Akehurst's modern introduction to international law / Alexander Orakhelashvili.
2019
KZ1242 .M35 2019 (Map It)
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Title
Akehurst's modern introduction to international law / Alexander Orakhelashvili.
Published
London ; New York : Routledge, 2019.
Copyright
©2019
Call Number
KZ1242 .M35 2019
Edition
Eighth edition.
ISBN
9780415243551 (hardback)
0415243556
9780415243568 (pbk.)
0415243564
9780429439391 (ebook)
0415243556
9780415243568 (pbk.)
0415243564
9780429439391 (ebook)
Description
xxxix, 581 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)1039202272
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Other Editions
Revision of: Malanczuk, Peter. Akehurst's modern introduction to international law. 7th rev. ed. London ; New York : Routledge, c1997. 041511120X. (DLC) 97002294.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xvi
Table of cases
xvii
Table of treaties and declarations
xxx
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
Defining international law
1
1.2.
International law as law
4
1.3.
Characteristics of international law
8
1.4.
theory of sovereignty and obligation
10
1.5.
New developments in theory
12
1.6.
study of international law
15
1.7.
Conclusion
16
2.
History
17
2.1.
Ancient period
17
2.2.
Middle Ages to the Peace of Westphalia
17
2.3.
Nineteenth century: balance of powers and the Congress System
18
2.4.
Colonisation and relations between European and non-European powers
20
2.5.
Western hemisphere
22
2.6.
Developments after the First World War
23
2.7.
League of Nations and its failure
24
2.8.
Development after the Second World War
25
2.9.
Decolonisation and change in the composition of the international community
26
2.10.
Attitudes of Third World States towards international law
26
2.11.
Rule of law, multilateral institutions and unilateralism
27
2.12.
Conclusion
29
3.
Sources of international law
31
3.1.
General concept
31
3.2.
Treaties
32
3.3.
Custom
33
3.3.1.
Basic elements
33
3.3.2.
range of relevant acts and practice
36
a.
What States say and what States do
36
b.
Positive acts and omissions
37
c.
Action within the domestic legal sphere
37
d.
element of generality
38
e.
element of repetition
39
f.
'Instant' customary law
40
3.3.3.
psychological element in the formation of customary law (opinio juris)
40
3.3.4.
Multilateral evidences of customary law
42
3.4.
General principles of law
45
3.5.
Judicial decisions
46
3.6.
Learned writers
48
3.7.
'Soft' law
48
3.8.
Equity
49
3.9.
hierarchy of norms and sources
50
3.10.
Jus cogens
52
3.11.
Codification and progressive development of international law
55
4.
International law and municipal law
57
4.1.
Basic distinctions
57
4.2.
Dualist and monist theories
57
4.3.
attitude of international law to municipal law
58
4.4.
attitude of national legal systems to international law
59
4.4.1.
Treaties
60
4.4.2.
General (customary) international law
65
4.5.
Public international law and private international law
68
4.6.
Act of State, justiciability
69
4.7.
Conclusion
71
5.
Creation and recognition of States
72
5.1.
States
72
5.2.
Factual elements of statehood
73
5.2.1.
Territory
73
5.2.2.
Population
75
5.2.3.
Government
75
5.3.
Independence
77
5.3.1.
General concept
77
5.3.2.
Attainment of independence
77
5.3.3.
Alienation of independence
80
5.4.
Territorial units within States (especially federal States)
82
5.5.
Legal requirements for statehood
83
5.5.1.
Secession, separation, dissolution
83
5.5.2.
Public order limits on State creation
85
5.5.3.
primacy of entitlement over effectiveness
86
5.6.
Identity and continuity of States
89
5.6.1.
General concept
89
5.6.2.
Germany
90
5.6.3.
Vietnam
91
5.6.4.
China and Taiwan
92
5.6.5.
North and South Korea
94
5.6.6.
SFRY and its successors
95
5.6.7.
Evaluation
96
5.7.
Recognition of States and governments in international law
97
5.7.1.
basic concept
97
5.7.2.
Recognition of States
97
5.7.3.
Policies of not recognising and the duty not to recognise
100
5.7.4.
Conditional recognition
100
5.7.5.
Legal effects of recognition in international law
101
5.7.6.
Legal effects of recognition in domestic law
102
5.7.7.
Recognition of governments
103
5.7.8.
De jure and de facto recognition
106
5.8.
Conclusion
110
6.
Legal personality of non-State entities
111
6.1.
essence of legal personality
111
6.2.
International organisations
111
6.2.1.
Basis for legal personality
111
6.2.2.
Scope of legal powers and functionality
113
6.2.3.
notion of 'supranationality'
115
6.3.
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
116
6.4.
Belligerents, insurgents and national liberation movements
117
6.5.
National liberation movements
118
6.6.
Other relevant entities
118
6.7.
Individuals and companies
118
6.8.
Conclusion
120
7.
Territory
122
7.1.
Introduction
122
7.2.
Territorial relations not conferring or altering the title
122
7.3.
Principles regulating the determination of territorial sovereignty
125
7.3.1.
Immemorial possession
125
7.3.2.
Uti possidetis juris
126
7.3.3.
Claims of territorial unity and contiguity
127
7.4.
Modes of acquisition of territory
128
7.4.1.
Title to territory: basic concept
128
7.4.2.
Cession and treaty titles
130
7.4.3.
Occupation
134
7.4.4.
Effective display of State authority
137
7.4.5.
Prescription
140
7.4.6.
Acquiescence, recognition and estoppel
141
7.4.7.
Dereliction and waiver
143
7.4.8.
Polar regions and Antarctica
144
7.4.9.
Operations of nature
144
7.4.10.
Adjudication
145
7.4.11.
Conquest
146
7.5.
Evidence (maps in particular)
147
7.6.
Critical date
148
7.7.
Intertemporal law
149
7.8.
Servitutes, rights with regard to foreign territory; internationalisation of territory
150
7.9.
Boundaries
152
7.10.
Rivers
154
7.11.
Forms and ways of joint utilisation of transboundary watercourses
154
7.12.
Conclusion
156
8.
law of the sea
157
8.1.
Development of the law of the sea
157
8.2.
nature of rules and regimes under UNCLOS
159
8.3.
Land factors and sea factors
161
8.4.
Internal waters
166
8.5.
Territorial sea
167
8.5.1.
Rights of the coastal State
167
8.5.2.
right of innocent passage
168
8.5.3.
width of the territorial sea
170
8.5.4.
line from which the territorial sea is measured
172
8.6.
contiguous zone
173
8.7.
Exclusive fishery zones and exclusive economic zones
173
8.8.
continental shelf: development of the basic concept
175
8.9.
Maritime boundaries
176
8.9.1.
Normative framework
176
8.9.2.
Basis for, and nature of, the entitlement to a maritime space
178
8.9.3.
Single delimitation of the continental shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone
181
8.9.4.
Content and elements of equitable delimitation
182
8.9.5.
Land territory in contested maritime areas
188
8.9.6.
Continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
189
8.9.7.
Evaluation
190
8.10.
high seas
190
8.10.1.
calculus of the rights of States
190
8.10.2.
Interference with ships on the high seas
192
8.11.
Enclosed or semi-enclosed seas
195
8.12.
deep seabed
195
9.
Air space and outer space
198
9.1.
Air space
198
9.1.1.
Access to and overflight through national air space
198
9.1.2.
Regulation of flights
202
9.2.
Outer space
204
9.2.1.
Basic rules and instruments
204
9.2.2.
Assertion and development of State rights
206
9.2.3.
Treaty mechanisms of State cooperation
209
9.3.
'common heritage of mankind' principle
210
10.
State jurisdiction
213
10.1.
Concept of jurisdiction
213
10.2.
essence of jurisdiction of national courts
216
10.2.1.
General characteristics
216
10.2.2.
Territorial principle and extra-territoriality
218
10.2.3.
nationality principle
220
10.2.4.
Protective principle
220
10.2.5.
Effects jurisdiction
221
10.2.6.
Universality principle
221
10.2.7.
Universal civil jurisdiction of national courts over human rights violations
225
10.3.
Extradition
227
11.
Immunity from jurisdiction
230
11.1.
Basic concepts
230
11.2.
Sovereign (or State) immunity: scope and sources of law
230
11.3.
State immunity and hierarchy of norms
236
11.4.
Entities and persons entitled to immunity
238
11.4.1.
State and its subdivisions
238
11.4.2.
Property interest and indirect impleading
239
11.4.3.
State officials: immunity ratione materiae
240
11.4.4.
State officials: immunity ratione personae
241
11.5.
Immunity from execution
242
11.6.
Diplomatic relations and diplomatic immunity
243
11.6.1.
Conduct of diplomatic relations
243
11.6.2.
Immunity from the jurisdiction of courts
244
11.6.3.
Other privileges and immunities
246
11.7.
Consular relations and consular immunity
247
11.8.
Immunities of international organisations
248
11.9.
Waiver of immunity
249
12.
Law of treaties
251
12.1.
concept of a treaty
251
12.2.
Conclusion and entry into force of treaties
254
12.2.1.
Drafting of a treaty
254
12.2.2.
Consent to be bound by a treaty
255
12.2.3.
Entry into force; rights and obligations before entry into force
257
12.2.4.
Registration
258
12.3.
Reservations
258
12.4.
Application of treaties (ratione loci, temporis, personae)
264
12.4.1.
Territorial scope
264
12.4.2.
Temporal scope
264
12.4.3.
Treaties and third States
264
12.5.
interpretation of treaties
265
12.6.
Application of successive treaties relating to the same subject matter
266
12.7.
Invalidity and termination of treaties
267
12.7.1.
Various grounds of invalidity
267
12.7.2.
Provisions of municipal law regarding competence to conclude treaties
267
12.7.3.
Termination of treaties
269
12.7.4.
consequences of invalidity and termination of treaties
273
12.8.
Outbreak of war or hostilities
274
13.
State responsibility
276
13.1.
Introductory themes
276
13.1.1.
work of the International Law Commission
276
13.1.2.
Basic concepts of responsibility and liability
277
13.1.3.
General law of responsibility and 'self-contained regimes'
279
13.1.4.
doctrine of 'abuse of rights'
279
13.2.
Basis and attribution of responsibility
281
13.3.
Responsibility of a State owing to its presence in, or control of, another State's territory
285
13.4.
Action directed or controlled by the State
286
13.5.
Aid and assistance
288
13.6.
Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
290
13.7.
Consequences of an internationally wrongful act
293
13.8.
Countermeasures
296
13.9.
Responsibility of international organisations
296
14.
State succession
299
14.1.
Attempts at codification
299
14.2.
contested basic concept of State succession
300
14.3.
Differentials shaping or affecting State succession
302
14.3.1.
Identity and continuity of States
302
14.3.2.
Legality of territorial changes
304
14.3.3.
Notification and date of succession
305
14.4.
Succession versus voluntary transmission of international obligations
306
14.5.
Succession to treaties
308
14.5.1.
principle of 'moving treaty boundaries'
308
14.5.2.
Dissolution and unification of States
309
14.6.
Automatic succession: human rights treaties
312
14.7.
Membership in international organisations
313
14.8.
International claims
317
14.9.
Nationality
318
14.10.
'Acquired rights' and private property
319
14.11.
Public property
320
14.12.
Contractual rights
321
14.13.
Debts
322
14.14.
Status of and rights over territory
323
14.15.
Conclusion
326
15.
Protected persons and entities: nationality and individual rights
327
15.1.
essence of individual rights
327
15.2.
Nationality
328
15.2.1.
concept of nationality
328
15.2.2.
initial State prerogative and its limits
329
15.2.3.
ways of acquisition and conferral of nationality
331
15.2.4.
Loss of nationality
332
15.2.5.
Dual or multiple nationality
333
15.2.6.
International law limitations on the deprivation of nationality
334
15.2.7.
Contestation of nationality decisions in relations between States
335
15.2.8.
Statelessness
337
15.3.
Rights of aliens
338
15.4.
Treatment of foreign investment
339
15.4.1.
Admission of foreign investments
339
15.4.2.
doctrine of 'acquired rights'
340
15.4.3.
International minimum standard
341
15.4.4.
MFN and national treatment
343
15.4.5.
Expropriation and standard of compensation
344
15.4.6.
Disguised expropriation
345
15.4.7.
Standard of compensation
347
15.4.8.
Expropriation of contractual rights
348
15.4.9.
'Fair and equitable treatment'
348
15.4.10.
'Full protection and security'
350
16.
Protected persons and entities: human rights, group rights and self-determination
351
16.1.
Human rights: the basic concept
351
16.2.
United Nations Charter Framework
352
16.3.
General overview of human rights treaty regimes
354
16.4.
Categories and 'generations' of human rights
356
16.5.
General obligations under human rights treaties
358
16.6.
Extra-territorial applicability of human rights treaties
359
16.7.
Absolute and relative rights
361
16.8.
Emergency derogations
362
16.9.
doctrine of equivalent protection
364
16.10.
Overlapping and complementary protection: refugee rights and human rights
365
16.11.
Group rights and non-discrimination
367
16.11.1.
Essence of a 'group'
367
16.11.2.
Non-discrimination
368
16.12.
Minorities and indigenous peoples
369
16.12.1.
Minorities
369
16.12.2.
Indigenous peoples
371
16.13.
Self-determination
373
16.13.1.
Entities entitled to self-determination
373
16.13.2.
Colonial and non-colonial contexts
375
16.13.3.
General law and unilateral claim or concession
376
16.13.4.
Legal entitlement and processes of political transition
377
16.13.5.
'Internal' and 'external' self-determination
379
16.13.6.
Disruptions to the exercise of the right to self-determination
379
16.13.7.
Permanent sovereignty over natural resources
380
17.
Protection of the environment
382
17.1.
scope and nature of international environmental law
382
17.2.
nature of rules and regimes
383
17.3.
Bilateralism and community interest
384
17.4.
Basic features of principal treaty instruments on environmental protection
385
17.4.1.
General overview
385
17.4.2.
Convention on Climate Change
387
17.4.3.
1972 Biodiversity Convention
389
17.4.4.
Pollution of the seas
390
17.4.5.
Hazardous waste
390
17.4.6.
Other treaty regimes
391
17.5.
Customary law and general principles
393
17.5.1.
General principles of State conduct and liability
393
17.5.2.
General duty of prevention
394
17.5.3.
Sustainable development
397
17.5.4.
Precautionary principle
398
17.5.5.
'Polluter-pays'
399
17.5.6.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
400
17.6.
Interaction of environmental law with other areas of international law
401
17.7.
Conclusions
406
18.
International economic relations
407
18.1.
Mapping the area
407
18.2.
meaning of free trade
410
18.3.
World Trade Organization and international trade system: general framework
413
18.4.
GATT and other trade agreements on goods
414
18.4.1.
overall framework of trade agreements
414
18.4.2.
Specific provisions on free trade and market protection
415
18.4.3.
Non-violation complaints
418
18.5.
Agreement on Services (GATS)
418
18.6.
Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
419
18.7.
Exceptions and waivers in the WTO system
420
18.7.1.
nature and relevance of waivers
420
18.7.2.
Exceptions invocable by States-parties
421
18.8.
Bretton Woods system and international economic organisations
424
18.8.1.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): institutional background
424
18.8.2.
Reduced relevance of legal requirements
426
18.2.3.
Fund's supervision of members' compliance with its Articles of Agreement
427
18.2.4.
World Bank
431
19.
International criminal justice
433
19.1.
Individual criminal responsibility: the basic concept
433
19.2.
National prosecution
434
19.3.
Prosecution before ad hoc and special international tribunals
437
19.3.1.
Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals
437
19.3.2.
International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
438
19.3.3.
Special Tribunal for Sierra Leone
442
19.3.4.
Special Tribunal for Lebanon
443
19.4.
International Criminal Court
444
19.4.1.
Establishment and jurisdiction
444
19.4.2.
Admissibility of cases and complementarity
445
19.5.
Immunity of State officials before international criminal tribunals
446
19.6.
Conclusion
449
20.
Use of force
450
20.1.
Lawful and unlawful wars: developments before 1945
450
20.2.
prohibition of the use of force in the United Nations Charter
452
20.2.1.
General scope
452
20.2.2.
Territorial claims and disputes
454
20.2.3.
Armed protection of nationals abroad
454
20.2.4.
Armed reprisals
455
20.3.
Self-defence
456
20.3.1.
Basic scope of the right
456
20.3.2.
Self-defence against attacks on ships and aircraft
458
20.3.3.
Attacks carried out by non-State actors
459
20.3.4.
Necessity and proportionality
462
20.3.5.
Collective self-defence
463
20.4.
Civil wars
464
20.5.
Intervention by invitation
465
20.6.
'Humanitarian intervention'
468
20.7.
Conclusion
470
21.
Laws applicable to war and armed conflict
471
21.1.
Sources and development of humanitarian law
471
21.2.
Concept of war and armed conflict
473
21.3.
Applicability of IHL
475
21.3.1.
General aspects
475
21.3.2.
Laws of war and aggressor discrimination
476
21.3.3.
Interaction of humanitarian law with human rights norms
476
21.4.
Classification of conflicts, civil wars
477
21.5.
Wars of national liberation
483
21.6.
Belligerent rights
484
21.7.
Combatants and protected persons
486
21.8.
Lawful and unlawful means of waging war
489
21.9.
principle of distinction
493
21.10.
Nuclear weapons
494
21.11.
Belligerent occupation
497
21.12.
law of neutrality and economic uses of maritime warfare
499
21.13.
Reprisals
502
22.
United Nations and peace and security
504
22.1.
Structure and normative foundations
504
22.2.
Membership
506
22.3.
Security Council
507
22.4.
General Assembly
510
22.5.
Overlapping competence of the Security Council and the General Assembly
510
22.6.
Pacific settlement of disputes under the United Nations Charter (Chapter VI)
512
22.7.
Collective security and enforcement action (Chapter VII)
512
22.7.1.
Statutory basis and requirements
512
22.7.2.
Rhodesia and South Africa
515
22.7.3.
invasion of Kuwait by Iraq
517
22.7.4.
Kurdish crisis
518
22.7.5.
Somalia
519
22.7.6.
Rwanda
521
22.7.7.
Haiti
522
22.7.8.
Former Yugoslavia
523
22.7.9.
Libya
526
22.7.10.
Post-conflict governance
526
22.7.11.
scope and impact of economic sanctions
527
22.7.12.
Targeted sanctions and interference with individuals' rights
528
22.7.13.
Piracy and migrant smuggling
529
22.8.
UN peacekeeping
529
22.8.1.
basic concept and its evolution within the UN Charter framework
529
22.8.2.
first United Nations Emergency Force in the Middle East (UNEF)
531
22.8.3.
United Nations Force in the Congo (ONUC)
532
22.8.4.
United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)
533
22.8.5.
Subsequent forces in the Middle East
534
22.9.
Conclusion
536
23.
Settlement of disputes
537
23.1.
General background
537
23.2.
Diplomatic methods of dispute settlement
538
23.2.1.
Negotiations
538
23.2.2.
Good offices and mediation
539
23.2.3.
Fact-finding and inquiry
539
23.2.4.
Conciliation
540
23.3.
International Court of Justice
541
23.3.1.
Composition and procedure
541
23.3.2.
Jurisdiction in contentious cases
542
23.3.3.
Jurisdiction under the Optional Clause
545
23.3.4.
absent third party doctrine (The Monetary Gold Principle)
547
23.3.5.
Provisional measures
548
23.3.6.
Advisory opinions
551
23.4.
Arbitration
551
23.5.
Special tribunals
552
23.5.1.
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
552
23.5.2.
Adjudication within the WTO System
554
23.5.3.
Dispute settlement under human rights treaties
555
23.5.4.
Settlement of disputes under the Law of the Sea Convention
555
23.6.
Admissibility of claims
556
23.6.1.
Nationality of claims
556
23.6.2.
Exhaustion of local remedies
559
23.7.
Applicable law
563
23.8.
Binding force, interpretation and revision of judgments
565
Index
567