The Kyoto Protocol in the EU : European Community and member states under international and European law / Leonardo Massai.
2011
KJE6249 .M37 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
The Kyoto Protocol in the EU : European Community and member states under international and European law / Leonardo Massai.
Published
The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 2011.
Call Number
KJE6249 .M37 2011
ISBN
9789067043236 (geb.)
9067043230 (geb.)
9789067045711 (e-book)
9067045713 (e-book)
9067043230 (geb.)
9789067045711 (e-book)
9067045713 (e-book)
Description
xvii, 431 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)741253532
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
1
Part I
2.
The EU Enlargement
13
2.1.
History
13
2.2.
Legal Basis
14
2.3.
The Enlargement Procedure
19
2.4.
The Treaty of Accession
21
2.5.
The Environmental Acquis
22
3.
The International Climate Change Regime
29
3.1.
Climate Change
29
3.2.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
32
3.3.
The Kyoto Protocol
39
3.4.
The Kyoto Protocol: Key Aspects
45
3.5.
The Kyoto Protocol: Rules of Implementation
48
4.
The EC and the Member States in the Kyoto Protocol
51
4.1.
The External Competence of the European Community in the Field of Environmental Protection
51
4.1.1.
Mixed Agreements and Environmental Protection
56
4.2.
The EC in the International Climate Regime
61
4.3.
EC Greenhouse Gas Emissions Limitation and Reduction Commitments Under the Kyoto Protocol
67
4.3.1.
History of the EU Burden Sharing Agreement
67
4.4.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the EU
70
4.5.
Central and Eastern European Countries and the International Climate Regime
86
4.5.1.
Malta and Cyprus
88
4.5.2.
Certain Degree of Flexibility
89
4.6.
GHG Emissions Surplus in the New Member States
92
4.7.
Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol
96
4.7.1.
The Blocking Clause
99
4.7.2.
Addressing Responsibility
103
4.8.
Conclusions
104
5.
The Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol
107
5.1.
International Flexibility and Annex I Parties
107
5.2.
Emissions Trading
109
5.3.
International Emissions Trading
110
5.4.
EU Emissions Trading System
114
5.5.
Differences between the EU ETS and IET
117
5.6.
The Other Flexible Mechanisms
120
5.6.1.
Joint Implementation
122
5.6.2.
Clean Development Mechanism
123
5.6.3.
JI and CDM Projects in the EU
125
5.7.
JI and CDM in Central and Eastern Europe
128
5.8.
Conclusions
132
Part II
6.
EC Compliance with the International Climate Regime
137
6.1.
The Non-Compliance Regime of the Kyoto Protocol
137
6.1.1.
Legal Basis and Amendment Dilemma
141
6.1.2.
Organisation
142
6.1.3.
Consequences
144
6.2.
The Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Obligations
149
6.2.1.
National System
150
6.2.2.
GHG Annual Inventory
151
6.2.3.
National Communication
153
6.2.4.
Initial and Final Reports
157
6.2.5.
Registries
164
6.3.
Eligibility Requirements to Participate in the Flexible Mechanisms
167
6.4.
The Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments (QELRCs)
168
6.5.
Supplementarity
170
6.6.
EC Legislation for Compliance with the Kyoto Protocol Obligations
173
6.6.1.
EU Legislation on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Obligations
174
6.6.2.
EU Legislation and Eligibility Requirements
180
6.6.3.
EU Legislation on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
181
6.7.
Compliance of the EC and Member States with the Kyoto Protocol Obligations
188
6.7.1.
Compliance with the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Obligations
193
6.7.2.
Compliance with the Eligibility Requirements
200
6.7.3.
Compliance with the Limitation and Reduction Commitments
205
6.7.4.
Cases before the Compliance Committee
208
6.8.
EC and Member States Responsibility for Failure to Comply with the Obligations of the Kyoto Protocol
210
6.8.1.
GHG Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments
218
6.8.2.
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Obligations and Eligibility Requirements
226
6.9.
Consequences of a Failure by The EC and the Member States to Comply with Community Law
231
6.10.
Conclusions
236
7.
The EC Principle of Loyal Cooperation and the Obligations of the Kyoto Protocol
241
7.1.
The Legal Value of General Principles in Community Law
242
7.2.
The Principle of Loyal Cooperation
244
7.3.
The Lex Specialis Dichotomy
247
7.4.
The Application of the Principle of Loyalty to the Kyoto Protocol Obligations
252
7.4.1.
The Duty of Cooperation and Mixed Agreements
252
7.4.2.
Climate Change and Community Objectives
253
7.4.3.
EC Legislation to Fulfil the Obligations of the Kyoto Protocol
257
7.5.
Article 10 TEC and the Duties of the Member States According to Case Law
261
7.5.1.
Article 10 TEC and External Competence
263
7.5.2.
The Role of National Authorities
268
7.6.
The Principle of Loyal Cooperation and Similar Principles in the Member States: a Comparative Law Reflection
270
7.6.1.
The Case of Belgium
270
7.6.2.
The Case of Spain
272
7.6.3.
The Principle of Bundestreue in Germany
273
7.6.4.
Comparative Law Reflections
276
7.7.
Article 10 TEC and the Duties of the Member States in View of Compliance by the EC and the Member States with the Kyoto Protocol Obligations
278
7.7.1.
Duty to Take any Reasonable Effort
279
7.7.2.
Preference to the EC and EU15 Under the International Emissions Trading (Duty to Abstain)
281
7.7.3.
Jeopardising the Participation of the EU in the Flexible Mechanisms
285
7.8.
Conclusions
285
8.
Conclusions
289
8.1.
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Obligations
292
8.2.
Eligibility Requirements
294
8.3.
Limitation and Reduction Commitments
295
8.4.
Kyoto Protocol Obligations in the EU
296
8.5.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Limitation and Reduction Commitments in the EU
298
8.6.
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Obligations and Eligibility Requirements in the EU
301
8.7.
Article 10 EC Treaty
303
8.8.
New Member States
305
Bibliography
309
Annexes
317
1.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
317
2.
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
343
3.
Decision 2/CMP.1
367
4.
Decision 27/CMP.1
403
5.
Relevant Treaty Articles
417
6.
Council Decision 2002/358/EC
427