An encyclopedia of human rights in the United States / H. Victor Condé.
2011
KF4747.5 .C37 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
An encyclopedia of human rights in the United States / H. Victor Condé.
Published
Amenia, NY : Grey House Pub., [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KF4747.5 .C37 2011
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9781592372904 (hbk.)
1592372902 (hbk.)
1592372902 (hbk.)
Description
2 volumes (1,835) pages : illustrations, form ; 29 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)173807583
Summary
This resource surveys the legal protection of human dignity in the United States, examines the sources of human rights norms, cites key legal cases, explains the role of international governmental and non-governmental organizations, and charts global, regional, and UN human rights measures. --from publisher description.
Note
Revised edition of: Human rights in the United States : a dictionary and documents / Rita Cantos Cartwright and H. Victor Condé. [1st edition]. c2000.
Cartwright's name appears first on the earlier edition.
Cartwright's name appears first on the earlier edition.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 1809-1814) and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Foreword
xix
Introduction and User's Guide
xxiii
Introductory Essay
xxxi
Abbreviations
lxxix
v. 1
Terms
1.
Accessibility (Principle) (See Legality)
2.
Accession (To Treaty) (See Ratification)
3.
Accountability/Accountable
3
4.
Activist (See Human Rights Defender)
5.
Admissibility (of complaints, petitions, communications)
4
6.
Advice and Consent of the U.S. Senate
5
7.
Affirmative Action
6
8.
Aggression (see Crimes Against Peace)
9.
Aid Conditionality
7
10.
Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA)
7
11.
American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)
8
12.
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man (ADHR)
8
13.
Amnesty
8
14.
Anti-Semitism
9
15.
Apartheid
10
16.
Arbitrary Arrest/Detention
10
17.
Arrest
11
18.
Asylum
12
19.
Atrocity
13
20.
Basic Human Rights
14
21.
Bearer
14
22.
Bigot(ed)/Bigotry
15
23.
Bilateral Immunity Agreement (See International Criminal Court)
24.
Bill of Rights
16
25.
Binding
16
26.
Breach
17
27.
Bricker Amendment
18
28.
Broad-mindedness
18
29.
Bureau of Human Rights, Democracy and Labor
19
30.
Capital Punishment
20
31.
Charter
22
32.
Children's Rights
22
33.
Civil Human Rights
23
34.
Civil Liberties
24
35.
Civil Rights
24
36.
Civil Society
24
37.
Civil War
25
38.
Collateral Damage
26
39.
Collective Human Rights
26
40.
Collective Punishment
27
41.
Combatant
27
42.
Command Responsibility
31
43.
Commission on Human Rights
32
44.
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe
32
45.
Common Article 3 (Geneva Conventions) (See Geneva Conventions of 1949)
46.
Communication/Complaint Procedures
33
47.
Complementarity of Judicial Systems
34
48.
Compliance with Human Rights Norms
35
49.
Conditions of Detention (See Detention)
50.
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
35
51.
Conscientious Objection
35
52.
Convention
36
53.
Convention against Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
36
54.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
36
55.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
37
56.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (See Genocide/Genocide Convention)
57.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
37
58.
Corporal Punishment
38
59.
Counterterrorism Measures
38
60.
Country Reports
41
61.
Country-Specific Legislation
41
62.
Covenant
41
63.
Crimes against Humanity
42
64.
Crimes against Peace
43
65.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment (see Cruel or Unusual Treatment or Punishment)
66.
Cruel or Unusual Treatment or Punishment
43
67.
Cultural Genocide (See Genocide/Genocide Convention)
68.
Cultural Human Rights
45
69.
Cultural Relativism
45
70.
Culture of Human Rights
46
71.
Culture of Impunity
46
72.
Culture of Peace
47
73.
Customary International Law
48
74.
Declaration/Declarations
48
75.
Declaration of Independence
49
76.
Defamation of Religion (See Freedom of Expression)
77.
Defender (See Human Rights Defender)
78.
Degrading Treatment or Punishment
50
79.
Deportation
51
80.
Derogation/Derogable Human Rights
52
81.
Detainee/Detention Facilities (See Detention)
82.
Detention
53
83.
Development (Economic/Sustainable)
55
84.
Disability
57
85.
Disappearance
58
86.
Discrimination
59
87.
Diversity
60
88.
Domestic Remedy
60
89.
Double Standard/Dual Standard
61
90.
Due Process of Law
62
91.
Duty
63
92.
Economic Human Rights
64
93.
Effective Domestic Remedy
66
94.
Effectiveness (Principle of)
67
95.
Enemy Combatant (See Combatant)
96.
Enhanced/Robust Interrogation Techniques
68
97.
Entry into Force (EIF)
70
98.
Environmental Racism
71
99.
Equality/Equality before the Law
72
100.
Equality of Arms (See Due Process of Law and Procedural Rights)
101.
Ethnic Cleansing
72
102.
Ethnic Minority
73
103.
Exceptionalism
74
104.
Excessive Force
75
105.
Executive Agreements (EA)
76
106.
Executive Orders
76
107.
Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies
77
108.
Expropriation
78
109.
Extradition
78
110.
Extrajudicial Killing
79
111.
Extraordinary Rendition (See Rendition)
112.
Fact-finding
79
113.
Fair Trial
80
114.
Federal Clause
81
115.
Female Genital Mutilation (See Gender-Based Violence)
116.
First Generation Human Rights
82
117.
Forced Disappearance (See Disappearance)
118.
Foreign Sovereignty Immunity Act (FSIA)
83
119.
Forum of Shame
83
120.
"Four Freedoms"
84
121.
Free and Fair Elections
84
122.
Freedom
85
123.
Freedom of Expression
85
124.
Fundamental Rights/Freedoms
88
125.
Gender-Based Violence
89
126.
Gender Discrimination
90
127.
General Comments (U.N. HR Committee)
91
128.
General Human Rights Legislation
92
129.
Geneva Conventions of 1949 (GC)
92
130.
Genocide/Genocide Convention
94
131.
Good Governance
96
132.
Grave Breaches
97
133.
Gross Human Rights Violation
97
134.
Habeas Corpus Proceedings
98
135.
Hague Regulations (See Law of Armed Conflict)
136.
Hard Core Human Rights
99
137.
Hard Power (See Soft Power)
138.
Harkin Amendment
100
139.
Hate Crime
100
140.
Hate Speech
101
141.
Helsinki Final Act of 1975/Helsinki Accords
102
142.
High Commissioner for Human Rights
102
143.
Holocaust
103
144.
Human Dignity
104
145.
Human Right(s)
105
146.
Human Rights Committee (U.N.)
106
147.
Human Rights Council (U.N.)
107
148.
Human Rights Defenders
111
149.
Human Rights Education
112
150.
Human Rights Reports
114
151.
Human Rights Violation
114
152.
Human Security
115
153.
Humanitarian Intervention
116
154.
Humanitarian Law
117
155.
Illegal Alien
119
156.
Immigration
121
157.
Immunity
123
158.
Implementing Legislation
123
159.
Impunity
124
160.
Inalienable Rights
124
161.
Incommunicado Detention
125
162.
Independent and Impartial Judiciary
127
163.
Indigenous Peoples or Populations
127
164.
Indiscriminate Attack/Force
129
165.
Individual Complaint
130
166.
Individual Criminal Responsibility
131
167.
Individual Rights
132
168.
Indivisibility (Principle of)
132
169.
Inherent Human Rights
133
170.
Inhuman Treatment or Punishment
133
171.
Inhumane Treatment
135
172.
Inter-Dependence (Principle of)
135
173.
Inter-Governmental Organization (IGO)
136
174.
Inter-Relatedness (Principle of)
136
175.
Interference
137
176.
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
138
177.
International Bill of Rights
138
178.
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
139
179.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
140
180.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
142
181.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
142
182.
International Criminal Law
144
183.
International Financial Institution (IFI)
145
184.
International Human Rights Law
146
185.
International Law/Law of Nations (See Public International Law)
186.
Interpretation
147
187.
Interstate Complaint
148
188.
Intolerance
148
189.
Involuntary Servitude
149
190.
Jackson-Vanik Amendment
150
191.
Land Mines (see Indiscriminate Attack/Force)
192.
Law of Armed Conflict
150
193.
Legality (Principle of)
153
194.
Legislation (See Implementing Legislation and General Human Rights Legislation)
195.
Liberty
154
196.
Liberty and Security of Person
154
197.
Lieber Code
155
198.
Limitation
156
199.
Link/Linkage
156
200.
Massacre
157
201.
Methods or Means of Combat
157
202.
Military Commission/Tribunal
159
203.
Military/Belligerent Occupation (Law)
160
204.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
161
205.
Minority/Minority Rights
161
206.
Monitor
162
207.
Most Favored Nation (MFN) Trading Status
163
208.
Multilateral Forum
163
209.
National Consensus
164
210.
National Security
164
211.
National Self-Interest
165
212.
Nationalism
166
213.
Natural Law
167
214.
Non-Binding Resolution
167
215.
Non-Compliance
167
216.
Non-Discrimination
168
217.
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
169
218.
Non-Interference with Internal Affairs
170
219.
Non-Refoulement
170
220.
Non-Self-Executing Treaty
171
221.
Non-State Actor
172
222.
Norm/Normative
172
223.
Nuremberg Charter and Rules
173
224.
Nuremberg Principles
173
225.
Object and Purpose of Treaty
174
226.
Obligations (International Legal)
175
227.
On-Site Investigation/Fact Finding
175
228.
Oppression
176
229.
Optional Protocol (See Protocol)
230.
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
176
231.
Organization of American States (OAS)
177
232.
Patriot Act
177
233.
Periodic State Report (See Report/Reporting)
234.
Perpetrator
179
235.
Persecution
180
236.
Personal Status Laws
180
237.
Pluralism
181
238.
Police Brutality
181
239.
Police State
182
240.
Political Asylum
183
241.
Political Correctness/Politically Correct
183
242.
Political Human Rights
184
243.
Political Will
184
244.
Positive Obligations (See Obligations (International Legal))
245.
Preamble
185
246.
Precautionary/Interim Measures (See Communication/Complaint Procedures)
247.
Preparatory Works/Travaux Preparatoires
185
248.
Pretrial Detention
186
249.
Prisoner of Conscience (POC)
187
250.
Prisoner of War (POW)
187
251.
Privacy (right to)
188
252.
Procedural Due Process (See Procedural Rights and Due Process of Law )
253.
Procedural Obligations (See Obligations (International Legal))
254.
Procedural Rights
190
255.
Profiling
191
256.
Prolonged Arbitrary Detention
192
257.
Proportionality
194
258.
Protocol
195
259.
Public International Law
195
260.
Racial Discrimination
196
261.
Racism/Racist
199
262.
Ratification
200
263.
Refugee
200
264.
Regional Human Rights System or Regime
201
265.
Religious Discrimination
201
266.
Rendition
204
267.
Reparations
205
268.
Reports/Reporting
206
269.
Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings (RDUs/RUDs)
207
270.
Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
208
271.
Reverse Discrimination
211
272.
Rule-of-Law
212
273.
Sanctions
213
274.
Second Generation Human Rights
213
275.
Secret Detention (See Detention and Arbitrary Arrest/Detention)
276.
Security Council (U.N.)
214
277.
Segregation
217
278.
Self-Determination
217
279.
Self-Executing Treaty
218
280.
Sign/Signatory
218
281.
Slavery
219
282.
Social Human Rights
220
283.
Social Justice
221
284.
Socialism
221
285.
Soft Law
223
286.
Soft Power
223
287.
Sovereignty
224
288.
Sovereignty Proviso
225
289.
Special Mechanisms/Procedures (U.N.)
225
290.
Special Rapporteur
226
291.
Standard Setting
227
292.
State
227
293.
State Party
228
294.
State Responsibility for Injury to Aliens
229
295.
State Terrorism/State-Sponsored Terrorism (See Terrorism/Terrorist)
296.
Subsidiarity (Principle of)
229
297.
Substantive Rights
230
298.
Summary Execution
230
299.
Surveillance
231
300.
Terrorism/Terrorist
234
301.
Third Generation Human Rights
238
302.
Torture
238
303.
Torture Victim Protection Act of 1992 (TVPA)
249
304.
Trafficking (Human)
249
305.
Transparence
251
306.
Treaty (International Instrument)
252
307.
Treaty Monitoring/Supervising Body
254
308.
United Nations (U.N.) Charter
254
309.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
255
310.
Universal Jurisdiction
256
311.
Universal Periodic Review
257
312.
Universality
261
313.
Unlawful Combatant (See Combatant)
314.
Unnecessary Suffering
262
315.
Unpriviledged Combatant (See Combatant)
316.
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
263
317.
War Crimes
264
318.
War Crimes Act of 1996
265
319.
War Criminal (See War Crimes)
320.
Waterboarding
265
321.
Weapons of Mass Destruction (See Indiscriminate Attack/Force)
322.
Women's Human Rights
267
323.
Worldview
268
324.
Xenophobia
269
Primary Documents
Introduction to Primary Documents
273
U.S. Founding & Historical Documents
277
1.
Declaration of Independence
277
2.
U.S. Constitution (Including the Bill of Rights)
280
3.
The Emancipation Proclamation
283
4.
The Four Freedoms Speech
285
Founding & Historical International Documents
290
5.
Charter of the United Nations
290
6.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
293
7.
The Struggle for Human Rights
296
U.N. Related Documents
301
8.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
301
9.
U.S. Ratification of the ICCPR, with Reservations, Declarations and Understandings (RDUs)
312
10.
First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR
314
11.
Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR
317
12.
General Comment 22(18) of the U.N. Human Rights Committee on Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion
319
13.
U.N. Human Rights Reporting Guidelines
321
14.
U.S. Core Report for All U.N. Periodic Human Rights Reports
335
15A.
Second and Third Report of the U.S. to the U.N. Human Rights Committee
358
15B.
List of Issues To Be Taken Up in Connection With the Consideration of the Second and Third Periodic Reports of the United States of America
415
15C.
Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee on the U.S. Second and Third Reports
428
15D.
U.S. follow up Comments to the Human Rights Committee on its Concluding Observations, Second and Third Reports
436
16.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
444
17.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
450
18.
U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings, to the Genocide Convention
453
19.
Convention against Torture, Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT)
454
20.
U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings to the Convention Against Torture (CAT)
461
21A.
U.S. Second Report to the U.N. Committee Against Torture
463
21B.
CAT Concluding Observations and Recommendation on U.S. Report
489
21C.
U.S. follow up Comments to CAT on its Concluding Observations, Second and Third Reports
496
22.
List of Issues Prior to the Submission of the Fifth Periodic Report of the United States of America
503
23.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
510
24.
U.S. Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings, to the Racial Discrimination Convention
517
25.
U.S. Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Periodic Reports to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
518
26.
CERD Concluding Observations on the U.S. Report on ICERD
592
27.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
601
28.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
608
29.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
620
30.
U.S. Ratification of CRC OP on Children in Armed Conflict with RUDs
623
31.
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
625
32.
U.S. Ratification, Reservations to the Second Optional Protocol to the CRC
630
33.
Convention on the Political Rights of Women
631
34.
The Slavery Convention
633
35.
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
636
36.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
640
37.
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
648
38.
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
651
39.
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
654
40.
General Assembly Resolution Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
660
41.
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities
665
42.
Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live
667
43.
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women
670
44.
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
673
45.
International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance
688
46.
International Convention for the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
699
47.
Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment
719
48.
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
725
49.
Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty; Death Penalty, Administration of Justice
735
50.
United Nations Millennium Declaration
736
51.
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
741
52.
World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance
758
53.
Civil and Political Rights, Including: Freedom of Expression
773
54.
The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
785
55.
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism
789
56.
United Nations Security Council President's Statement
794
57.
Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 60/251. Human Rights Council
796
58.
Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism
799
International Labour Organization Documents
810
59.
The (ILO) Forced Labor Convention
810
60.
Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour
812
Organization of American States Documents
815
61.
Charter of the Organization of American States
815
62.
American Decleration of the Rights and Duties of Man (ADHR)
832
63.
American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR)
836
64.
First Protocol to the ACHR
847
65.
Second Protocol to the ACHR
851
66.
The Convention on the Nationality of Married Women
853
Organization for Security & Cooperation in Europe Document
856
67.
Final Act of Helsinki 1975
856
v. 2
Humanitarian Law & International Criminal Law Document
863
68.
Draft Code of Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind
863
69.
[Hague] Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land
868
70.
Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, 1950
872
71.
International Committee of the Red Cross---Basic Rules of the Geneva Conventions and Their Additional Protocols
873
72.
[Geneva] Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 (The "Civilians' Convention")
875
73.
1977 Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions
900
74.
1977 Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions
925
75.
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (with Land Mine Protocol)
930
76.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
941
77.
ICC Resolution RC/Res.4, June 2010---the Crime of Aggression
949
U.S. Generated Documents
953
78.
Transcript of President Bush's address
953
79.
President Barack Obama Cairo Speech
958
80.
Secretary of State Hilary Clinton, Georgetown University Speech on the Human Rights Agenda of the Obama Administration
965
81.
USA Human Rights Pledge
974
82.
2009 Country Reports Overview and Introduction
976
83.
2009 Human Rights Report: Preface
987
84.
State Department UPR Website
988
85.
Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Frequently Asked Questions
989
86.
Report of the United States of America to High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Universal Periodic Review Process
991
87.
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, United States of America
1006
88.
Uniting And Strengthening America By Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept And Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act Of 2001
1025
89.
International Religious Freedom Act of 1998
1071
90.
President Obama Executive Order 13492 on Review and Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantinamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities
1077
91.
Memorandum for John Rizzo, acting General Counsel for the Central Intelligence Agency-Interrogation of Al Qaeda Operative (Torture Memo)
1081
92.
President Obama Executive Order 13491 on Ensuring Lawful Interrogations
1092
93.
Department of State: U.N. Statement on "Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, And Gender Identity"
1096
94.
Defense of Marriage Act
1098
95.
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
1098
96.
Military Commission Act of 2006
1109
97.
The War Crimes Act of 1996
1129
98.
Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
1129
99.
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
1132
100.
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, JR. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
1135
101.
Global Anti-Semitism Act of 2004
1141
102.
Trafficking Victim's Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005
1145
103.
The Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789 (ACTA)
1155
104.
Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991
1156
105.
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976
1157
106.
U.S. Army Field Manual
1160
Appendices
A.
Chronology of Human Rights in Relation to the United States
1167
B.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Alternative Forms
1172
C.
Charts of the U.N. System for the Promotion and Observance of Human Rights
1175
D.
Charts of the International Protection of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
1192
E.
Treaty Analysis-Interpretation Helps
1199
F.
How An International Human Rights Norm Becomes U.S. Law
1255
G.
Spectrum of Law Applicable in the United States
1256
H.
Status of Treaties Applicable to the U.S.
1257
I.
Selected U.S. Legislation, Resolutions, and the Restatement of Law
1261
J.
U.S. Case Law and Non U.S. Cases Involving the United States and International Human Rights Law
1308
K.
Universal Periodic Review
1448
L.
Selected Human Rights Report Related Documents
1514
M.
Human Rights and Security/The War on Terrorism
1586
N.
Immigration and Aliens
1698
O.
Law Enforcement. Arrest, Detention and Death Penalty
1730
P.
Opinion Pieces and News on Human Rights in the United States and the International Community
1763
Q.
Human Rights Education
1789
R.
A List of Your Human Rights under the International Bill of Human Rights
1806
Bibliography
1809
Index
1815
About the Author
1835