Access-right : the future of digital copyright law / Zohar Efroni.
2011
K1420.5 .E38 2011 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Author
Title
Access-right : the future of digital copyright law / Zohar Efroni.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
K1420.5 .E38 2011
ISBN
9780199734078 (cloth : alk. paper)
0199734070 (cloth : alk. paper)
0199734070 (cloth : alk. paper)
Description
xxiv, 608 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)613994362
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [533]-574) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Figures and Tables
xv
Acknowledgments
xvii
Introduction
xix
I.
The Inception of an Idea
xix
II.
Structure of the Study
xxi
III.
Methodology and Terminology
xxii
A.
Methodology
xxii
B.
Terminology
xxiii
IV.
The Thesis
xxiv
pt. 1
INFORMATION, PROPERTY, ACCESS
1
ch. 1
Information
3
I.
Introductory Remarks
3
II.
Theoretical Approaches to Conceptual Analysis of Information
5
A.
General Classifications
5
B.
The Distinction Between Information and Knowledge
7
III.
Information as a Process
9
A.
Introduction to Information As-a-Process
9
B.
Micro and Macro Perspectives
10
IV.
The Model
11
A.
The Linear Representation
11
B.
Originator
13
C.
Recipient
14
D.
Media and the Role of the Channel
16
1.
Logical Media
16
2.
Logistic Media
16
3.
Multifunctional Media
17
E.
Medial Message
17
1.
Levels of Analysis
17
2.
Formal and Material Criteria
18
3.
Aspects of Comprehensibility
20
V.
Application of the Model to Copyright Law
27
A.
Acquisition of Copyrights
28
1.
Work as Message
28
2.
Application to Authorship and Copyrightability
36
B.
Infringement as Communication
45
1.
The Argument
45
2.
Economic Rights
46
3.
Moral Rights
47
C.
Copyright Policy, Regulation, and Stakeholders
51
1.
Copyright Policy and Regulation
51
2.
Copyright Stakeholders
53
VI.
Conclusion
58
ch. 2
Roperty and Property Rights
59
I.
Introduction
59
II.
The Hohfeldian Model of Jural Relations
60
A.
The Model as an Analytical Apparatus
60
B.
The Scheme
62
1.
The Right/Duty and Privilege/No-Right Rubrics
62
2.
The Power/Liability Rubric
64
III.
Private Property
66
A.
Introduction
66
B.
Conceptual Dimensions of Property
68
1.
Property, Its Res, and Thing-Ownership
68
2.
The Right to Exclude
71
3.
The In Rem Principle
72
4.
The Numerus Clausus Principle
73
5.
Property Rule
75
C.
The Concept of Property and the Information Cost Theory
77
1.
Property's Conceptual Erosion
77
2.
The Information Cost Theory
78
IV.
Intellectual Property
84
A.
Proprietary Entitlements in Information
84
1.
Information as "Public Good"
85
2.
Information and Possession
90
B.
Theoretical Approaches to Intellectual Property
92
1.
The Lockean Argument
94
2.
The Hegelian Personality Theory
106
3.
Utilitarian Theories
115
V.
Conclusion
123
ch. 3
Access
125
I.
Introduction
125
II.
Access to Information Revisited
128
A.
Human Access to Information
128
B.
Technological Access to Information
129
1.
General Observations
129
2.
Real-Life Scenarios: The Chamberlain and Lexmark Decisions
131
C.
Access-Conducts and Communication-Conducts
139
1.
Access-Conducts
139
2.
Communication-Conducts
142
III.
The Access-Right and Rights-of-Access
144
A.
The Access-Right
144
1.
The Access-Right: Toward a Definition
144
2.
The Access-Right Defined
146
3.
The Access-Right in Positive Copyright Law
148
B.
The Right to Access Information
153
1.
The Right-of-Access Defined
153
2.
Legal and Normative Sources of Rights-of-Access
154
IV.
Technological Protections Measures
192
A.
Concept and Function
192
1.
TPMs and DRMS
193
2.
Protection of Content versus Protection of Rights in Content
194
B.
TPMs Classifications
195
C.
Features of Digital Rights Management Systems
196
V.
Conclusion
198
pt. 2
DIGITAL REPRODUCTION, DIGITAL COMMUNICATION, AND ANTICIRCUMVENTION LAW
201
ch. 4
The Digital Reproduction Right
203
I.
Introduction
203
II.
Some Technical Aspects
208
A.
RAM Reproduction
208
B.
Streaming Media
209
III.
International Copyright Law and Digital Reproduction
210
A.
The Berne Convention and the WIPO Treaties
210
1.
Berne Convention
210
2.
The WIPO Internet Treaties
212
B.
Scope and Impact of the International Standards
216
1.
The Berne Standard
217
2.
The Impact of the Agreed Statements to Article 1(4) WCT
222
IV.
Digital Reproduction in U.S. Law
224
A.
The Copyright Act
225
B.
Other Sources
227
1.
CONTU Final Report
227
2.
The U.S. Green and White Papers
229
3.
Digital Reproduction in the Courts
232
V.
Digital Reproduction in Europe
238
A.
Early Developments
238
1.
The 1998 E.C. Green Paper
238
2.
The 1991 Software Directive
240
3.
The 1995 E.C. Green Paper and Its 1996 Follow-Up
241
B.
Digital Reproduction in the 2001 EUCD
242
1.
Article 2 EUCD
242
2.
Article 5(1) EUCD
243
VI.
The Digital Reproduction Right as Access-Right
245
A.
Access and Reproduction---A Convergence
245
B.
Toward a Normative Right-of-Access Criterion
246
C.
The Death of the Reproduction Right
247
ch. 5
The Digital Communication Right
249
I.
Introduction
249
II.
Communication Rights in the Berne Convention
250
A.
Public Performance Rights
251
B.
Rights of Communication to the Public
252
C.
Distribution Rights
254
D.
The Need for Reform
255
III.
Early Deliberations in the United States and Europe
256
A.
The U.S. Green and White Papers
256
1.
The U.S. 1994 Green Paper
256
2.
The U.S. 1995 White Paper
258
B.
The European Green Papers
260
1.
The 1988 E.C. Green Paper
260
2.
The 1995 E.C. Green Paper
261
IV.
The WCT and its "Umbrella Solution"
264
A.
Drafting History
264
1.
Draft Article 8 WCT
264
2.
Adoption of Article 6 WCT (Distribution)
266
3.
Draft Article 10 WCT
269
4.
Adoption of Article 8 WCT
271
B.
The WCT Communication-Making-Available Right
272
1.
Scope of Article 8 WCT
272
2.
External and Internal Limitations
273
C.
Impact of Article 8 WCT
276
V.
Communication to the Public in the EUCD
277
A.
Substantive Provisions
277
B.
Permissible Exceptions
279
C.
Several Interpretation Issues
279
D.
Communication Rights in Domestic Laws
281
1.
German Law
281
2.
U.S. Law
282
VI.
The Communication Right as Access-Right
284
A.
Old/New Communication Rights and Their Access-Right Alter Ego
284
B.
Coherence and Balance
284
ch. 6
Anticircumvention Laws
287
I.
Introduction
287
II.
External Anticircumvention Laws
288
III.
The Inception of Copyright Anticircumvention Laws
290
A.
Early Developments in the United States
291
1.
The Audio Home Recording Act
291
2.
The 1994 U.S. Green Paper
292
3.
The 1995 U.S. White Paper
294
B.
Early Developments in Europe
295
1.
The 1988 E.C. Green Paper and Its Follow-Up
295
2.
The 1991 Software Directive
297
3.
The 1995 E.C. Green Paper and Its Follow-Up
298
IV.
Anticircumvention in the 1996 WIPO Treaties
299
A.
Drafting History of Article 11 WCT
299
1.
The Emergence of International Anticircumvention Policy
299
2.
Draft Article 13 WCT
300
B.
The Scope of Article 11 WCT
302
1.
"effective technological measures"
303
2.
"in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention"
305
3.
"and that restricts acts, in respect of their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned"
308
4.
"or permitted by law"
310
5.
"circumvention"
310
6.
"adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies"
311
C.
Related WCT Provisions
317
1.
Application of Article 10 WCT
317
2.
Interface with the Berne Convention: Article 1 WCT
320
3.
Right Management Information: Article 12 WCT
337
V.
Anticircumvention Law in the United States
348
A.
Introduction
348
B.
Substantive Prohibitions of Section 1201
349
C.
Statutory Anticircumvention Exceptions
351
D.
Rulemaking Process
352
E.
Other Provisions
353
F.
DMCA Anticircumvention Critique
353
1.
Structural Issues: Complexity, Inconsistency, Transparency
354
2.
A Problematic Distinction: Access-Control versus Copy-Control TPMs
355
3.
Overbroad Prohibitions and Narrow Exceptions
356
4.
Bending Copyright Subject Matter and Duration Rules
357
5.
Chilling and Cross Effects
358
6.
Free Speech and Privacy Concerns
359
7.
Conflict with Social Norms and Practices
360
G.
Section 1201 in Court
361
1.
Overview
361
2.
The Early (Conservative) Judicial Pattern
362
3.
Second-Generation Case Law
365
VI.
Article 6 of the E.U. Information Society Directive
367
A.
Overview
367
B.
Article 6 EUCD
369
1.
The Core Anticircumvention Prohibition: Article 6(1)
369
2.
The Trafficking Prohibition: Article 6(2)
369
3.
Definitions: Article 6(3)
370
4.
Anticircumvention Exceptions: Article 6(4)
370
C.
Scope and Interpretation
372
1.
The EUCD Anticircumvention Framework
372
2.
The Issue of "Legal Access"
374
3.
"Effective," "Technological Measures," and Nexus to Infringement
376
4.
Converting Copyright Exceptions into Contractual Duties
377
D.
EUCD Anticircumvention Critique
379
VII.
Implementation in Germany
380
A.
Overview
380
B.
The Substantive Anticircumvention Provisions
381
1.
Section 95a UrhG
381
2.
Section 95b UrhG
382
3.
Section 95d UrhG
383
C.
Scope and Interpretation
384
1.
The Anticircumvention and Trafficking Prohibitions
384
2.
Effective TPMs
384
3.
The Exceptions Enforcement Mechanism of [∫] 95b UrhG
385
D.
Anticircumvention Provisions in the Courts
389
1.
Scope of the Anti-Trafficking Provision
389
2.
Effective TPM and the "Analog Hole"
391
3.
Constitutionality of the Anticircumvention Law
392
VIII.
Anticircumvention Law as Access-Right
393
A.
Anticircumvention and the First Access-Right Prong
393
B.
The Teleological School and Chamberlain
394
1.
The Teleological School: A Doctrinal Earthquake or False Alarm?
394
2.
Chamberlain's "Reasonable Relationship" Theory
396
C.
Anticircumvention Laws as Access-Right
397
pt. 3
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE ACCESS-RIGHT
399
ch. 7
The Present
401
I.
Introduction
401
II.
The Arguments
402
A.
The Case for the Access-Right
402
1.
Copyright's Historical Function
403
2.
The Threat Argument
403
3.
The Economic Efficiency Argument and Discriminatory Pricing
404
B.
The Case Aganist the Access-Right
409
1.
Empirical Objections
409
2.
The Issues of "Overprotection"---A Normative Objection
410
III.
Approaches Addressing Overprotection
415
A.
Neoconservative Approaches
416
1.
A Restrictive Reading of Exclusive Rights
416
2.
A Restrictive Reading of Anticircumvention Rules
417
3.
Revising Copyright Exemptions
419
4.
Private Ordering, Free Licensing, and Nonproprietary Approaches
426
5.
Technology-Based Approaches
437
B.
Copyright Reformism
448
1.
Shifting to Liability Rules
449
2.
(Re-)Introducing Copyright Formalities
464
3.
Upgrading Nonowners' Privileges and Rights of Access
475
IV.
Neoconservatism or Reformism?
476
ch. 8
The Future
479
I.
Introduction
479
A.
The Project
479
B.
The Boundaries
480
C.
The Idea
481
D.
The Form
481
II.
Three Preliminary Distinctions
483
A.
Moral Rights Unaffected
483
B.
Subject Matter Unaffected
484
C.
Only Digital Works Affected
486
1.
The Normative Question
487
2.
The Practical Question
490
III.
The Access-Right Regime
491
A.
An Overview
491
B.
The First Prong: Control over Access-Conducts
493
1.
The Property Rule and its Rationale
493
2.
Assertion: Attaching Access-Control TPMs
494
C.
The Second Prong: Control over Communication-Conducts
496
1.
The Property Rule and Its Rationale
496
2.
Assertion: Registration, Deposit, and Notice Formalities
499
3.
Consequences of Noncompliance
504
IV.
The Exemptions
507
A.
Rights-of-Access
507
1.
Rights-of-Access in the Strong Form
508
2.
Rights of Access in the Weak Form
511
B.
A Fair Use/Fair Access Privilege
512
V.
International Aspects
514
A.
Formalities
515
1.
Standardization
515
2.
Berne's Rule against Formalities
517
B.
General Conformity to International Minimum Standards
518
VI.
Access-Based Regulation as a Balancing Instrument
519
A.
Technological Measures as the Service of Many Masters?
519
B.
Technological Measures and the Individual Author
522
C.
Locking Up the Information Society?
524
VII.
Conclusion
525
A.
The Access-Right Model: An Alternative Framework
525
B.
Selected Advantages
526
1.
Reducing Information Costs
526
2.
Legitimizing Technological Access-Control Measures: Threats and Opportunities
527
3.
Assertion, Formalities, and "Informal Formalities"
529
C.
A Closing Note
531
Bibliography
533
Table of References
575
Case Citation Table
583
Table of Cases
591
Index
595