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Items
Details
Author
Title
International criminal law / Ilias Bantekas.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, OR : Hart Pub., 2010.
Call Number
K5165 .B35 2010
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9781849460453 (pbk.)
1849460450 (pbk.)
1849460450 (pbk.)
Description
lxii, 604 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)540182456
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
v
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Treaties
xxxix
Table of National Legislation
lv
pt. I
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
1
ch. 1
Fundamentals of International Criminal Law
3
1.1.
Introduction
3
1.2.
Sources of International Law and Individual Legal Personality
4
1.3.
The International Criminalisation Process
8
1.4.
Enforcement of International Criminal Law
12
1.5.
State Criminality
16
1.6.
International Criminal Law and Human Rights
19
1.7.
The Principle of Legality
21
1.7.1.
Specificity
21
1.7.2.
Non-Retroactivity
23
1.7.3.
Prohibition of Analogy
26
1.7.4.
The Favor Rei Rule
27
1.8.
Statutes of Limitation for International Crimes
28
1.9.
Justificatory Bases for International Trials and the Quest for Legitimacy
29
1.10.
Lawfare: International Law as a Weapon for the Ẁeak'
32
ch. 2
The Subjective and Objective Elements of International Crimes
35
2.1.
General Principles of the Objective Element
35
2.2.
General Principles of the Subjective Element
38
2.3.
Intent or Dolus
40
2.4.
Recklessness and Dolus Eventualis
43
2.5.
Negligence
45
2.6.
Special Intent
47
2.7.
The Principle of Transferred Fault and of Mistaken Object
49
ch. 3
Modes of Liability and Criminal Participation
51
3.1.
The Legal Nature of Perpetration and Participation
51
3.2.
Joint Criminal Enterprise
53
3.3.
Commission through Another Person or Indirect Perpetration
59
3.4.
Co-Perpetration
60
3.5.
Conspiracy
63
3.6.
Attempts
66
3.7.
Aiding and Abetting
67
3.8.
Ordering
70
3.9.
Planning and Preparation
73
3.10.
Instigation
74
3.11.
International Corporate Criminal Liability
76
ch. 4
The Law of Command Responsibility
79
4.1.
The Legal Nature of Command Responsibility
79
4.2.
The Superior-Subordinate Relationship
82
4.3.
The Position of Civilian Commanders
86
4.4.
The Mental Element
88
4.5.
The Duty to Prevent or Punish
93
4.6.
The Question of Successor Superior Responsibility
95
pt. II
DEFENCES AND EXCUSES FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY
97
ch. 5
Defences in International Criminal Law
99
5.1.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Criminal Defences
99
5.2.
Is there a Place for Domestic Defences in the ICC Statute?
102
5.3.
Superior Orders
104
5.4.
Duress and Necessity
108
5.5.
Self-Defence
112
5.6.
Intoxication
114
5.7.
Mistake of Fact or Mistake of Law
115
5.8.
Ignorance of Law
116
5.9.
Mental Incapacity
119
5.10.
Tu Quoque
121
ch. 6
Immunities from Criminal Jurisdiction
122
6.1.
General Conception of Immunity in International Law
122
6.2.
Act of State Doctrine
125
6.3.
Immunity from Criminal Jurisdiction
127
6.3.1.
The Application of Functional and Personal Immunity in Practice
128
6.4.
Diplomatic and Consular Immunities
131
6.5.
Immunity from International Criminal Jurisdiction
133
pt. III
SUBSTANTIVE CRIMES
135
ch. 7
War Crimes and Grave Breaches
137
7.1.
Grave Breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions
137
7.1.1.
Classification of Armed Conflicts
140
7.1.2.
Types of War Crimes in International Armed Conflicts
141
7.2.
War Crimes against Protected Persons and of Property in the Hands of the Adversary
143
7.2.1.
Wilful Killing
143
7.2.2.
Torture as a War Crime
144
7.2.3.
Inhuman and Cruel Treatment
145
7.2.4.
Biological Experiments
146
7.2.5.
Wilfully Causing Great Suffering or Serious Injury
147
7.2.6.
Extensive Destruction and Appropriation of Property
148
7.2.7.
Pillage
149
7.2.8.
Compelling Prisoners of War or Protected Persons to Serve with the Hostile Power
150
7.2.9.
Wilfully Depriving Protected Persons of Rights to Fair and Regular Trial
151
7.2.10.
Unlawful Deportation or Transfer of Protected Persons
152
7.2.11.
Transferring Own Population into Occupied Territory
153
7.2.12.
Unlawful Confinement
154
7.2.13.
Taking of Hostages
155
7.2.14.
War Crime of Depriving the Nationals of the Hostile Party of Rights or Actions
156
7.2.15.
Using, Conscripting or Enlisting Children
156
7.3.
Sexual Crimes
159
7.3.1.
Outrages upon Personal Dignity
159
7.3.2.
Rape and Sexual Violence
160
7.3.3.
Sexual Slavery
163
7.3.4.
Enforced Prostitution
164
7.3.5.
Forced Pregnancy
165
7.3.6.
Enforced Sterilisation
165
7.4.
Prohibited Targeting Crimes
166
7.5.
War Crimes against Combatants and Hors de Combat
173
7.6.
War Crimes related to the Use of Illegal or Prohibited Weapons
175
7.7.
Violations of the Laws or Customs of War in Internal Armed Conflicts
178
7.7.1.
Specific Internal Armed Conflict War Crimes
181
7.7.2.
The War Crime of Inflicting Collective Punishments
183
ch. 8
Crimes Against Humanity
185
8.1.
Origins of the Concept
185
8.2.
The Fundamental Elements of the Offence and the Meaning of Àttack'
188
8.2.1.
The Underlying Offences
190
8.3.
The Widespread or Systematic Element
196
8.4.
The Nature of the Targeted ̀Civilian Population'
198
8.5.
The Subjective Element
200
8.6.
Crimes Against Humanity in the ICC Statute
201
ch. 9
The Crime of Genocide
203
9.1.
Early Perceptions and the Duties of States to Prevent and Punish Genocide
203
9.2.
Destruction of the Group ìn Whole or in Part'
206
9.3.
The Specific Intent (Dolus Specialis) Required for Genocide
208
9.4.
Membership of the Targeted Group
212
9.5.
Acts Constituting Genocide
215
9.6.
The Problematic Nature of Aiding and Abetting Genocide
217
9.7.
Incitement to Commit Genocide
219
ch. 10
Offences Against the Person
222
10.1.
Introduction
222
10.2.
Slavery and Related Practices
222
10.2.1.
The Slave Trade and Similar Institutions
224
10.3.
Torture as a Crime under International Law
230
10.3.1.
Defining Torture
231
10.3.2.
The ̀Public Official' Requirement of Torture
234
10.4.
Apartheid
235
10.5.
Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances
237
ch. 11
Transnational Crimes
240
11.1.
Introduction
240
11.2.
Transnational Organised Crime
241
11.2.1.
Additional CATOC Protocols: Migrant Smuggling and Illicit Traffic in Firearms
244
11.3.
Money Laundering
246
11.4.
Drug-Trafficking as a Crime under International Law
249
11.5.
Bribery of Foreign Public Officials
252
11.6.
International Postal Offences
257
ch. 12
Terrorism
260
12.1.
Introduction
260
12.2.
The Thematic Evolution of Terrorism in International Law
263
12.3.
The Specialised Anti-Terrorist Conventions
264
12.3.1.
Offences Against Civil Aviation
264
12.3.2.
Hostage Taking and Attacks Against Internationally Protected Persons
270
12.3.3.
Terrorist Bombings and Nuclear Terrorism
272
12.3.4.
Terrorist Financing and Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001)
275
12.4.
State-Sponsored Terrorism
279
12.5.
Terrorism and National Liberation Movements
281
12.6.
Organised Crime and its Relation to Terrorism
284
ch. 13
The Crime of Aggression
287
13.1.
Introduction
287
13.2.
Aggression under Customary Law
288
13.3.
Aggression in the ICC Statute
291
ch. 14
International Criminal Law of the Sea
295
14.1.
Brief Introduction to the Law of the Sea
295
14.2.
Piracy Jure Gentium
297
14.2.1.
Definition of Piracy under International Law and its Difference from Armed Robbery at Sea
298
14.2.2.
Mutiny and other Violence against Ships not amounting to Piracy
302
14.2.3.
Mechanisms for the Prevention and Eradication of Piracy
303
14.3.
Maritime Terrorism
305
14.4.
Offences Against Submarine Cables and Pipelines
307
14.5.
Unauthorised Broadcasting from the High Seas
310
14.6.
Ship-Source Pollution
312
14.7.
Criminal Liability for Fisheries-related Violations on the High Seas
314
14.8.
Enforcement on the High Seas
316
14.9.
The Right of Hot Pursuit
321
14.9.1.
Commencement and Continuous Nature of Hot Pursuit
323
14.9.2.
The Doctrine of Constructive Presence
324
pt. IV
ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW
327
ch. 15
The Exercise of Criminal Jurisdiction
329
15.1.
International Law Principles on Criminal Jurisdiction
329
15.2.
Territorial Jurisdiction
332
15.2.1.
Subjective Territoriality
333
15.2.2.
Objective Territoriality
335
15.2.3.
The Ambit of National Territory
336
15.3.
The Active Personality Principle
338
15.4.
The Passive Personality Principle
340
15.5.
The Protective Principle
342
15.6.
Universal Jurisdiction
344
15.7.
Jurisdiction with Respect to Crimes Against Civil Aviation
349
15.8.
Foreign and Multinational Armed Forces Abroad
350
15.9.
International Criminal Jurisdiction
352
ch. 16
International Cooperation in Criminal Matters
355
16.1.
Introduction
355
16.2.
Mutual Legal Assistance Stricto Sensu
355
16.3.
Informal Assistance Arrangements
361
16.4.
Recognition of Foreign Penal Judgments: The Principle of Mutual Recognition
362
16.5.
International Prisoner Transfers
363
16.6.
Horizontal and Vertical Cooperation between States and International Organisations
366
16.6.1.
Cooperation under the ICTY/ICTR Regime
367
16.6.2.
The Vertical Regime of the ICC
370
16.6.3.
Cooperation under the Statutes of Hybrid Tribunals
372
16.7.
International Tribunal Requests to International Organisations and Preservation of Confidentiality
372
16.8.
Extradition
373
16.8.1.
Human Rights and Diplomatic Assurances
376
16.8.2.
The Principle of Èither Prosecute or Extradite'
378
16.8.3.
The European Arrest Warrant
379
16.9.
The Effects of Extraterritorial Abduction and Illegal Rendition on Criminal Proceedings
380
ch. 17
The Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Justice
384
17.1.
The Historical Origins of International Criminality
384
17.2.
The Background to the Establishment of the International Military Tribunals
388
17.2.1.
The Law and Jurisdiction of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg
389
17.3.
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE)
397
17.4.
The International Law Commission's Role in the Post-Nuremberg Era
400
ch. 18
The International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda
403
18.1.
Introduction
403
18.2.
Formative Years of the Ad Hoc Tribunals
406
18.3.
Jurisdiction of the ICTY and ICTR
412
18.4.
Enforcement Capacity of the Tribunals
414
18.5.
Rights of the Accused and Abuse of Process
417
18.6.
Dissolution of the Tribunals and their Completion Strategy
421
ch. 19
The Permanent International Criminal Court
423
19.1.
Introduction
423
19.2.
Jurisdiction and the ICC Triggering Mechanism
426
19.3.
The Principle of Complementarity and Security Council Referrals
429
19.4.
Deferrals by the Security Council and Deferrals in ̀the Interests of Justice'
432
19.5.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
435
19.6.
International Cooperation and Judicial Assistance
436
19.7.
Impunity Agreements in Contravention of Article 98 ICC Statute
439
19.8.
Reservations and Amendments to the Statute
440
19.9.
Reparation of Victims and the ICC Trust Fund
441
ch. 20
Internationalised Domestic Criminal Tribunals, Truth Commissions and Amnesties
444
20.1.
Introduction
444
20.2.
The Sierra Leone Special Court
445
20.2.1.
The Fate of Amnesties and Immunities
448
20.3.
The East Timor Special Panels
450
20.4.
UNMIK and the Kosovar Judicial System
453
20.5.
The Cambodian Extraordinary Chambers
455
20.6.
The Iraqi Special Tribunal for Crimes Against Humanity
458
20.7.
Terrorist-related Tribunals
461
20.7.1.
The Lockerbie Tribunal
461
20.7.2.
The Special Tribunal for Lebanon
464
20.8.
National Truth Commissions and Amnesties
467
pt. V
EVIDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
471
ch. 21
Evidence before International Criminal Courts and Tribunals / Caroline Buisman
473
21.1.
Introduction
473
21.2.
General Evidentiary Principles
477
21.3.
Admissibility
480
21.3.1.
Rules and Principles of Admissibility
480
21.3.2.
Relevant Definitions of Rule 89(C) Terminology
483
21.3.2.1.
Relevance
483
21.3.2.2.
Probative Value
484
21.3.2.3.
Probative Value Versus Prejudice
485
21.3.2.4.
Reliability
486
21.4.
Principle of Orality
487
21.4.1.
Admissibility of Written Statements in lieu of Oral Testimony
491
21.4.2.
Further Steps to Admit Written Statements in lieu of Oral Testimony
494
21.4.3.
Prior Inconsistent Statements
498
21.4.4.
Admissibility of Suspect Interviews
500
21.4.5.
Admissibility of Suspect Interviews Against a Co-Accused
500
21.5.
Documentary Evidence
503
21.6.
Hearsay Evidence
508
21.7.
The Investigator's Report
512
21.8.
Expert Evidence
514
21.9.
Character Evidence
522
21.10.
Exclusion of Improperly Obtained Evidence
524
21.11.
Determination of Weight of Evidence
531
21.11.1.
General Principles
531
21.11.2.
Corroboration
534
21.11.3.
Documentary Evidence
536
21.11.4.
Hearsay Evidence
538
21.11.5.
Viva Voce Testimony
540
21.11.6.
Prior Statements
543
21.11.7.
Expert Evidence
544
21.12.
Free System of Proof
545
ch. 22
The Status of Victims in International Criminal Law and Criminal Proceedings
548
22.1.
The Legal Protection of Victims in International Law
548
22.2.
The Physical Protection of Victims of International Crimes
550
22.2.1.
̀Victims' of No Crimes at All!
553
22.3.
Forms of Reparation
556
22.4.
Victim Participation in International Criminal Proceedings
557
22.4.1.
The ICC
558
22.4.2.
The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
561
Index
565