Guidelines for protected areas legislation / Barbara Lausche, author ; Françoise Burhenne, project director.
2011
K3478 .L38 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Guidelines for protected areas legislation / Barbara Lausche, author ; Françoise Burhenne, project director.
Published
Gland, Switzerland : IUCN, in collaboration with the IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
K3478 .L38 2011
Edition
[Revised edition].
ISBN
9782831712451
2831712459
9782831712833 (CD-ROM)
2831712831 (CD-ROM)
2831712459
9782831712833 (CD-ROM)
2831712831 (CD-ROM)
Description
xxvi, 370 pages : color illustrations, color maps ; 30 cm + 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in).
System Control No.
(OCoLC)644675198
Note
CD-ROM in pocket.
Expanded edition of the work issued in 1985 as: IUCN environmental policy and law paper, number 16.
Expanded edition of the work issued in 1985 as: IUCN environmental policy and law paper, number 16.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical refernces (pages 306-322) and index.
Other Fomats Issued
Also available onliine.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Foreword
xv
Preface and acknowledgements
xvii
Acronyms and abbreviations
xxv
Introduction to the guidelines
1
A.
The setting
1
B.
Purpose and audience
3
C.
Scope
4
D.
Sources of information and guidance
5
E.
Generic terms
7
F.
Organization
8
G.
Looking ahead
9
pt. I
Basic principles and obligations
11
Introduction
11
1.
Protected areas defined
11
1.1.
IUCN definition
11
1.2.
Guiding principles
14
1.3.
Special applications
14
1.4.
Protected areas and sustainable development
16
2.
Perpetual integrity
17
3.
Management principles with legal application
19
3.1.
System planning
19
3.1.1.
Protected areas system plan
21
3.1.2.
Ecosystem approach
22
3.1.3.
Buffer zones and connectivity conservation
23
3.2.
Management by conservation objectives
25
3.2.1.
Protected area management categories
25
3.3.
Management plans
29
3.3.1.
Key management plan elements for legislation
30
3.3.2.
Adaptive management
32
3.4.
Precautionary approach
33
3.5.
Managing for invasive alien species
34
3.6.
Managing for climate change
37
3.7.
Taking an international perspective
39
4.
Governance principles in decision making
40
4.1.
Good governance
40
4.2.
Aarhus Convention
43
4.3.
Access to information
44
4.4.
Public participation
45
4.5.
Social equity and justice
46
5.
Multilateral and supranational legal obligations
47
5.1.
Major global conventions
48
5.1.1.
Convention on Biological Diversity
48
5.1.2.
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
50
5.1.3.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
54
5.1.4.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
56
5.2.
Regional instruments
60
5.2.1.
Africa: African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (revised)
60
5.2.2.
Europe: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
61
5.2.3.
The Americas: Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere
63
5.3.
European Union: Habitats and Birds Directives (Natura 2000 Network)
64
6.
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme
65
7.
International policy and guidance
67
7.1.
Stockholm Declaration and Principles
68
7.2.
World Charter for Nature
68
7.3.
World Commission on Environment and Development
69
7.4.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Rio Declaration and Agenda 21
70
7.5.
Earth Charter
70
7.6.
World Summit on Sustainable Development
71
7.7.
Sustainable forest management
72
7.8.
Sustainable fisheries management
73
pt. II
Governance approaches
75
Introduction
75
1.
Context
75
2.
New policy directions
77
3.
Governance approaches
77
3.1.
Governance by government
79
3.2.
Voluntarily conserved areas: new governance approaches
80
3.2.1.
Governance by indigenous and local communities
81
3.2.2.
Private governance
85
3.3.
Co-managed or shared governance
89
3.4.
Governance as a continuum of options
90
3.5.
Flexibility with new governance approaches
92
4.
Supportive international law and policy
92
4.1.
Convention on Biological Diversity
93
4.2.
World Heritage Operational Guidelines
93
4.3.
Ramsar Guidelines
93
4.4.
International Labour Organization Convention 169
94
4.5.
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
95
5.
Special legal considerations for new governance approaches
95
5.1.
Protected area management categories
95
5.2.
Good governance principles
96
5.3.
Tenure and governance
99
5.4.
Agreements with the government
100
6.
Other legal tools supporting voluntary conservation
102
6.1.
Easements and covenants attached to the land
102
6.2.
Land trusts
103
pt. III
Chapter 1: Generic elements of protected areas legislation
107
Introduction
107
1.
Pre-drafting preparations
107
2.
Preliminary sections of the legislation
111
2.1.
Definitions and interpretation
111
2.1.1.
General rules
111
2.1.2.
International definitions
112
2.2.
Application of the law
114
3.
Policy and objectives
116
3.1.
Supportive national policy
116
3.2.
Constitutional principles
116
3.3.
Overall objectives
119
3.4.
Principles associated with objectives
123
4.
Institutional arrangements
124
4.1.
General considerations
124
4.2.
Nature of authority
125
4.2.1.
High policy level
125
4.2.2.
Lead protected areas agency
127
4.2.3.
Statutory corporations
128
4.2.4.
Management authorities for individual sites
129
4.2.5.
Functions, duties and powers
130
4.3.
Co-management
132
4.4.
Advisory bodies
134
4.5.
Coordination mechanisms
135
4.6.
Special considerations for voluntarily conserved areas
137
5.
Planning for protected areas
138
5.1.
System plans
138
5.2.
Legal status of land or sea
140
5.3.
Compatibility with surrounding landscape or seascape
142
5.4.
Supportive land use regulation
144
6.
Establishment of protected areas
146
6.1.
Use of protected area categories
147
6.2.
Powers of establishment and recognition
149
6.3.
Nomination process for inclusion of new protected areas
150
6.4.
Powers and procedures for reduction or declassification
152
6.5.
Demarcation of boundaries and zones
154
6.6.
Interim protection
156
6.7.
Compensation
157
6.8.
Special considerations for biosphere reserves
159
6.9.
General considerations for voluntarily conserved areas
160
7.
Protected areas management
162
7.1.
Site management plans
163
7.2.
Zoning within a protected area
167
7.3.
Buffer zones and connectivity conservation areas
167
7.4.
Special considerations for voluntarily conserved areas
170
8.
Conservation agreements
172
9.
Regulated activities
174
9.1.
General principles
175
9.2.
Prohibited activities
177
9.3.
Activities requiring written permission
178
9.4.
Activities allowed by general rules without written permission
180
9.5.
Regulating category V and VI areas
182
9.6.
Recreational activities
184
9.7.
Emergency and incident management
185
10.
Compliance and enforcement
186
10.1.
Achieving compliance
186
10.2.
Authorized officers
188
10.3.
Powers and duties of authorized officers
190
10.3.1.
Police powers
191
10.3.2.
Other powers
191
10.3.3.
Combining extension with enforcement
192
10.4.
Offences and penalties
193
10.4.1.
Criminal penalties
193
10.4.2.
Civil penalties
195
10.4.3.
Burden of proof
197
10.4.4.
Legal proceedings
200
10.4.5.
Administrative appeals
201
11.
Environmental and social impact assessment
201
12.
Special financial tools
203
13.
Miscellaneous
206
13.1.
Enabling provisions
206
13.2.
Transitional provisions, repeal and revision
207
14.
Schedules
207
pt. III
Chapter 2: Special issues for marine protected areas
209
Introduction
209
1.
Historical perspective
210
2.
Marine features requiring special attention
211
2.1.
Special characteristics
212
2.2.
Special threats
218
2.3.
Special management challenges
219
3.
MPA-specific international obligations and principles
222
3.1.
International oceans law
223
3.1.1.
United National Convention on the Law of the Sea
223
3.1.2.
International Maritime Organization rules and conventions
228
3.2.
International conservation treaties
231
3.2.1.
Convention on Biological Diversity
231
3.2.2.
Ramsar Convention
233
3.2.3.
World Heritage Convention Marine Programme
234
3.3.
Regional agreements
235
3.3.1.
Regional Seas
235
3.3.2.
OSPAR Convention
239
3.3.3.
Helsinki Convention and OSPAR Convention
240
3.3.4.
ACCOBAMS
241
3.3.5.
Natura 2000
241
4.
Incorporating marine principles in legislation
242
4.1.
Legal drafting preparations
242
4.2.
Preliminaries
244
4.2.1.
Marine and oceans policy
244
4.2.2.
Definitions
245
4.3.
Objectives of MPA networks and sites
247
4.4.
Strategic planning for the MPA network
249
4.5.
Institutional arrangements
250
4.6.
Establishment
253
4.7.
Management
257
4.8.
Regulating activities
259
4.9.
Compliance and enforcement
262
4.10.
Special financial considerations
263
4.11.
Harmonization of laws
264
pt. IV
Transboundary protected areas
265
Introduction
265
1.
Growth of TBPAs
266
2.
Approaches to TBPAs
267
2.1.
IUCN definition
267
2.2.
Typology for TBPAs
268
2.3.
Global TBPA network
269
2.4.
Global and continental connectivity
270
3.
Key management principles of legal relevance
270
4.
Supportive international law and policy
271
4.1.
Convention on Biological Diversity
272
4.2.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
272
4.3.
World heritage sites
274
4.4.
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
276
4.5.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
276
4.6.
European ecological networks on a continental scale
276
4.7.
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme
279
5.
Special legal considerations for TBPAs
280
5.1.
Domestic enabling framework
281
5.2.
Drafting preparations for TBPA agreements
281
5.3.
Objectives of TBPA cooperation
282
5.4.
Levels and types of TBPA cooperation
283
5.5.
Options for TBPA institutional mechanisms
288
5.6.
TBPA-related coordination functions
289
6.
Harmonization of actions
292