Regulating cartels in Europe / Christopher Harding and Julian Joshua.
2010
KJC6471 .H37 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Regulating cartels in Europe / Christopher Harding and Julian Joshua.
Published
New York : Oxford University Press, 2010.
Call Number
KJC6471 .H37 2010
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9780199551484 (hardback : alk. paper)
0199551480 (hardback : alk. paper)
0199551480 (hardback : alk. paper)
Description
xxvi, 409 pages : maps ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)660804636
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [392]-404) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Jaffe Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Jaffe Fund
Table of Contents
Tables of Cases
xv
Tables of Treaties, Legislation, and Notices
xxi
Glossary of Key Terms
xxiii
Chronology
xxvii
Introduction: Talking About Cartels---The Main Elements of Analysis and Discussion
1
1.
Epistemology: The Control of Cartels as a Subject
1
2.
Political Economy: The Phenomenon and Concept of the Anti-Competitive Cartel
2
3.
Legal Control: Competition Law as a Model of Regulation
3
4.
Drama: Cartel Control---The Main Actors
4
5.
History: A Twentieth Century Overview of European Cartel Control
5
6.
International Relations: The Global Dimension
6
7.
Pathology: Antitrust Delinquency as the Target of Legal Action
7
I.
Business Cartels: Sleeping with the Enemy
9
1.
A History of Ambivalence: Is it a Criminal Law Rap?
9
2.
Defining Cartel Arrangements
11
3.
The Cooperative Instinct
16
4.
The Macro-Economic Context: Typical Markets?
21
5.
The Micro-Economic Context: The Quest for Supra-Competitive Profit
29
6.
Cartel Dynamics: The Cartel as a Private Treaty Regime
32
7.
Mapping the Discussion
38
II.
Models of Legal Control: North America and Europe
39
1.
Atlantic Crossing: The Usual Suspects, but Differing Perceptions and Models of Legal Control
39
2.
Surveying Perceptions of the Subject: The Debate on Cartels
41
3.
The North American Tradition: The Delinquency of the Business Cartel
46
4.
The European Experience: A Culture of Toleration
52
5.
The Quest for Mens Rea: Differing Perceptions of Antitrust Delinquency
56
6.
The Dilemma for European Cartel Regulation: Which Model?
62
Appendix
63
III.
Cartels in Europe, 1870-1945: Das Kartellproblem
65
1.
The Centrality of the German Experience: The `Land of Cartels'
65
2.
Cartels in Economic Longitude: Industrialization and Economic Downturn
67
3.
Wilhelmine Cartels as Vehicles for Order and Stability
69
4.
The Arguments against Cartels and the Need for Regulation: Das Kartellproblem
73
5.
The Wider European Picture: Respectable and Necessary or Suspect and Delinquent Organizations?
77
6.
The Mid-Century Watershed
84
IV.
Cartels in Europe, 1945-70: From Registrable Agreement to Concerted Practice
86
1.
Post-War Debates: Back to the Drawing Board
86
2.
The Political Perspective: The Cartel as a Tainted Organization
87
3.
Cartels and International Trade: Early Attempts at International Regulation
90
4.
The Emergence of National Regulation of Cartels in Europe
98
5.
The National Position(s): Stocktaking in the Mid-1960s
102
6.
The Common Market Context
110
7.
The European Cement Market: The Hardening of Cartel Control
115
V.
A Narrative of Cartel Regulation in Europe, 1970 to the Present Time
119
1.
Reading a History of Regulation and Enforcement: A 40 Years' War
119
2.
The Early Years of Litigation
120
3.
The Lull in Litigation: 1975-85
130
4.
European Cartel Litigation: A New Legal Industry
133
5.
Turn of the Century: Recovering the Initiative in Enforcement
139
6.
Into the Twenty-First Century: Changing Modalities of Enforcement
142
VI.
Proof of Cartel Delinquency: Fashioning the European Cartel Offence
149
1.
`Delinquency Inflation' and the Emergence of the Problem of Antitrust Evidence
149
2.
Economic Evidence: The Significance of Market Context
151
3.
Economic Evidence: The Problem of Parallel Behaviour and `Tacit Collusion'
154
4.
Testing Oligopoly Argument under European Law
158
5.
Forging the Cartel Offence: Marshalling the Evidence and Framing the Charge
166
6.
Defining the Scope of the Cartel Offence: The Limits of the Single Continuous Infringement
172
7.
Collecting Persuasive Proof of Cartel Participation
177
VII.
The Judicial Review of Cartel Control: Testing the Evidence and Due Process
184
1.
The Role of the European Courts
184
2.
Testing the Evidence: The Court of First Instance Rolls Up its Sleeves
188
3.
Judicial Review and the Search for Due Process: Firing the `Big Guns of Constitutional Artillery'
198
4.
The Nature of the Commission's Procedure
198
5.
Investigations and the Collection of Evidence
204
6.
Effective Rights of Defence and `Access to the File'
212
7.
Assessing the Fine: Equal Treatment in Sentencing?
216
8.
The Balance of Legal Protection
219
9.
Postscript: The Epistemology of the Debates on Judicial Review
224
VIII.
Negotiating Guilt: Leniency and Breaking the Code of Silence
228
1.
The Psychology of Business Truce: `Your Cheating Heart'
228
2.
Leniency: The American Model---Designing the Irresistible Offer
232
3.
The Political Economy of Leniency: A Transformed Antitrust Landscape
236
4.
Leniency: The EC Model---A `Prisoner's Dilemma' Playground
241
5.
A European `Patchwork' of Leniency: `Amnesty International'?
245
6.
The Moral Economy of Leniency: Justice, Confession, Incrimination, Guilt, and Betrayal---`How Do You Sleep?'
249
IX.
The Pathology of Cartels: Addressing Issues of Agency and Responsibility
256
1.
Understanding the Subject of Legal Control
256
2.
The Problem of Agency: Cartels and Cartelists
258
3.
Motivation: The Aetiology of Cartel Activity
266
4.
Cartel Delinquency: So Bad as to be Criminal?
271
5.
The Objectives of Legal Control
277
6.
Constructing a Model of Legal Control
285
X.
Sanctions: A Complex European and International Grid
286
1.
Sanctions: A Typology and Geography
286
2.
The Distribution of Sanctions: Corporate and/or Individual Subjects
290
3.
Sanctions across Legal Systems: Navigating Competences
291
4.
Leniency as a Motor of Penal Expansion
297
5.
The Costs of Penal Expansion
298
6.
The Hidden Flaw in Leniency: Iatrogenicity and Long-Haul Cases
302
7.
Sanctions: The Way Forward
305
XI.
Corporate and Individual Sanctions
306
1.
The Scheme of Sanctions
306
2.
Decisions and Orders
307
3.
Penalty Discounts and the Saving of Resources
313
4.
Financial Penalties: The EU Model
320
5.
Criminalization and Imprisonment
329
6.
Non-Custodial Criminal Law and Other Measures
354
7.
`Private' Claims for Compensation: The Civil Liability Route
359
8.
Sanctions in Total and Across the Board: The Panoply Argument
364
XII.
The Shape of Things to Come: Cartel Law in the Twenty-First Century
367
1.
Conversion, Convergence, or Global Mosaic?
367
2.
Retrospective: A Parallax View?
368
3.
The Character of Contemporary European Cartel Law
374
4.
Prospective: The Globalization of Cartel Regulation?
382
5.
A Bright Future? The Experts' Reports
388
Bibliography
392
Index
405