Environmental protection and human rights / Donald K. Anton, Dinah Shelton.
2011
K3585 .A58 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Environmental protection and human rights / Donald K. Anton, Dinah Shelton.
Published
Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Call Number
K3585 .A58 2011
ISBN
9780521766388 (hardback)
0521766389 (hardback)
9780521747103 (pbk.)
0521747104 (pbk.)
9781139077415 (e-book)
1139077414 (e-book)
0521766389 (hardback)
9780521747103 (pbk.)
0521747104 (pbk.)
9781139077415 (e-book)
1139077414 (e-book)
Description
xxxviii, 986 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)660804780
Summary
"With unique scholarly analysis and practical discussion, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to the relationship between environmental protection and human rights being formalized into law in many legal systems. By illuminating human rights theory and the institutions that can be employed to meet environmental goals, this book instructs on environmental techniques and procedures that assist in the protection of human rights. The text provides cogent guidance on a growing international jurisprudence on the promotion and protection of human rights in relation to the environment that has been developed by international and regional human rights bodies and tribunals. It explores a rich body of case law that continues to develop within states on the environmental dimension of the rights to life, to health, and to public participation and access to information. Five compelling contemporary case studies are included that implicate human rights and the environment, ranging from large dam projects, to the creation of a new human rights, to a clean environment"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
xxv
Abbreviations
xxxi
Table of Cases
xxxv
1.
Law and the Environment
1
I.
Introduction
1
A.
Defining the Environment and Its Characteristics
2
Questions and Discussion
3
B.
State of the Planet
3
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis
3
Questions and Discussion
16
II.
Approaches to Environmental Protection
16
A.
Private Actions
17
1.
Nuisance, Strict Liability, and Negligence
17
Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India
17
Questions and Discussion
21
Trail Smelter Case (U.S. v. Can.)
24
Questions and Discussion
27
Note on the Pulp Mills Case
28
2.
The Public Trust Doctrine
30
United Plainsmen Association v. North Dakota State Water Conservation Commission
31
Questions and Discussion
35
B.
Public Regulation
36
Christopher H. Schroeder, Lost in Translation: What Environmental Regulation Does That Tort Cannot Duplicate
37
Questions and Discussion
42
1.
Standard Setting
42
Code of Federal Regulations (U.S.), Title 16, Part 1303 [–] Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint
43
2.
Restrictions and Prohibitions
44
Endangered Species Act of 1973
44
3.
Licensing
47
4.
Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures
48
OP 4.01[–]Environmental Assessment, World Bank Operational Manual
48
5.
Land Use Regulation
52
6.
Criminal Law
52
C.
Market Mechanisms
53
Christopher H. Schroeder, Lost in Translation: What Environmental Regulation Does That Tort Cannot Duplicate
54
D.
Rights-Based Approaches
55
Questions and Discussion
56
III.
International Environmental Law
56
A.
Sources: What Is International Law?
57
1.
Treaties
57
a.
Adoption of Treaties
59
b.
Compliance with Treaty Obligations
60
c.
Treaty Interpretation
60
d.
Enforcement
61
e.
Common Environmental Treaty Techniques
61
2.
Customary International Law
62
3.
General Principles of Law
62
4.
"Soft Law"
63
B.
Relationship of International Law and Domestic Legal Systems
64
C.
The Development of International Environmental Law
67
1.
Beginnings to Stockholm
67
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment
68
Questions and Discussion
72
2.
From Stockholm to Rio
73
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
74
Questions and Discussion
77
3.
From Rio to Johannesburg
78
4.
The World Summit on Sustainable Development
79
5.
UNCSD 2012
80
D.
Principles of International Environmental Law
80
1.
Prevention of Harm
80
2.
Precaution
81
Canada Ltee (Spraytech, Societe d'arrosage) and Services des espaces verts LteelChemlawn v. Hudson (Town), no. 114957
82
Questions and Discussion
85
3.
The Polluter-Pays Principle
86
4.
Sustainable Development
87
Case Concerning the Gabalkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia)
88
Jayal and Others v. India and Others
89
Questions and Discussion yo
5.
Equitable Principles
90
a.
Intergenerational Equity
91
Minors Oposa v. Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
92
Questions and Discussion
95
b.
Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
95
c.
Equitable Utilization of Shared Resources
96
E.
Major International Environmental Agreements
97
1.
Biological Diversity and Species Agreements
97
Questions and Discussion
100
2.
U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
100
3.
U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea
104
4.
The Ozone Agreements
106
5.
Hazardous Substances and Waste
108
F.
Compliance and Enforcement
110
1.
State Responsibility
110
2.
Compliance Procedures
112
3.
Periodic State Reporting
113
4.
Civil Society Petitions
114
Questions and Discussion
115
2.
The Environment as a Human Rights Issue
118
I.
Introduction
118
A.
Tension or Complementarily?
119
Questions and Discussion no
B.
A Primer on Rights
120
1.
Human Rights and Universal Aspirations
121
Mary Ann Glendon, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt And The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights
121
Makau Mutua, The Complexity of Universalism in Human Rights
122
Questions and Discussion
122
2.
Rights of the Environment
122
Questions and Discussion
123
C.
When Rights Conflict
126
Stephanie Peatling, People First, River Second
126
Christopher Stone, Should Trees Have Standing? Towards Legal Rights for Natural Objects
127
Questions and Discussion
128
Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights Of Nature: A History Of Environmental Ethics
129
Questions and Discussion
130
II.
Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection
130
A.
Mobilizing Human Rights for the Environment
130
Dinah Shelton, Environmental Rights
130
Questions and Discussion
133
Michael R. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection: An Overview
134
Questions and Discussion
138
B.
Critiques and Responses
138
Günther Handl, Human Rights and the Protection of the Environment
139
Questions and Discussion
141
Luis E. Rodriguez-Rivera, Is the Human Right to Environment Recognized Under International Law? It Depends on the Source
141
III.
The Environmental Justice Dimension
145
Hari M. Osofsky, Learning from Environmental Justice: A New Model for International Environmental Rights
145
Questions and Discussion
47
IV.
Recognition of the Rights Related to the Environment in Law
148
Philippe Sands, Principles Of International Environmental Law
48
Questions and Discussion
49
3.
An Introduction to Human Rights Origins and Theory
151
I.
The Development of Human Rights
151
A.
Introduction
151
Imre Szabo, Historical Foundations of Human Rights and Subsequent Developments
151
Ruti Teitel, Human Rights Genealogy
153
Questions and Discussion
154
B.
Religious, Cultural, and National Legal Antecedents
154
1.
Religious Traditions
154
Questions and Discussion
156
2.
Philosophical and Cultural Roots
157
Questions and Discussion
159
3.
Historical Laws Of Local Nature
160
Questions and Discussion
163
C.
International Law on Specific Issues Before the Twentieth Century
163
1.
Religious Liberty
163
2.
Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade
164
3.
The Emergence of Humanitarian Law
166
4.
Injury to Aliens
167
Questions and Discussion
167
D.
The Early Twentieth Century
168
1.
Economic and Social Rights: Capitalism, Industrialization, and the Formation of the International Labour Organization
168
2.
The League of Nations and Minorities Treaties
170
3.
Civil and Political Rights for Women
171
Questions and Discussion
171
E.
Generalizing Human Rights in Global and Regional Systems of Protection
172
1.
Standard Setting (1948-1969)
173
2.
Development of Compliance Mechanisms (1967-1998)
177
3.
Individual Complaints Procedures
180
4.
From State to Individual Responsibility (1998[–]present)
182
F.
Normative and Institutional Evolution
182
Questions and Discussion
185
G.
The Challenge of Human Rights in the Realm of the Domaine Reserve
185
Charter of the United Nations
187
Henry Steiner, The Youth of Rights
187
Questions and Discussion
188
II.
The Idea of Human Rights
188
A.
The Nature of Human Rights
189
Jerome J. Shcstack, The Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights
189
Eugene Kamenka, H11771C172 Rights, Peoples' Rights
191
Questions and Discussion
191
B.
A Case for Human Rights
192
Louis Henkin, The Age Of Rights
192
Questions and Discussion
194
C.
Critiques of Human Rights and Responses Thereto
195
Cass Sunstein, Rights and Their Critics
195
Upendra Baxi, Voices of Suffering, Fragmented Universality, and the Future of Human Rights
199
Questions and Discussion
201
Karl Mare, Legal Theory and Democratic Reconstruction
202
Questions and Discussion
203
A.H. Robertson & J.G. Met611s, Human Rights In The World: An Introduction '1'0 The Study Of The International Protection Of Human Rights
203
Question and Discussion
204
III.
Perspectives on Human Rights Claims
204
A.
Natural Law
204
J. Shand Watson, Theory And Reality In The International Protection Of Human Rights
205
Question and Discussion
206
B.
Legal Positivism
207
Questions and Discussion
207
C.
Feminist Theory
208
Hilary Charlesworth, Feminist Ambivalence About International Law
208
Questions and Discussion
210
D.
New Stream Scholarship
211
Deborah Z. Cass, Navigating the Newstream: Recent Critical Scholarship in International Law
211
Questions and Discussion
213
E.
Human Dignity
214
Rhoda E. Howard, Dignity, Community, and Human Rights
214
Oscar Schachter, Human Dignity as a Normative Concept
215
Paolo G. Carozza, Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights: A Reply [to Christopher McCrudden]
216
Questions and Discussion
218
Jack Donnelly, Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights
218
Rosalyn Higgins, Problems And Process: International Law And How We Use It
219
Questions and Discussion
220
IV.
Individual Duties as a Means of Social Ordering
220
Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities (Proposed by InterAction Council)
220
Questions and Discussion
222
4.
The International Protection of Human Rights
224
I.
Introduction
224
II.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
225
Universal Declaration Of Human Rights
226
Questions and Discussion
229
III.
U.N. Treaties: The Core Agreements
231
Questions and Discussion
232
Matthew Craven, The International Covenant On Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights: A Perspective On Its Development
232
Questions and Discussion
236
A.
The Obligations Imposed by the Covenants
236
The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant Human Rights Committee
237
Questions and Discussion
241
General Comment No. 3 [of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights]
242
General Comment No. 9 [of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights]
243
General Comment No. 14 [of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights]
245
Questions and Discussion
247
B.
Implementation of the Covenants by the Treaty Committees
248
Laurence R. Helfer & Anne-Marie Slaughter, Toward a Theory of Effective International Adjudication
248
Questions and Discussion
251
IV.
Regional Systems for the Protection of Human Rights
251
Dinah Shelton, The Promise of Regional Human Rights Systems
251
V.
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Justiciability
255
Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom
256
Questions and Discussion
258
VI.
Human Rights and Environmental Harm
259
Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria
260
Questions and Discussion
269
VII.
Common Aspects of Human Rights Treaties
270
A.
Reservations
270
Vienna Convention On The Law Of Treaties
270
General Comment No. 24 (52) [of the Human Rights Committee]
272
Questions and Discussion
275
Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Forty-Ninth Session
276
Questions and Discussion
277
B.
Denouncing and Reacceding with a Reservation
277
Rawle Kennedy v. Trinidad and Tobago
278
Questions and Discussion
278
C.
Limitations and Derogations from Human Rights
279
5.
International Human Rights Institutions and Procedures
281
I.
Introduction
281
II.
The U.N. Charter Bodies
284
A.
The Security Council
284
Questions and Discussion
286
B.
General Assembly
286
1.
The Former Commission and Subcommission
287
2.
The Human Rights Council
291
Philip Alston, Reconceiving the U.N. Human Rights Regime: Challenges Confronting the New U.N. Human Rights Council
292
General Assembly Resolution 60/251
293
Questions and Discussion
294
Fatma Zohra Ksentini, Special Rapporteur, Review of Further Developments in Fields with Which the Sub-Commission Has Been Concerned: Human Rights and the Environment
295
C.
Human Rights Council Special Procedures
297
Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council
297
Questions and Discussion
298
1.
Fact-Finding
299
Manual of the United Nations Human Rights Special Procedures
300
Questions and Discussion
303
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Adverse Effects of the Illicit Movement and Dumping of Toxic and Dangerous Products and Wastes on the Enjoyment of Human Rights
304
Press Release, Toxic Waste: U.N. Expert Releases Report on "Probo Koala" Incident
307
2.
Norm Development
307
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Adverse Effects of the Illicit Movement and Dumping of Toxic and Dangerous Products and Wastes on the Enjoyment of Human Rights
307
Questions and Discussion
317
3.
The 1503 Procedure
317
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Complaints Procedure
317
Questions and Discussion
319
4.
The 1235 Procedure
320
5.
The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations
320
D.
International Court of Justice
320
E.
The Secretariat
321
F.
Economic and Social Council
322
III.
The Treaty Committees
322
A.
Introduction
322
Questions and Discussion
327
B.
Committee Complaints Procedures
328
1.
General Procedures
328
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 7/Rev. 1, Complaints Procedure
328
2.
Human Rights Committee
333
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Fact Sheet No. 7/Rev. 1, Complaints Procedures
333
IV.
Regional Systems
335
A.
'The European Human Rights System
336
Thomas Buergenthal, The Evolving International Human Rights System
336
Questions and Discussion
338
B.
The American Human Rights System
339
Thomas Buergenthal, The Evolving International Human Rights System
339
Questions and Discussion
341
Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights
342
Questions and Discussion
343
1.
Economic and Social Rights (Including Environmental Rights) in the American Human Rights System: Applicable Norms
343
Article 26 [–] Progressive Development, American Convention on Human Rights
344
Matthew Craven, The Protection of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights tinder the Inter-American System of Human Rights
344
Question and Discussion
346
2.
Environmental Rights
347
Article 11 [–] Right" Ro A Healthy Environment, Additional. Pruidcol To The American Convention On Human Rights In The Area Of Economic, Social, And Cultural Rights
347
Questions and Discussion
347
C.
The African Human Rights System
348
Thomas Buergenthal, The Evolving International Human Rights System
348
1.
Time Banjul Charter
350
African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1982
350
Questions and Discussion
351
2.
The Work of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and the Environment
351
3.
The Relationship Between the New Court and the Commission
352
Coalition for an Effective African Court on Human and Peoples Rights, About the African Court
353
African [Banjul] Charter On Human And Peoples' Rights
354
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Establishment of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
354
Questions and Discussion
355
6.
Procedural Human Rights and the Environment
356
I.
Introduction
356
II.
Access to Environmental Information
357
A.
Environmental Instruments and jurisprudence
357
B.
Human Rights Texts and Jurisprudence
358
Case of Bladet Tromso Ear Stensaas v. Norway
360
Questions and Discussion
368
Claude Reyes et al. v. Chile
369
Questions and Discussion
380
III.
The Right to Public Participation in Decision Making
381
A.
Environmental Instruments
381
B.
Human Rights Texts
382
IV.
The Rights of Access to Justice and to a Remedy for Environmental Harm
383
A.
The Right to a Remedy in Human Rights Instruments
383
Okyay et al. v. Turkey
385
Questions and Discussion
391
B.
The World Bank Inspection Panel
393
World Bank Inspection Panel, Investigation Report, Ghana: West African Gas Pipeline Project
394
Questions and Discussion
407
V.
The Aarhus Convention and Complaints Procedure
408
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision Making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters
408
Report Of The Compliance Committee On Its Sixteenth Meeting
418
Report Of The Compliance Committee On Its Eighteenth Meeting
429
Ole W. Pedersen, European Environmental Human Rights and Environmental Rights: A Long Time Coming?
429
Questions and Discussion
430
VI.
A Combined Process: Prior Informed Consent
431
World Bank Information Center, Rebuked by Internal Investigation, World Bank Plans to Do More in DRC Forest Sector, but Will It Do Better?
432
Questions and Discussion
435
7.
Substantive Human Rights and the Environment
436
I.
Introduction
436
II.
The Rights to Life and Health
436
Convention on the Rights of the Child
437
A.
U.N. Jurisprudence and Practice
438
Questions and Discussion
439
Brun v. France
440
B.
Regional Jurisprudence
443
Oneryildiz v. Turkey
445
Questions and Discussion
456
C.
National Jurisprudence
457
Clean Air Foundation Limited Gordon David Oldham v. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
457
Mehta v. Union of India et al.
460
Questions and Discussion
462
III.
A Right to Water
463
A.
Human Rights Law at the Global Level
464
U.N. Development Programme, Human Development Report 2006, Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty, and the Global Water Crisis
464
Human Rights Council, Report of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Scope and Content of the Relevant Human Rights Obligations Related to Equitable Access to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation Under International Human Rights Instruments
467
Questions and Discussion
471
Comments of the Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
472
B.
The Organization of American States
473
The Situation of Human Rights in Cuba, Seventh Report
473
C.
The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
475
Questions and Discussion
476
D.
National Water Rights
476
John Scanlon, Angela Cassar, & Noemi Nemes, Water as a Human Right?
476
Stephen Hodgson, Modern Water Rights: Theory and Practice
477
Questions and Discussion
486
IV.
Right to Respect for Privacy, Family Life, and Home
487
Questions and Discussion
490
Lopez Ostra v. Spain
490
Questions and Discussion
494
Kyrtatos v. Greece
495
Questions and Discussion
499
Tqkin et al. v. Turkey
500
Questions and Discussion
502
Fadeyeva v. Russia
503
Questions and Discussion
511
V.
Right to Property
512
Metropolitan Nature Reserve v. Panama
513
Questions and Discussion
515
Lars and Astrid Fagerskjold v. Sweden
515
Questions and Discussion
517
VI.
The Right to a Healthy or Safe Environment
519
A.
International Guarantees
519
B.
National Guarantees of the Right to a Safe and Healthy Environment
520
Ole W. Pedersen, European Environmental Human Rights and Environmental Rights: A Long Time Coming?
520
1.
The United States
521
Montana Environmental Information Center et al. v. Department of Environmental Quality
523
Questions and Discussion
530
Comment: Litigating State Constitutional Protections
530
2.
South Africa
532
Fuel Retailers Association of Southern Africa v. Director-General Environmental Management, Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, Mpumalanga Province et al.
532
Questions and Discussion
543
8.
Indigenous Peoples, Rights, and the Environment
545
I.
Introduction
545
II.
Theoretical Approaches
545
Benedict Kingsbury, Reconciling Five Competing Conceptual Structures of Indigenous Peoples' Claims in International and Comparative Law
545
Questions and Discussion
557
III.
International Instruments
557
International Covenant On Civil And Political Rights
558
U.N. Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples
558
Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous And Tribal Peoples In Independent Countries
564
Questions and Discussion
567
IV.
The ICCPR and Minority Rights
567
Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 12: The Right to Self-Determination of Peoples
567
General Comment No. 23: The Rights of Minorities
568
Ominayak and the Luhicon Lake Band v. Canada
569
Questions and Discussion
573
Apirana Mahuika et al. v. New Zealand
573
V.
The OAS and the Development of Sui Generis Rights
577
Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Ecuador
577
Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua
580
Questions and Discussion
584
Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname
586
Questions and Discussion
602
VI.
African Regional Law
602
VII.
National Laws and Jurisprudence
610
A.
Australia
610
Mabo et al. v. Queensland (No. 2)
610
Questions and Discussion
623
B.
The United States
623
Mary and Carrie Dann v. United States
626
Questions and Discussion
639
C.
Botswana
640
Sesana and Others v. Attorney General, High Court
640
VIII.
Indigenous Rights in Environmental Agreements
652
A.
The Convention on Biological Diversity
652
Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of Their Utilization
653
Questions and Discussion
659
B.
Climate Change, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation in Developing Countries, and Forest Peoples
659
United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries
659
Friends of the Earth, REDD Myths: A Critical Review of Proposed Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation in Developing Countries
661
9.
Humanitarian Crises: Armed Conflicts and Other Disasters
666
I.
Introduction
666
Elizabeth Ferris, Natural Disaster and Conflict-Induced Displacement: Similarities, Differences, and Inter-Connections
666
II.
Human Rights, the Environment, and Armed Conflict
670
A.
The Relationship of Humanitarian Law to Human Rights Law
671
Statement by Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, ICRC Legal Adviser
671
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
673
Questions and Discussion
677
B.
The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment in Armed Conflicts
678
From Conflict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment
678
Questions and Discussion
681
C.
The Law of Armed Conflict
681
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1)
684
Antoine Bouvier, Protection of the Natural Environment in Time of Armed Conflict
688
Questions and Discussion
691
D.
Claims for Environmental Damage
691
U.N. Compensation Commission, Governing Council Report and Recommendations Made by the Panel of Commissioners Concerning the Third Installment of "F4" Claims
694
Desk Study on the Environment in Iraq
715
Questions and Discussion
726
Behrami 6 Behrami v. France; Saramati v. France, Germany 6 Norway
727
Questions and Discussion
735
E.
ICJ Opinions and Judgments
736
F.
Accountability
737
III.
Environmental Disasters and Their Aftermath
738
A.
Industrial Accidents
738
Draft Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising out of Hazardous Activities
740
Questions and Discussion
742
Case of Budayeva et al. v. Russia
743
Questions and Discussion
754
B.
Natural Disasters and the Responsibility to Protect
755
Linda A. Malone, The Responsibility to Protect Haiti
756
Seth Mydans, Myanmar Faces Pressure to Allow Major Aid Effort
759
Francoise Bouchet-Saulnier, Myanmar [—] Responsibility to Protect?
760
Roberta Cohen, Reconciling R2P with IDP Protection
760
Questions and Discussion
764
IV.
Refugees
764
Ethan Coffman, Environmental Refugees: How Many, How Bad?
765
Statement by Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, ICC Legal Adviser
767
Questions and Discussion
770
Unep Balkans, Managing The Kosovo Refugee Crisis: Environmental Consequences
771
10.
Environmental Rights and International Finance: The World Bank Example
779
I.
Intergovernmental Financial Institutions and Their Origins
779
IBRD Articles of Agreement: Article I
780
Questions and Discussion
780
Bank Information Center, Multilateral Development Banks and Burma
782
II.
The World Bank and Environmental Rights
783
A.
The Debate over Bank Policies
783
Kevin Huyser, Sustainable Development: Rhetoric and Reform at the World Bank
783
Questions and Discussion
787
B.
The World Bank Inspection Panel
791
1.
Beginnings
791
Bradford Morse & Thomas R. Berger, Sardar Sarovar: The Report of the Independent Review
791
Questions and Discussion
804
2.
Establishment of the Inspection Panel
804
IBRD Resolution 93-10 and IDA Resolution 93-6
804
Questions and Discussion
808
Review of the Resolution Establishing the Inspection Panel: Clarification of Certain Aspects of the Resolution
809
Conclusions of the Board's Second Review of the Inspection Panel
810
Questions and Discussion
812
Nepal: Proposed Arun III Hydroelectric Project and Restructuring of the Arun III Access Road Project
817
Questions and Discussion
831
Yacyreta. Hydroelectric Project Argentina/Paraguay Panel Report and Recommendation to the Executive Directors of the IBRD
832
Questions and Discussion
839
C.
Office of Compliance Advisor and Ombudsman
841
Nathalie Bernasconi-Osterwalder & David Hunter, Democratizing Multilateral Development Banks
841
LEAT Bulyanhulu Complaint to IFC/MICA Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman
843
CAO Assessment Report Summary
850
LEAT, Assessment Summary of the Complaint Regarding MIGA's Guarantee of the Bulyanhulu Gold Mine, Tanzania
851
Questions and Discussion
861
11.
Human Rights, the Environment, and Corporate Accountability
863
I.
Multinational Corporations
865
Eric W. Orts, The Legitimacy of Multinational Corporations
865
II.
The Rights of Corporations
871
Case of Verein Gegen Tierfabriken Schweiz (Vgt) v. Switzerland
871
Case of Pine Valley Developments Ltd and Others v. Ireland
879
Matos e Silva, Lda., et al. v. Portugal
883
III.
International Attempts to Regulate Corporations
888
Report of the U.N. High Commissioner on Human Rights and Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Related Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights
889
Questions and Discussion
895
A.
OECD Guidelines
897
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
897
Questions and Discussion
902
B.
ILO Tripartite Declaration
903
Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Responsibility
903
Questions and Discussion
905
C.
Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations
906
David Weissbrodt & Muria Kruger, Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights
906
Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights
907
Questions and Discussion
910
Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
911
IV.
Self-Regulation
912
Business and Human Rights: Mapping International Standards of Responsibility and Accountability for Corporate Acts
913
Questions and Discussion
915
The Valdez Principles
915
Questions and Discussion
916
Anita Margrethe Halvorssen, Book Review, Changing Course: A Global Business Perspective On Development And The Environment, By Stephen Schmidheiny With The Business Council For Sustainable Development
918
Questions and Discussion
919
V.
Domestic Regulation
919
Questions and Discussion
921
A.
National Legislative Measures
921
Michael Ewing-Chow, First Do No Harm: Myanmar Trade Sanctions and Human Rights
921
Burmese Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003
923
Questions and Discussion
925
B.
Civil Litigation [–] The U.S. Alien Tort Statute Example
926
1.
The Alien Tort Statute
927
Harold Hongju Koh, Transnational Public Law Litigation
927
Questions and Discussion
930
Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain
931
Questions and Discussion
934
Ralph Steinhardt, Laying One Bankrupt Critique to Rest: Sosa v. Alvarez Machain and the Future of Human Rights Litigation in U.S. Courts
935
2.
Litigating Environmental Claims Under the ATS
936
Richard L. Herz, Litigating Environmental Abuses Under the Alien Tort Claims Act: A Practical Assessment
936
Benal v. Freeport-McMoran, Inc.
937
Esther Kiobel, et al. v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Company
941
Flores v. Southern Peru Copper Corp.
955
Questions and Discussion
963
Provincial Government of Marinduque v. Placer Dome, Inc., Barrick Gold Corp.
963
VI.
International Complaints,and Investigations
970
Olivier De Schutter, Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development
970
Raquel Rolnik, Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development
974
Questions and Discussion
975
Index
977