International environmental law in a nutshell / by Lakshman D. Guruswamy ; with Mariah Zebrowski Leach.
2012
K3585 .G87 2012 (Map It)
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Details
Title
International environmental law in a nutshell / by Lakshman D. Guruswamy ; with Mariah Zebrowski Leach.
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2012]
Copyright
©2012
Call Number
K3585 .G87 2012
Edition
Fourth edition.
Spine Title
International environmental law
ISBN
0314268170
9780314268174
9780314268174
Description
liv, 716 pages : illustrations, map ; 19 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)755874219
Note
Includes index.
Series
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Dedication
iii
Preface
v
Acknowledgments
ix
Table Of Treaties And Other Selected Instruments
xxxi
Table Of Acronyms
li
ch. One
Sources and Forms of International Environmental Law
1
A.
Treaties
4
1.
Interpretation of Treaties
9
2.
Conflict With Other Treaties
13
B.
Custom
15
C.
General Principles of Law
21
D.
Judicial Decisions
23
E.
Other Sources of Law
26
F.
Voluntary Agreements
31
ch. Two
The Historical Continuum
34
A.
1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment
34
B.
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
40
C.
1983 World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission)
42
D.
1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit)
43
E.
2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration
49
F.
2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
51
ch. Three
Implementation and Compliance
56
A.
The Layered Meaning of Implementation and Compliance
56
B.
Institutions and Organizations
60
1.
Global Organizations
61
2.
Regional Organizations
65
3.
Specific Treaty Organizations
65
4.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
66
C.
Non-Legal Norms
71
D.
Compliance Mechanisms Within Treaties
72
1.
Interpretation: The Example of the Montreal Protocol
73
2.
Research
74
3.
Data Collection and Dissemination
75
4.
Assessments and Reviews
76
5.
Rule-Making by Experts
77
6.
Management by International Organizations
77
7.
Enforcement
78
E.
Diplomatic Avenues
78
F.
Judicial Remedies
79
1.
Jurisdiction
81
2.
Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms
85
a.
Application of State Responsibility (SR)
87
i.
Fault Liability
88
ii.
Strict and Absolute Liability
89
iii.
Attribution, Reparation, Causation, and Exhaustion of Local Remedies
91
iv.
Trail Smelter Arbitration
95
b.
International Liability (IL)
97
c.
Civil Liability (CL)
101
i.
Treaty Overlay
103
ii.
Civil Liability (CL) Litigation
106
d.
Conclusions on Accountability for Transboundary Environmental Harms
109
G.
Institutional Concerns
112
H.
The Relation Between IEL and Domestic Law
114
1.
Treaties and U.S. Domestic Law
116
2.
Custom and U.S. Domestic Law
121
ch. Four
Population
124
A.
Nature of Population Growth
124
B.
Decreasing Resources
127
C.
Environmental Threats
130
D.
Theories on Population Growth
136
1.
Malthusian Apocalypse Theory
136
2.
Neo-Malthusian, Economic Transition, and Redistributional Theories
138
E.
Legal Response
141
1.
1994 International Conference on Population and Development (Population Conference)
141
2.
2005 World Summit
146
ch. Five
Biodiversity
149
A.
Nature of the Problem
149
B.
Environmental Impacts
151
C.
Causes
155
D.
Remedial Objectives
156
E.
Legal Response
157
1.
Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Convention)
157
a.
Equity and Resource Transfers
159
i.
Common Concern of Humankind
160
ii.
Access to Genetic Resources
162
iii.
Biotechnology
163
iv.
Financial Transfers
166
b.
Sustainable Development (SD)
167
i.
Commitments of All Parties (Including Developing Countries)
170
ii.
Commitments of Industrialized Countries
172
c.
Institutions
173
d.
Relationship to Other Agreements
174
2.
International Instruments Addressing Habitat Destruction
176
a.
1972 UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention)
176
b.
1971 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
179
i.
Conservation
180
ii.
Wise Use
180
iii.
Consultations
181
c.
1979 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention)
182
3.
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
186
a.
Advance Informed Agreement (AIA)
187
b.
Biosafety Clearing-House
189
c.
Precautionary Approach
190
d.
Compliance
191
e.
Relationship to Other Agreements
191
4.
1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (Cites)
193
a.
Commitments
194
b.
Continued Trade in Listed Species
196
c.
Relationship to Other Agreements
199
5.
Regional Treaties and Agreements Related to Biodiversity
199
ch. Six
Global Climate Change
202
A.
Atmospheric Facts
202
B.
Increasing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
204
C.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions and Climate Change
205
D.
Extent and Consequences of Climate Change
209
1.
IPCC Scenarios
209
2.
Rising Temperatures
210
3.
Changes in Precipitation and Water Stress
210
4.
Sea Level Rise and Ice Melt
212
E.
Legal Response
215
F.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
219
1.
History and Overview
219
2.
Remedial Objectives
220
3.
The Comprehensive Approach
223
4.
Commitments
225
a.
All Parties (Industrialized and Developing Countries)
225
b.
Annex I Parties (OECD and Former Eastern Bloc Parties)
227
5.
Institutions and Implementation
227
a.
Conference of the Parties (COP)
227
b.
Secretariat
229
c.
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)
230
d.
Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI)
230
e.
Financial Mechanism
231
6.
Technology Transfers and Financing
233
G.
Kyoto Protocol
237
1.
History and Overview
237
2.
Negotiating the New Kyoto: Outstanding Issues
239
a.
Beyond Mitigation
239
b.
Focusing on Adaptation
243
c.
Remedying Fossil Fuel Reliance
245
d.
Addressing Oil
248
e.
Integrating Sustainable Development (SD)
249
f.
Including Developing Countries
253
g.
An Inclusive Convention
254
3.
The Negotiating Path
255
a.
COP-13/MOP-3 and the Bali Road-map and Action Plan
255
b.
COP-14/MOP-4
256
c.
COP-15/MOP-5 and the Copenhagen Accord
256
d.
COP-16/MOP-6 and the Cancun Agreements
259
ch. Seven
Ozone Depletion
262
A.
The Nature of the Problem
263
B.
Causes of the Problem
265
C.
Environmental Impacts
268
D.
Remedial Objectives
270
E.
Legal Response
271
1.
Vienna Ozone Convention
271
2.
Montreal Protocol
272
3.
Adjustments and Amendments
275
4.
Transfers
278
5.
Trade Restrictions
279
6.
Technological and Financial Assistance
280
F.
The Impact of the Regime
281
ch. Eight
Antarctica
285
A.
Geophysical Sketch
285
B.
Scientific and Archeological Importance
289
C.
Economic Concerns
291
D.
Environmental Issues
293
E.
Geopolitical Significance
296
F.
Legal Response
297
1.
Overview
297
2.
1959 Antarctic Treaty
299
3.
1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972 Seals Convention)
301
4.
1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
302
5.
1988 Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA)
305
6.
1991 Antarctic Environment Protocol
306
a.
Annex I: Environmental Impact Assessment
309
b.
Annex II: Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
310
c.
Annex III: Waste Disposal and Management
311
d.
Annex IV: Prevention of Marine Pollution
312
e.
Annex V: Area Protection and Management
313
f.
Annex VI: Liabilities Arising From Environmental Emergencies
315
7.
Conclusions
315
ch. Nine
Toxic and Hazardous Substances
317
A.
Nature of the Problem
317
B.
Defining the Elements
318
C.
Sources
322
D.
Environmental Pathways and Impacts
326
1.
Pathways
326
2.
Impacts
328
a.
Ecosystem Effects
328
b.
Human Health Hazards
329
E.
Remedial Objectives
332
F.
Legal Response
339
1.
Toxic and Hazardous Substances in General
339
2.
Prior Informed Consent (PIC)
340
a.
FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (FAO Code and 2002 FAO Code)
340
b.
1987 UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade (London Guidelines)
344
c.
Code of Ethics on the International Trade in Chemicals (Code of Ethics)
347
d.
UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention)
348
e.
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam Convention)
349
3.
Hazardous Wastes and Their Movement
351
a.
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel Convention)
351
i.
The Ban Amendment
351
ii.
Environmentally Sound Management
353
iii.
Transboundary Movement
354
b.
Convention on the Ban of Imports Into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (Bamako Convention)
359
c.
International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS Convention)
361
4.
Elimination and Reductions at Source
362
5.
Other Regional Agreements
365
ch. Ten
Land-Based Pollution
368
A.
Nature of the Problem
368
B.
Sources and Environmental Impacts
369
C.
Remedial Objectives
376
D.
Legal Response
377
1.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
378
2.
Montreal Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution From Land-Based Sources (Montreal Guidelines)
380
3.
Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities and the Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment From Land-Based Activities
381
4.
Regional Treaties
384
ch. Eleven
Pollution by Vessels and Offshore Oil Platforms
393
A.
Nature of the Problem
393
B.
Impacts of Oil Pollution
398
1.
Environmental Impacts
398
a.
Harm Caused by the Physical Properties of Oil
398
b.
Harm Caused by the Toxic Properties of Oil
399
2.
Financial Impacts
400
C.
Vessel-Based Oil Pollution
402
1.
Causes of Vessel-Based Oil Pollution
402
2.
Remedial Objectives
404
3.
Legal Response
408
a.
Operational Pollution
408
i.
1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
409
ii.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNC-LOS)
415
b.
Accidental Pollution
418
i.
1969 International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (1969 Intervention Convention)
419
ii.
1990 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)
421
iii.
2000 Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Cooperation for Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS Protocol)
422
iv.
2003 Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage Caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters
423
c.
Noise Pollution
424
d.
Pollution from Trade Vessels
425
e.
State Responsibility (SR)
426
f.
Civil Liability (CL)
426
i.
1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC)
427
ii.
1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Fund Convention)
429
iii.
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (Bunker Convention)
431
D.
Pollution Caused by Offshore Installations
432
1.
About Offshore Oil Production
432
2.
The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
432
3.
Environmental Impacts of Rigs and Platforms
434
4.
Legal Response
435
a.
Operational Pollution
436
i.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
436
ii.
1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)
437
iii.
1973/1978 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MAR-POL)
437
b.
Accidental Pollution
438
i.
1990 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC)
438
c.
Liability
439
ch. Twelve
Dumping
441
A.
Nature of the Problem
441
B.
Sources and Environmental Impacts
442
C.
Remedial Objectives
443
D.
Legal Response
444
1.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
444
2.
1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972 London Convention)
445
3.
1996 Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Protocol)
449
4.
Regional Treaties
453
ch. Thirteen
Conservation of Marine Living Resources
456
A.
Nature of the Problem
456
B.
Sources and Impacts
457
1.
Bioversity Decline Caused by Over-Exploitation of Fish Stocks
457
2.
Exploitation of Marine Mammals
459
3.
Ecological Damage Resulting From Human Pollutants
461
4.
The Effect of Development and Soil Erosion on Estuarine and Coastal Habitats
462
C.
Remedial Objectives
466
D.
Legal Response
470
1.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
470
a.
Overview
470
b.
Jurisdiction Zones
471
i.
Territorial Sea
472
ii.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
472
iii.
Continental Shelf
474
iv.
High Seas
475
c.
The Species Approach
476
i.
Straddling Stocks
477
ii.
Highly Migratory Species
478
iii.
Marine Mammals
479
iv.
The Special Case of Seals
480
v.
Anadromous Species
482
vi.
Catadromous Species
482
vii.
Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS-The Bluefin Tuna Case
483
d.
The Future of UNCLOS
488
2.
UNEP Regional Seas Programme
489
3.
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)
490
ch. Fourteen
Transboundary Air Pollution
496
A.
Nature of the Problem
496
B.
Sources and Environmental Impacts
497
C.
Remedial Objectives
499
D.
Legal Response
500
1.
Custom
500
2.
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
502
a.
Overview
502
b.
Sulfur Emissions
504
c.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
506
d.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
507
e.
A More Comprehensive Approach to Pollution Control: The Gothenburg Protocol
508
3.
United States-Canada
509
4.
United States-Mexico
512
ch. Fifteen
Transboundary Water Pollution
515
A.
Nature of the Problem
515
B.
Sources of Environmental Harm
517
C.
Environmental Impacts
518
D.
Remedial Objectives
521
E.
Legal Response
521
1.
Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Convention on International Watercourses)
521
a.
Communication: Notification, Consultation, and Negotiation
524
b.
Equitable Utilization
528
c.
Obligation Not to Cause Transboundary Harm
532
d.
Further Protections
535
e.
The Question of Groundwater
536
2.
Regional and Bilateral Agreements
540
a.
1992 ECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (ECE Convention)
540
b.
The Rhine
545
c.
United States-Canada
549
d.
United States-Mexico
553
ch. Sixteen
Desertification
558
A.
Nature of the Problem
558
B.
Impacts of Desertification
559
C.
Causes of Desertification
562
D.
Remedial Objectives
564
E.
Legal Response
565
1.
Regional Implementation Annexes (RIAs)
566
2.
Commitments
567
a.
Developing Countries
567
b.
Industrialized Countries
569
c.
Implementation
570
ch. Seventeen
Nuclear Damage
574
A.
Nature of the Problem
574
1.
Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons
576
2.
Civilian Nuclear Energy
581
3.
Nuclear Waste
584
B.
Remedial Objectives
586
C.
Legal Response
588
1.
Use and Testing of Nuclear Weapons
588
a.
Treaty Overlay
588
b.
Nuclear Testing
592
c.
Nuclear Materials
597
i.
Decommissioning Nuclear Submarines
598
ii.
Cooperative Exchanges
602
d.
Customary Law
604
i.
Nuclear Testing
604
ii.
The Nuclear Test Cases (Round One)
605
iii.
Interim Measures
608
iv.
Jurisdiction
609
v.
The Nuclear Test Cases (Round Two)
611
vi.
Use of Nuclear Weapons
615
2.
Civilian Nuclear Energy
618
a.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Standards
618
b.
1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety
619
c.
1986 IAEA Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident (Notification Convention)
622
d.
1986 IAEA Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (Assistance Convention)
623
e.
Liability
625
i.
State Responsibility (SR)
625
ii.
Civil Liability (CL)
628
iii.
1960 Paris Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (Paris Nuclear Liability Convention)
629
iv.
1983 IAEA Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna Nuclear Liability Convention)
632
f.
Fusion Energy
634
ch. Eighteen
The Future of IEL
636
A.
The Challenge of Sustainable Energy
637
1.
Increasing Global Energy Consumption
637
2.
Environmental Consequences of Fossil Fuel Reliance
638
3.
The End of Easy Oil
639
4.
Research and Development of Renewable Energy
642
B.
Foundational and Systemic Norms
643
1.
Sustainable Development (SD)
643
2.
The Common Law of Humankind
645
C.
Primary Rules and Principles
650
1.
Principles
650
2.
Rules
652
3.
Embryonic Rules and Principles
654
4.
Clash of Primary Obligations
657
D.
Secondary Rules and State Responsibility (SR)
659
E.
The Actors in IEL
660
Appendix
665
Index
689