accurate Identification of Trafficked Women
188
2.
Obligation to Protect
188
a).
Criminal Justice Responses to End Impunity
189
b).
Protection and Support for Victims
189
c).
Legal Assistance, Protection, and Temporary Residence Permits
190
d).
Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return and Options for Residency in Appropriate Cases
190
e).
Safe, Fair, and Equal Labour Migration Opportunities
191
f).
Special Protective and Punitive Measures in Conflict Contexts
191
g).
Special Protection for Girl Victims of Trafficking
192
3.
Obligation to Fulfil
192
a).
Access to Remedies
192
b).
Data Collection
192
c).
Addressing Demand as a Root Cause of Trafficking
193
d).
Promoting Trafficking Awareness in All Sectors of Society
194
e).
Structural Remedies to Address the Causes of Trafficking and Exploitation of Prostitution
194
f).
Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation
196
g).
Cooperation with Civil Society in the Design and Implementation of Anti-Trafficking Interventions
196
Article 7
197
A.
Introduction
198
B.
Travaux Preparatories
200
C.
Issues of Interpretation
201
I.
Chapeau
201
1.
Political and Public Life of the Country
201
II.
Article 7(a)
202
1.
Political System
202
2.
Choice of Electoral System
202
III.
Article 7(b)
203
1.
Government Policy
203
2.
Public Office and Public Functions
203
3.
Women in the Military
204
4.
Privatization
205
5.
Women's Access to Traditional Forms of Power
205
6.
Women in Post-conflict Reconstruction
206
IV.
Article 7(c)
206
1.
Non-governmental Organizations
207
2.
Associations Concerned with Political and Public Life
207
3.
Women in Political Parties
208
4.
Women in Trade Unions
208
5.
Fair Representation on Corporate Boards
209
D.
Equality in Context
209
I.
Formal Equality
209
II.
Substantive Equality
209
III.
Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping
211
IV.
Direct vs Indirect Discrimination
212
V.
Intersectional Discrimination
213
E.
States Parties' Obligations
214
I.
Nature of the Obligations
214
1.
`All Appropriate Measures' including the Need for the Application of TSMs
214
a).
Types of TSMs in Political and Public Life
214
2.
Immediate vs Gradual Implementation
215
II.
Implementation
216
1.
Obligation to Respect
216
2.
Obligation to Protect
216
3.
Obligation to Fulfil
217
III.
Justiciability
218
IV.
Reservations
218
Article 8
221
A.
Introduction
221
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
222
C.
Issues of Interpretation
223
I.
Opportunity to Represent their Governments at the International Level
223
II.
Opportunity to Participate in the Work of International Organizations
223
III.
Specifications of Article 8 in International Organizations
224
IV.
International Civil Service
225
V.
Women in Conflict Resolution, Peace-keeping, and Peace-building Missions
226
D.
Equality in Context
227
I.
Formal Equality
227
II.
Substantive Equality
227
III.
Transformative Equality including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping
227
IV.
Direct vs Indirect Discrimination
228
V.
Intersectional Discrimination
228
E.
States Parties' Obligations
228
I.
Nature of the Obligations
228
1.
`All Appropriate Measures'
228
2.
Need for the Application of TSMs
229
3.
Immediate vs Gradual Implementation
229
II.
Implementation
229
1.
Obligation to Respect
229
2.
Obligation to Protect
230
3.
Obligation to Fulfil
230
III.
Justiciability
230
IV.
Reservations
231
Article 9
233
A.
Introduction
233
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
235
C.
Issues of Interpretation
237
I.
Article 9(1) Equality and Non-discrimination in Respect of Women's Nationality
238
1.
Eliminating the Concept of Dependent Nationality
241
II.
Article 9(2) Equality with Respect to the Nationality of Children
243
III.
The Right to a Passport and Article 9
245
D.
Equality in Context
245
I.
Formal Equality
245
II.
Substantive Equality
246
III.
Intersectional Discrimination
246
E.
States Parties' Obligations
247
I.
Nature of the Obligations
247
II.
Implementation
248
1.
Obligation to Respect and Protect
248
2.
Obligation to Fulfil
248
III.
Reservations
249
Article 10
253
A.
Introduction
254
1.
Education as a Human Right: International and Regional Perspectives
255
B.
Travaux Preparatories
256
I.
Article 10(a)
257
II.
Article 10(b)
257
III.
Article 10(c)
258
IV.
Article 10(f)
258
V.
Article 10(g)
258
VI.
Article 10(h)
258
C.
Issues of Interpretation
259
I.
Taking All Appropriate Measures
259
II.
Equality
260
1.
Article 10(a)
260
2.
Article 10(b)
262
3.
Article 10(c)
263
a).
Encouraging Coeducation
265
4.
Article 10(d)
265
5.
Article 10(e)
266
6.
Article 10(f)
267
7.
Article 10(g)
269
8.
Article 10(h)
269
D.
Equality in Context
270
I.
Formal Equality
271
II.
Moving Beyond Formal Equality
271
III.
Substantive Equality
271
IV.
Transformative Equality
272
V.
Direct Discrimination
273
VI.
Indirect Discrimination
273
VII.
Temporary Special Measures (TSMs)
274
VIII.
Intersectional Discrimination
274
E.
States Parties' Obligations
275
I.
The Nature of State Obligations
275
II.
Implementation
275
1.
Obligation to Respect
275
2.
Obligation to Protect
276
3.
Obligation to Fulfil
276
III.
Reservations
278
Article 11
279
A.
Introduction
281
I.
ILO and Other UN Agencies
281
II.
Beijing Platform for Action
282
III.
Millennium Development Goals
282
B.
Travaux Preparatories
283
I.
Differing Perspectives in Western, Socialist, and Developing Economies
283
II.
Reproductive Function
283
III.
Family Responsibilities
283
IV.
Costs of Maternity Protections and Social Services
284
V.
Pensionable Age and Part-time Work
284
C.
Issues of Interpretation
284
I.
Concepts
284
II.
Article 11(1)
285
III.
Article 11(1)(a)
285
1.
Inalienability and Cultural Restrictions on Women's Right to Work
285
2.
Realization of Full Employment
286
3.
Availability and Accessibility of Decent Work
287
IV.
Article 11(1)(b)
288
1.
Employment Opportunities
288
2.
Selection for Employment
289
V.
Article 11(1)(c)
289
1.
Free Choice of Profession and Employment
289
2.
Equal Treatment in Employment Conditions
290
3.
Sexual Harassment
290
4.
Vocational Training, Retraining, and Recurrent Training
291
5.
Part-time Work
291
VI.
Article 11(1)(d)
292
VII.
Article 11(1)(e)
294
1.
Coverage of Social Security Schemes
294
2.
Retirement
295
3.
Paid Leave
295
VIII.
Article 11(1)(f)
296
1.
Safe and Healthy Working Conditions
296
2.
Safeguarding of the Function of Reproduction
297
3.
Sexual Violence in the Work Environment
297
IX.
Article 11(2)
298
X.
Article 11(2)(a)
299
1.
Prohibition of Dismissal
299
2.
Discrimination in Conditions of Employment and in Acceptance to Employment
299
XI.
Article 11(2)(b)
299
1.
Right to Leave
299
2.
With Pay or Comparable Social Benefits
300
3.
Protection of Employment Status
301
XII.
Article 11(2)(c)
301
1.
Affordable and Accessible Child Care Facilities
301
2.
Encourage or Provide
301
XIII.
Article 11(2)(d)
302
XIV.
Article 11(3)
302
D.
Equality in Context
303
I.
Formal and Substantive Equality
303
II.
Direct and Indirect Discrimination
303
III.
Elimination of Structural Discrimination Including Gender Stereotyping
304
IV.
Transformative Equality
304
V.
Intersectional Discrimination
305
E.
States Parties' Obligations
307
I.
Nature of the Prohibition of Discrimination
307
1.
`All Appropriate Measures', Including the Need for Application of TSMs
307
2.
Immediate or Gradual Implementation
307
II.
Implementation
307
III.
Reservations
309
Article 12
311
A.
Introduction
312
B.
Travaux Preparatories
314
C.
Issues of Interpretation
315
I.
Health and its Sex and Gender Dimensions
315
II.
The Field of Health Care
317
III.
Access to Health Care Services
317
IV.
Reproductive and Sexual Health Services
320
D.
Equality in Context
323
I.
Formal Equality
323
II.
Substantive Equality
324
III.
Transformative Equality
325
IV.
Direct vs Indirect Discrimination
326
V.
Intersectional Discrimination
326
VI.
Temporary Special Measures (TSMs)
327
E.
States Parties' Obligations
327
I.
Nature of the obligations
327
1.
`All Appropriate Measures'
327
2.
Immediate vs Gradual Implementation
329
3.
Specific/Non-specific
330
II.
Implementation
330
1.
Obligation to Respect
330
2.
Obligation to Protect
331
3.
Obligation to Fulfil
332
III.
Reservations
332
F.
Conclusion
332
Article 13
335
A.
Introduction
336
B.
Travaux Preparatories
337
C.
Issues of Interpretation
337
I.
Chapeau
338
1.
`To Eliminate Discrimination' ... in Order to Ensure ... the Same Rights'
338
2.
`In Other Areas of Economic and Social Life'
339
a).
Economic and Social Rights not Protected by other CEDAW Provisions
339
b).
Civil and Political Rights Necessary for Participating in Economic and Social Life
340
c).
Access to Resources and Opportunities in Social and Economic Life
341
d).
Conclusion: Scope of Application of the Chapeau
342
aa).
Right to Self-employed Economic Activities
342
bb).
Right to Food
342
cc).
Right to Adequate Housing
344
dd).
Right to an Adequate Standard of Living
345
ee).
Right to Water
347
ff).
Right to Sanitation
347
gg).
Tax Laws
348
hh).
Right to Participate in Social Life
348
ii).
Right to Communication in Economic and Social Life
349
II.
Article 13(a): The Equal Right to Family Benefits
349
1.
Concepts
349
2.
Equality in Context
350
III.
Article 13(b): The Equal Right to Bank Loans, Mortgages, and Other Forms of Financial Credit
351
1.
Concepts
351
2.
Equality in Context
351
IV.
Article 13(c): The Equal Right to Participate in Recreational Activities, Sports, and all Aspects of Cultural Life
352
1.
Concepts
352
2.
Equality in Context
353
D.
States Parties' Obligations
354
I.
Nature of the Obligation
354
II.
Implementation---Respect, Protect, and Fulfil
354
III.
Reservations
355
Article 14
357
A.
Introduction
358
I.
Who is a Rural Woman?
359
II.
Rural Women: From Development to Rights
360
III.
Rural Women within UN Structures
361
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
361
I.
Other Issues Discussed and Amendments Made
362
1.
Coverage
362
2.
Equality
363
3.
Health and Family Planning
363
4.
Education
363
5.
Self-help Groups and Cooperatives
363
C.
Issues of Interpretation
363
I.
Article 14(1)
364
1.
Significant Roles Which Rural Women Play in the Economic Survival of their Families
364
II.
Article 14(2)
365
1.
Participation
365
2.
Article 14(2)(a)
366
3.
Article 14(2)(b)
366
4.
Accessing Information
368
5.
Article 14(2)(c)
369
6.
Article 14(2)(d)
370
7.
Article 14(2)(e)
372
8.
Article 14(2)(f)
373
9.
Article 14(2)(g)
374
a).
Appropriate Technology
374
b).
Equal Treatment in Land
374
c).
Land Reform and Resettlement
375
10.
Article 14(2)(h)
376
a).
Housing
377
b).
Water
378
c).
Electricity, Communication, and Transport
379
D.
Equality in Context
380
I.
Formal Equality
380
II.
Substantive Equality
380
III.
Transformative Equality
381
IV.
Direct Discrimination
381
V.
Indirect Discrimination
381
VI.
Intersectionality
382
VII.
Temporary Special Measures (TSMs)
382
E.
States Parties' Obligations
382
I.
Obligation to Respect
383
II.
Obligation to Protect
383
III.
Obligation to Fulfil
383
F.
Reservations
385
Article 15
387
A.
Introduction
388
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
389
I.
Article 15(1)
390
II.
Article 15(2)
390
III.
Article 15(3)
391
IV.
Article 15(4)
391
C.
Issues of Interpretation
392
I.
Article 15(1)
392
1.
Equality and Administration of Criminal Justice
392
II.
Article 15(2)
395
1.
Identical Legal Capacity
395
2.
Equality in Contractual and Property Transactions
396
3.
Equality in Access to Procedures in Civil Courts and Tribunals
398
III.
Article 15(3)
398
IV.
Article 15(4)
399
D.
Equality in Context
400
I.
Formal Equality
400
II.
Substantive Equality
400
III.
Transformative Equality Including Elimination of Structural Obstacles and Gender Stereotyping
401
IV.
Intersectional Discrimination
402
E.
States Parties' Obligations
404
I.
Nature of the obligation
404
II.
Implementation
404
III.
Reservations
405
F.
Conclusion
406
Article 16
409
A.
Introduction
410
I.
Preliminary History
412
II.
Travaux Preparatories
413
III.
General Recommendation 21
415
B.
Issues of Interpretation
415
I.
Chapeau
415
1.
`All Appropriate Measures ... and in Particular'
415
2.
The `Same Rights and Responsibilities'
416
3.
`Marriage and Family Relations'
416
4.
De Facto Relationships
417
5.
Unregistered Marriages as De Facto Unions
418
6.
Polygamy
419
7.
Equality in the Family and Multiple Legal Systems
420
II.
Article 16(1)
422
1.
Article 16(1)(a) The Same Right to Enter into Marriage
422
2.
Article 16(1)(b) The Same Right Freely to Choose a Spouse and to Enter into Marriage only with their Free and Full Consent
422
a).
Arranged Marriage and Forced Marriage
423
3.
Article 16(1)(c) The Same Rights and Responsibilities During Marriage and at its Dissolution
425
a).
During Marriage
425
b).
Dissolution of Marriage
425
aa).
Grounds for Divorce
425
bb).
Process and Procedure
426
4.
Article 16(1)(d) The Same Rights and Responsibilities as Parents, Irrespective of their Marital Status, in Matters Relating to their Children; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount
427
a).
Child Custody in Divorce: In all Such Cases, the Interest of the Children Shall Be Paramount
428
b).
Children Born Out of Wedlock
429
5.
Article 16(1)(e) The Same Rights to Decide Freely and Responsibly on the Number and Spacing of their Children and to Have Access to the Information, Education, and Means to Enable them to Exercise these Rights
429
6.
Article 16(1)(f) The Same Rights and Responsibilities With Regard to Guardianship, Wardship, Trusteeship, and Adoption of Children, or Similar Institutions Where these Concepts Exist in National Legislation; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount
430
7.
Article 16(1)(g) The Same Personal Rights as Husband and Wife, Including the Right to Choose a Family Name, a Profession, and an Occupation
431
a).
Right to Choose a Family Name
431
b).
Right to Choose a Profession and an Occupation
432
8.
Article 16(1)(h) The Same Rights for Both Spouses in Respect of the Ownership, Acquisition, Management, Administration, Enjoyment, and Disposition of Property, Whether Free of Charge or for a Valuable Consideration
432
a).
Acquisition and Ownership, Management, and Administration During the Marriage
432
b).
Division of Property upon Dissolution of Marriage or De Facto Relationship
433
c).
Inheritance
435
III.
Article 16(2)
436
1.
Definition: `a Child'
436
2.
Betrothal and Marriage of a Child
437
3.
Shall Have No Legal Effect
437
4.
Minimum Age for Marriage
438
5.
Marriage Registration
438
IV.
Equality in Context
438
1.
Formal Equality
438
2.
Substantive and Transformative Equality
439
C.
States Parties' Obligations
439
I.
Implementation
439
1.
Obligation to Respect
439
2.
Obligation to Protect
440
3.
Obligation to Fulfil
440
II.
Reservations
441
1.
Withdrawal of Reservations
442
2.
Reservations and the Optional Protocol
442
Violence Against Women
443
A.
Introduction
443
B.
General Recommendation 19
444
I.
Background to General Recommendation 19
444
II.
General Recommendation 19
447
III.
Subsequent International Instruments
447
C.
Violence against Women: Interpretive Issues
450
I.
Violence against Women within an Equality Paradigm
450
II.
Definition of Gender-based Violence against Women
452
D.
Gender-Based Violence against Women: Sites and Forms
453
I.
Introduction
453
II.
Violence in the Family
454
III.
Violence Occurring in the Community
456
1.
Physical Violence in the Community
456
2.
Exploitation
458
3.
Harmful Practices
458
4.
Workplace Violence
459
IV.
Violence Condoned or Perpetrated by the State
460
V.
Violence in Armed Conflict
461
E.
Violence against Women: Equality in Context
463
I.
Formal, Substantive, and Transformative Equality
463
II.
Intersectional Discrimination
464
F.
States Parties' Obligations
465
I.
Nature of States Parties' Obligations
465
1.
Appropriate and Effective Measures
465
2.
Duty of Due Diligence
466
3.
The Standard of Due Diligence
466
II.
Implementation of States Parties' Obligations
467
1.
Obligation to Respect
468
2.
Obligation to Protect
469
3.
Obligation to Promote and Fulfil
471
G.
Conclusions
473
Article 17
475
A.
Introduction
476
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
477
C.
Internal Organization and Engagement with Other Entities
478
I.
Subsidiary Bodies
478
II.
Interaction with Other Entities in the UN System
479
III.
The Committee and Treaty Body Reform
479
D.
Committee Practice
480
I.
Article 17(1)
480
II.
Article 17(2)
482
III.
Practice and Developments relating to Article 17(3) and (4)
482
IV.
Article 17(5)
483
V.
Article 17(6) and 17(7)
483
VI.
Article 17(8)
484
VII.
Article 17(9)
484
Article 18
489
A.
Introduction
489
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
490
C.
Committee Practice
491
I.
The Obligation to Submit Country Reports
491
1.
Encouraging the Submission of Reports---Avoiding Duplication in Reporting
491
2.
Allowing Combined Reports
492
3.
Persuading States Parties to Submit Reports
493
II.
Reporting Requirements
494
1.
Form and Contents of Reports
495
2.
NGOs and their Involvement in the Preparation of States Parties' Reports
497
III.
The Committee's Role
497
1.
Preparing for the Dialogue with States Parties
497
2.
The Constructive Dialogue
499
IV.
Periodic Reporting Requirements and Committee Review
500
1.
Concluding Observations
501
2.
Format of the Concluding Observations
501
3.
Procedure for Adopting Concluding Observations
503
4.
Follow-up to Concluding Observations
504
V.
The Role of Other Entities
505
1.
Information from National Human Rights Institutions
505
2.
Information from Non-Governmental Organizations
505
3.
Role of the Secretariat
507
Article 19
509
A.
Introduction
509
B.
Travaux Preparatories
509
C.
Committee Practice
509
I.
Article 19(1)
509
II.
Article 19(2)
512
Article 20
513
A.
Introduction
513
B.
Travaux Preparatories
514
C.
Committee Practice
514
I.
`The Committee shall normally meet for a period of not more than two weeks annually ...'
514
II.
`... in order to consider the reports submitted in accordance with article 18 of the present Convention
517
III.
`The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee.'
517
Article 21
519
A.
Introduction
519
B.
Travaux Preparatories
520
C.
Committee Practice
520
I.
Article 21(1)
520
1.
Assessing States Parties' Reports
522
2.
General Recommendations
523
3.
Statements
524
II.
Article 21(2)
525
Article 22
527
A.
Introduction
527
B.
Travaux Preparatories
527
C.
Committee Practice
528
Article 23
531
A.
Introduction
531
B.
Travaux Preparatories
532
C.
Issues of Interpretation
533
I.
Nothing in the Present Convention Shall Affect Any Provisions that Are More Conducive to the Achievement of Equality Between Men and Women Which May Be Contained
533
1.
(a) In the Legislation of a State Party; or
533
2.
(b) In Any Other International Convention, Treaty or Agreement in Force for that State
534
II.
Other International Law
535
D.
Interpretation by the Committee---General Approach
536
E.
Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings
537
Article 24
539
A.
Introduction
539
B.
Travaux Preparatories
540
C.
Issues of Interpretation
540
I.
Undertake to Adopt
541
II.
All Necessary Measures
541
III.
At the National Level
541
IV.
Aimed at Achieving the Full Realization
542
V.
Of the Rights Recognized in the Present Convention
542
D.
Interpretation by the Committee---General Approach
542
I.
Parliaments/Legislatures
544
II.
National Human Rights Institutions
544
E.
Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings
545
Article 25
547
A.
Introduction
547
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
548
C.
Practice of States Parties
548
D.
Issues of Interpretation
548
I.
Article 25(1)
548
1.
Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; Former Colonies
549
a).
United Kingdom
549
b).
The Netherlands
550
c).
New Zealand
550
d).
Hong Kong
550
2.
De Facto Regimes, Non-State Subjects of International Law, and Municipalities
551
a).
De Facto Regimes, Including Taiwan
551
b).
Holy See
551
c).
Sao Paulo State, Brazil
552
d).
San Francisco, California, USA
552
II.
Article 25(2)
552
III.
Article 25(3)
553
IV.
Article 25(4)
554
V.
Absence of a Withdrawal Clause
556
Article 26
557
A.
Introduction
557
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
557
C.
Practice of States Parties
558
D.
Issues of Interpretation
558
I.
Article 26(1)
558
II.
Article 26(2)
559
Article 27
561
A.
Introduction
561
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
561
C.
Practice of States Parties
562
D.
Issues of Interpretation
562
I.
Article 27(1)
562
II.
Article 27(2)
563
Article 28
565
A.
Introduction
565
B.
Travaux Preparatoires
566
C.
Reservations to the Convention
567
I.
General reservations
568
II.
Articles 1 to 5
569
III.
Articles 7-9
571
IV.
Articles 11-14
572
V.
Articles 15-16
573
D.
Activity to Address Reservations to the Convention
575
I.
Objections by States Parties
575
II.
Meeting of States Parties
579
III.
The Work of the Committee
581
E.
Removal and Modification of Reservations
591
F.
Conclusion
595
Article 29
597
A.
Introduction
597
B.
Travaux Preparatories
598
C.
Practice of States Parties
599
D.
Issues of Interpretation
599
I.
Article 29(1)
599
II.
Article 29(2)
600
III.
Article 29(3)
601
Article 30
603
A.
Introduction
603
B.
Travaux Preparatories
603
C.
Practice of the Secretary-General
604
D.
Issues of Interpretation
604
Optional Protocol
607
A.
Introduction
608
B.
Background
608
I.
Negotiations of the Convention
608
II.
The Campaign for Further Monitoring Procedures
609
III.
The Drafting Process in the CSW
613
IV.
The Work of the Committee under the Optional Protocol
617
C.
Commentary
618
I.
The Preamble
618
II.
Article 1
619
III.
Article 2
621
1.
Individuals or Groups of Individuals
622
2.
Victims of a Violation
626
3.
Under the Jurisdiction of the State Party
628
4.
The Rights Set Forth in the Convention
629
IV.
Article 3
631
V.
Article 4
632
1.
All Available Domestic Remedies Have Been Exhausted Unless the Application of Such Remedies is Unreasonably Prolonged or Unlikely to Bring Effective Relief
634
2.
The Same Matter
640
3.
Incompatible
641
4.
Manifestly Ill-founded or Not Sufficiently Substantiated
643
5.
Abuse of the Right to Submit a Communication
644
6.
The Facts ... Occurred Prior to the Entry into Force of the Protocol for the State Party Concerned, Unless those Facts Continued after that Date
644
VI.
Article 5
647
VII.
Article 6
650
VIII.
Article 7
653
1.
Consideration of Communications and its Outcome
653
2.
Follow-up Procedure
656
IX.
Article 8
659
X.
Article 9
666
XI.
Article 10
668
XII.
Article 11
669
XIII.
Article 12
670
XIV.
Article 13
671
XV.
Article 14
672
XVI.
Article 15
673
XVII.
Article 16
674
XVIII.
Article 17
675
XIX.
Article 18
676
XX.
Article 19
677
XXI.
Article 20
678
XXII.
Article 21
679
Annexe 1
Table of General Recommendations
681
Annexe 2
Table of Treaties
683
Annexe 3
Bibliography
689
Index
713