Limitation of liability in international maritime conventions : the relationship between global limitation conventions and particular liability regimes / Norman A. Martinez Gutierrez.
2011
K1168 .M374 2011 (Map It)
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Title
Limitation of liability in international maritime conventions : the relationship between global limitation conventions and particular liability regimes / Norman A. Martinez Gutierrez.
Published
London ; New York : Routledge, 2011.
Call Number
K1168 .M374 2011
ISBN
9780415601405 (hbk. : alk. paper)
0415601401 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9780203834039 (ebk.)
0203834038 (ebk.)
0415601401 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9780203834039 (ebk.)
0203834038 (ebk.)
Description
lxxix, 412 pages : forms ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)642845740
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [401]-408) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Rouse Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Rouse Fund
Table of Contents
Foreword
xv
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgements
xix
Table of cases
xxi
Table of treaties
xxxix
Table of selected legal instruments
lix
Table of statutes
lxix
Abbreviations
lxxiii
Introduction
1
I.
The concept of limitation of liability
1
II.
The international nature of the concept and the need for a comprehensive approach
2
III.
Methodology and contents
3
1.
Historical background
5
1.1.
Origins of the concept and its development in continental Europe
5
1.2.
English Law and limitation of liability
8
1.2.1.
Limitation of liability and the action in rem
8
1.2.2.
Statutory regulation of limitation of liability
10
1.3.
Different systems of limitation of liability
15
1.3.1.
Limitation by reference to tonnage
15
1.3.2.
Limitation by residual value
15
1.3.2.1.
Limitation by abandonment
15
1.3.2.2.
Limitation by execution
16
1.3.3.
Option systems 16
1.3.3.1.
The American system
16
1.3.3.2.
The Belgian system
17
1.4.
International regulation of limitation of liability
17
1.4.1.
The 1924 Convention
18
1.4.2.
The 1957 Convention
19
2.
The LLMC Convention
22
2.1.
Persons entitled to limit liability
23
2.1.1.
Shipowners
23
2.1.1.1.
Charterers
25
2.1.1.2.
Managers and operators
31
2.1.2.
Salvors
32
2.1.3.
Any person for whose act the shipowner or salvor is responsible
33
2.1.4.
Liability insurers
35
2.2.
Ships in respect of which liability can be limited
35
2.2.1.
Ships
36
2.2.2.
Seagoing ships
37
2.2.3.
Craft excluded by the Convention
39
2.3.
Claims subject to limitation
40
2.3.1.
Claims in respect of loss of life or personal injury or loss of or damage to property
41
2.3.2.
Claims resulting from delay
43
2.3.3.
Claims for infringement of rights
44
2.3.4.
Claims for wreck and cargo removal
45
2.3.5.
Claims in respect of measures taken in order to avert or minimize loss
46
2.4.
Claims excepted from limitation
47
2.4.1.
Salvage and general average
47
2.4.2.
Oil pollution claims
48
2.4.3.
Nuclear claims
49
2.4.4.
Claims by servants of the shipowner and salvor
50
2.4.5.
Other excluded claims
51
2.4.5.1.
Exclusions by interpretation
51
2.5.
Loss of right to limit
54
2.5.1.
Conduct barring limitation under the 1957 Convention
54
2.5.1.1.
What is actual fault or privity?
54
2.5.1.2.
Whose fault or privity?
57
2.5.1.3.
The move away from actual fault or privity
61
2.5.2.
Conduct barring limitation under the LLMC Convention
62
2.5.2.1.
Whose personal act or omission?
63
2.5.2.2.
Intent
64
2.5.2.3.
Recklessness
64
2.5.2.4.
With knowledge
65
2.5.2.5.
Loss
68
2.5.2.6.
Such loss
68
2.5.2.7.
The burden of proof
69
2.5.3.
The impact of the ISM Code on the conduct barring limitation
69
2.5.4.
Is the right to limit really unbreakable?
73
2.6.
The general limits of liability
76
2.6.1.
Which tonnage?
76
2.6.1.1.
Tug and tow situations
76
2.6.1.2.
Salvors
78
2.6.2.
The limitation amounts
79
2.6.2.1.
The overspill provision
80
2.6.2.2.
Claims in respect of damage to harbour works, basins and waterways and aids to navigation
83
2.6.2.3.
The unit of account
84
2.7.
Limitation of liability for passenger claims
85
2.7.1.
Was a separate fund necessary?
85
2.7.2.
Per capita limit, global limit, or both?
86
2.7.3.
Minimum or maximum limit?
86
2.7.4.
'Authorized to carry' or 'actually carried'?
87
2.7.5.
Amount of the limit?
88
2.7.6.
The adopted text
89
2.8.
Reservations
91
2.8.1.
Is a reservation based on the wording of Article 18 an effective reservation?
95
2.8.2.
Does an effective reservation also exclude recourse actions?
99
3.
The 1996 Protocol
103
3.1.
Persons entitled to limit liability
103
3.2.
Claims excepted from limitation
104
3.2.1.
Automatic exclusions
104
3.2.2.
Optional exclusions
105
3.3.
The new limits of liability
106
3.3.1.
The general limits
106
3.3.2.
The limit of liability for passenger claims
108
3.3.3.
Amendment of limits
110
3.3.3.1.
First proposal to amend the limits of liability under Article 8 of the 1996 Protocol
110
4.
Conventions relating to the carriage of passengers and their luggage by sea
113
4.1.
First attempts at international regulation
115
4.1.1.
The 1961 Convention
115
4.1.2.
The 1967 Convention
116
4.2.
The Athens Convention and the 1976 Athens Protocol
116
4.2.1.
Persons entitled to limit liability
117
4.2.2.
Basis of liability
118
4.2.2.1.
Liability of the carrier
118
4.2.2.2.
Liability for servants or agents
119
4.2.2.3.
Liability of the performing carrier
120
4.2.2.4.
Liability for valuables
121
4.2.2.5.
Contributory fault
122
4.2.2.6.
Burden of proof
122
4.2.2.7.
Basis for claims
123
4.2.3.
The limits of liability
123
4.2.3.1.
Death or personal injuries
124
4.2.3.2.
Loss of or damage to luggage
124
4.2.3.3.
Supplementary provisions
125
4.2.3.4.
The monetary unit
126
4.2.4.
Loss of right to limit
126
4.2.5.
Other conventions on limitation of liability
128
4.3.
The 1990 Protocol
128
4.4.
The 2002 Protocol
129
4.4.1.
Basis of liability
130
4.4.1.1.
Liability of the carrier
130
4.4.1.2.
Burden of proof
133
4.4.2.
Compulsory insurance
134
4.4.2.1.
The amount of compulsory insurance cover
135
4.4.2.2.
The compulsory insurance certificate
136
4.4.2.3.
The right of direct action
138
4.4.3.
The new limits of liability
138
4.4.3.1.
Death or personal injuries
138
4.4.3.2.
Loss of or damage to luggage
139
4.4.3.3.
The unit of account and conversion
140
4.5.
IMO Reservation and Guidelines for the Implementation of the Athens Convention 2002
140
4.5.1.
The Reservation
141
4.5.2.
The Guidelines
142
4.5.3.
Relationship between the IMO Reservation and Guidelines and the Athens Convention 2002
142
5.
Conventions relating to liability and compensation for pollution damage
145
5.1.
The 1969 CLC and the 1992 CLC
145
5.1.1.
Scope of application
146
5.1.1.1.
Application to sea-going vessels
146
5.1.1.2.
Types of loss covered
147
5.1.1.3.
Territorial application
148
5.1.2.
liability of the shipowner
148
5.1.3.
Channelling of liability
150
5.1.4.
limitation of liability
150
5.1.5.
Compulsory insurance
151
5.1.6.
The right of direct action
151
5.1.7.
Difference between the 1969 CLC and the 1992 CLC
151
5.2.
The HNS Convention
152
5.2.1.
Damage covered
154
5.2.2.
limitation of liability
154
5.2.3.
The 2010 HNS Protocol
155
5.2.3.1.
Limits of liability
155
5.2.3.2.
A single international HNS regime
157
5.2.3.3.
Entry into force
158
5.3.
The Bunkers Convention
158
5.3.1.
Scope of application
159
5.3.1.1.
Territorial application
159
5.3.1.2.
Types of loss covered
159
5.3.1.3.
Exclusions
162
5.3.2.
Persons liable
162
5.3.2.1.
Responder immunity
163
5.3.3.
Basis of liability
164
5.3.4.
Limitation of liability
165
5.3.5.
Compulsory insurance
166
6.
The Nairobi Convention
167
6.1.
Wrecks covered by the Convention
169
6.1.1.
Wreck
169
6.1.2.
Hazard
170
6.1.3.
Convention area
170
6.2.
Liability of the owner
171
6.2.1.
Standard of liability
172
6.2.2.
Burden of proof
173
6.2.3.
Basis for claims
173
6.3.
Limitation of liability
173
6.4.
Compulsory insurance
174
6.4.1.
The amount of compulsory insurance cover
174
6.5.
Entry into force
175
7.
Relationship between global limitation conventions and particular liability regimes
176
7.1.
Global limitation conventions and the conventions relating to carriage of assengers and their luggage by sea
176
7.1.1.
Relationship between the LLMC Convention and the Athens Convention
176
7.1.2.
Relationship between the 1996 Protocol and the Athens Convention
179
7.1.3.
Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and Athens Convention 2002 as implemented through the IMO Reservation and Guidelines
180
7.2.
Global limitation conventions and the conventions relating to liability and compensation for pollution damage
184
7.2.1.
Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and the 1969 CLC as amended by the 1992 CLC
185
7.2.2.
Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and the HNS Convention as amended by the 2010 HNS Protocol
188
7.2.3.
Relationship between the LLMC Convention as amended by the 1996 Protocol and the Bunkers Convention
190
7.2.3.1.
Bunker oil pollution claims under the LLMC Convention
191
7.2.3.2.
Linkage between the Bunkers Convention and the LLMC Convention
195
7.3.
Global limitation conventions and the Nairobi Convention
197
7.3.1.
No reservations
198
7.3.2.
Reservations in respect of Article 2(1)(d) and (e)
198
7.3.3.
Reservations in respect of Article 2(1)(d)
199
7.3.4.
Reservations plus national law
199
8.
The way forward
201
8.1.
Proposed amendments to the LLMC Convention
202
8.1.1.
Definitions
202
8.1.2.
Persons entitled to limit liability
202
8.1.2.1.
Charterers
203
8.1.2.2.
Managers and operators
204
8.1.3.
Other persons to whom the right to limit may be extended
205
8.1.3.1.
The carrier of passengers
205
8.1.3.2.
Harbour, conservancy, dock and canal authorities
207
8.1.3.3.
Classification societies
208
8.1.4.
Claims subject to limitation
210
8.1.4.1.
Wreck and cargo removal claims
210
8.1.4.2.
Bunker oil pollution claims
212
8.1.5.
Claims excepted from limitation
213
8.1.5.1.
Claims for oil pollution
213
8.1.5.2.
Claims for legal costs
214
8.1.6.
The limits of liability
214
8.1.6.1.
The limitation amounts
214
8.1.6.2.
Tug and tow situations
215
8.1.6.3.
The overspill provision
215
8.1.6.4.
Slot charterers
215
8.1.7.
Passenger claims
216
8.1.8.
Reservations
217
8.1.9.
A single international LLMC regime
218
8.2.
Draft amendments
219
Appendices
227
1.
Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976
229
2.
Protocol of 1996 to amend the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 1976
242
3.
Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974
249
4.
Protocol of 2002 to the Athens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by Sea, 1974
260
5.
IMO Reservation and Guidelines for Implementation of the Athens Convention
279
6.
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969
289
7.
Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969
300
8.
International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 1996
314
9.
Protocol of 2010 to the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea, 1996
354
10.
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001
370
11.
Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks, 2007
384
Selected bibliography
401
Index
409