International humanitarian law and terrorism / Andrea Bianchi and Yasmin Naqvi.
2011
KZ6471 .B53 2011 (Map It)
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Title
International humanitarian law and terrorism / Andrea Bianchi and Yasmin Naqvi.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Or. : Hart, 2011.
Call Number
KZ6471 .B53 2011
ISBN
9781849461375
1849461376
1849461376
Description
l, 403 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)687704885
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
v
Acknowledgements
ix
Table of Cases
xix
Table of Legal Instruments
xxxi
1.
The Changing Phenomenology of War and Terrorism
1
I.
War and the Use of Terrorist Tactics
2
A.
Wars Involving Non-state Actors
2
B.
Terrorism as a Tactic of Warfare
5
II.
The Legal Regulation of War and the Problem of Terrorism
9
A.
The Concept of War and the Legal Regulation thereof (Jus ad Bellum)
10
i.
History of the Jus ad Bellum
10
ii.
The Use of Force under the UN Charter
12
a.
Armed Attack by a Terrorist Group: Security Council Resolution 1368 (2001) and the Right to Self-defence against Non-state Actors
14
b.
Armed Attacks Against `Failed' States
16
c.
Anticipatory or Preventive Self-defence Against Potential Terrorist Threats
18
iii.
Redefining the Notion of War
20
B.
How Jus in Bello Considerations led to Defining a State of Armed Conflict
22
i.
History of the Jus in Bello
22
ii.
Defining Armed Conflict: the Quest for Objective Criteria
24
a.
Identification of Parties
26
b.
The Connection to Territory
29
c.
Relation of a Terrorist Attack to an Existing Armed Conflict
31
d.
The Beginning and End Points of Armed Conflict
33
e.
Intensity of Hostilities
35
iii.
Anti-terror Conventions and IHL
39
III.
States of Emergency and Terrorist Threat
41
A.
Distinguishing a State of Emergency from a State of Necessity
42
B.
States of Emergency under Human Rights Treaties
43
i.
The Scope of the Notion of States of Emergency
44
ii.
The Proportionality Test to Assess Derogations
47
iii.
Non-derogable Rights
48
iv.
Procedural Obligations
51
C.
Interrelationship between Applicable Rules of IHL and Human Rights Law During States of Emergency
53
IV.
Conclusion
54
2.
International Armed Conflicts
55
I.
Introduction
55
II.
The Traditional Paradigm: the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol I
58
A.
The Armed Conflict Requirement
64
B.
State Involvement
66
III.
Recent practice
73
A.
Extraterritorial Enforcement Operations and Uses of Force in Situations Short of Armed Conflict
73
B.
Use of Armed Force in a Foreign State's Territory not Controlled by that State
77
C.
Occupation
82
IV.
Conclusion
87
3.
Non-international Armed Conflicts
94
I.
Introduction
94
II.
The Changing Context of Internal Violence and the Use of Terrorism by Non-state Actors
96
III.
Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949
102
A.
Scope of Application
102
B.
The Drafting History of Common Article 3
104
C.
The Definition of Armed Conflict in the Geneva Convention's Preparatory Works
108
D.
The Tadic Criteria for Armed Conflict and their Influence on Subsequent Practice
110
E.
Interpretation of Common Article 3 by the United States Supreme Court in Hamdan
118
F.
The Use of Force by Organs of the State as a Means to Distinguish Armed Conflict
126
G.
`International Concern' as a Criterion for Establishing an Armed Conflict
129
H.
The Interpretation of the Scope of Application of Common Article 3 and its Underlying Stakes
132
I.
Minimum Standards of Humanity Applicable in all Circumstances
134
IV.
Additional Protocol II Armed Conflicts
148
A.
Material Field of Application
148
B.
Scope of Application of Article 1(1)
151
i.
A Conflict Involving the Armed Forces and Dissident Armed Forces or other Organised Armed Groups
151
ii.
The Requirement of Responsible Command
152
iii.
The Requirement to Control Territory
152
iv.
The Requirement for Military Operations to be `Sustained'
153
v.
The Ability to Implement Humanitarian Protections
154
C.
Practice
155
i.
Chechnya
156
ii.
Colombia
159
iii.
Conclusions
163
4.
Conduct of Hostilities and Terrorist and Counter-terrorist Acts
164
I.
Basic Rules and Principles of the Law of The Hague
166
A.
Status of Unprivileged Combatants
169
II.
Means and Methods of Warfare
174
A.
Means of Warfare
174
B.
Methods of Warfare
176
III.
Protection of the Civilian Population
178
A.
Immunity of the Civilian Population from Attack
178
i.
Direct Participation in Hostilities
179
ii.
Applying the Principle of Distinction to Non-State Actors
187
iii.
Weapon Technology: `Non-lethal' Weapons and the Use of Drones in Counter-terrorist Operations
188
B.
Definition of Military Objective and the Principle of Proportionality
191
C.
Prohibition of Attacks Intended to Spread Terror
196
D.
Terrorism vs Guerrilla Warfare
199
E.
Prohibition of Using Civilian Shields
201
F.
Precautionary Measures
203
IV.
Reciprocity
204
5.
Individual Criminal Responsibility for Acts of Terror or Terrorism
208
I.
Terrorism as a War Crime
209
A.
Historical Background
209
B.
The Recognition of Terrorism as a War Crime Post-Nuremburg
214
C.
The Galic Judgments of the ICTY
215
i.
The Trial Chamber Judgment
215
ii.
The Appeals Chamber Judgment
220
D.
Assessing the Galic Precedent in Terms of its Determination of Customary International Law
222
E.
The Meaning of `Terror'
224
F.
Jurisprudence of the Special Court for Sierra Leone
228
i.
Brima, Kamara and Kanu Judgments (AFRC Case)
228
ii.
Fofana and Kondewa Judgments (CDF Case)
233
iii.
The Sesay, Kallon and Gbao Judgments (RUF Case)
237
G.
The US Military Commission Act
242
II.
Terrorism as a Crime Against Humanity
247
A.
Historical Background
249
B.
Elements of the Crime and the Meaning of a `Widespread or Systematic Attack'
252
C.
The Requirement of an Attack upon the `Civilian Population'
255
III.
Terrorism as Genocide
257
A.
The Use of Terror to Commit Genocide
257
IV.
Terrorism as a Crime of Aggression
261
V.
Terrorism as an International Crime per se
263
A.
Rationale for International Terrorism to be Recognised as a Discrete International Crime
266
B.
Definition of International Terrorism
269
i.
Generic versus Enumerated Acts Approach
270
ii.
The Requirement of an `International' Element
273
iii.
Whether a Political Motive is Relevant
275
iv.
The Relationship with International Humanitarian Law
278
C.
International Terrorism as a Crime under Customary International Law
281
6.
Status, Detention and Treatment of Terrorist Suspects
286
I.
Status
286
A.
Combatants
287
B.
Civilians
294
II.
Status upon Capture
294
A.
Prisoners of War
294
B.
Civilian Detainees and Internees
301
i.
International Armed Conflict (IAC)
301
ii.
Non-international Armed Conflict (NIAC)
303
III.
Treatment/Detention
304
A.
Apprehension and Arrest
304
i.
Prisoners of War
304
ii.
Civilian Detainees and Internees
305
B.
Transfer
305
i.
Prisoners of War
306
ii.
Civilian Detainees and Internees
308
a.
IAC
308
b.
NIAC
311
IV.
Detention
317
A.
Grounds for Detention
317
i.
Prisoners of War
319
ii.
Civilian Detainees and Internees
326
a.
IAC
326
b.
NIAC
329
B.
Treatment While Detained
335
i.
Prisoners of War
336
a.
General Rules on Treatment
336
b.
Rules on Interrogation
338
c.
Judicial Proceedings
344
ii.
Civilian Detainees and Internees
346
a.
IAC
346
1.
General Rules on Treatment
346
2.
Rules on Interrogation
357
a.
Judicial Proceedings
357
b.
NIAC
359
1.
General Rules on Treatment
359
2.
Rules on Interrogation
361
3.
Judicial Proceedings
362
C.
End of Detention/Repatriation
367
i.
Prisoners of War
367
ii.
Civilian Detainees and Internees
370
a.
IAC
370
b.
NIAC
370
V.
Concluding Remarks
371
7.
Scope for Revision of IHL for the Regulation of Terrorism and Terrorist Acts
374
Index
391