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Items
Details
Author
Title
Handbook of international law / Anthony Aust.
Published
Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Call Number
KZ3410 .A97 2010
Edition
Second edition.
ISBN
9780521117050 (hbk.)
0521117054 (hbk.)
9780521133494 (pbk.)
0521133491 (pbk.)
0521117054 (hbk.)
9780521133494 (pbk.)
0521133491 (pbk.)
Description
lxiii, 527 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)499072947
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword to the First Edition
xxv
Preface to Second Edition
xxvii
Acknowledgements
xxxi
Table of treaties
xxxii
Table of MOUs
xliv
Table of cases
xlv
Glossary of legal terms
liv
List of abbreviations
lviii
1.
International law
1
Introduction
1
Private international law
1
Transnational law
2
The nature of international law
2
But is international law really law?
3
International lawyers
4
The sources of international law
5
Treaties
5
Customary international law
6
General principles of law recognised by ̀civilized' nations
8
Good faith
8
Estoppel
8
Norms
8
Judicial decisions
9
Teachings of the most highly qualified publicists
9
General international law
9
Obligations erga omnes
10
Jus cogens
10
S̀oft law'
11
Comity
11
Domestic law
11
Subjects and objects of, and actors in, international law
12
National liberation movements
13
NGOs
13
2.
States and recognition
15
Introduction
15
Criteria for statehood
15
Recognition of States
16
Vatican City
18
Taiwan
18
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
19
Soviet Republics and former Soviet Republics
19
Yugoslavia
21
Domestic courts and unrecognised States
21
Self-determination
22
Secession
23
Territorial integrity and uti possidetis
24
Recognition of governments
25
Governments in exile
26
De jure and de facto recognition
26
Palestine
26
Western Sahara
28
Means of recognition
28
Overseas territories
29
British territories
29
Colonies
30
Protectorates
31
Protected States
31
Condominiums
31
Mandated and trust territories
32
3.
Territory
33
Introduction
33
Boundary, border or frontier?
34
Delimitation and demarcation
34
Intertemporal rule
35
Critical date
35
Means of acquisition
35
Discovery
36
Conquest and annexation
36
Cession
37
Occupation and prescription
37
Acquiescence, estoppel and recognition
38
Boundary treaties
38
Leases
39
Rivers
39
State servitudes
40
Res communis
40
Common heritage of mankind
40
Territorial integrity and uti possidetis
40
4.
Jurisdiction
42
Introduction
42
Territorial principle
43
Nationality principle
43
Passive personality principle
44
Protective principle
44
Universal and quasi-universal jurisdiction
44
Effects doctrine
45
Alien Tort Claims Act 1789
47
Abduction
47
5.
The law of treaties
49
Introduction
49
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
50
What is a treaty?
50
Concluded between States
51
In written form
51
Governed by international law
51
Embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments
52
Given any name
52
Signed?
53
MOUs
53
But are MOUs really treaties?
54
Agreements between States governed by domestic law
55
Capacity to make treaties
55
Federations
55
Overseas territories
55
International organisations
56
Credentials and full powers
56
Credentials
56
Full powers
57
Adoption and authentication
57
Adoption
57
Consensus
58
Authentication
58
Final act
59
Consent to be bound
59
Signature only
59
Òpen for signature'
59
Witnessing
60
Exchange of instruments
60
Ratification
60
Who can sign the instrument of ratification?
61
Acceptance or approval
61
Accession
61
Any other agreed means
61
S̀ignatory', ̀party' and àdherence'
62
The àll States' and ̀Vienna' formulas
62
Rights and obligations before entry into force
62
Obligation not to defeat the object and purpose of a treaty before its entry into force
63
Withdrawal of consent to be bound before entry into force
63
Development of treaties
63
Reservations
64
Bilateral treaties
64
Multilateral treaties
64
Interpretative declarations
65
Disguised reservations
65
Reservations generally not prohibited
65
Acceptance of, and objection to, reservations
66
̀Plurilateral treaties'
67
Constituent instrument of an international organisation
67
All other cases
67
The legal effects of reservations and of objections to reservations
68
Unresolved issues
69
Reservations to human rights treaties
70
Treaty-monitoring bodies
71
Some ways of minimising the problem of reservations
71
Procedure
72
Late reservations
72
The International Law Commission study
72
Entry into force
73
Express provisions
73
Date of entry into force
74
Provisional application
74
Preparatory commissions
74
Treaties and domestic law
74
Duty to perform treaties
75
Constitutional provisions
75
Dualism
75
Monism
76
United Kingdom
76
United States
78
Implementation by states of a federation
80
Territorial application
81
Territorial extension clauses
81
Declaration on signature or ratification of a multilateral treaty
81
Political subdivisions of metropolitan territory
82
Successive treaties
82
Interpretation
82
Article 31 General rule of interpretation
83
Paragraph 1
83
Paragraph 2
(context)
84
Paragraph 3(a)
(subsequent agreements)
85
Paragraph 3(b)
(subsequent practice)
86
Paragraph 3(c)
(relevant rules of international law)
86
Paragraph 4
(special meaning)
87
Supplementary means of interpretation
87
Implied terms
89
Interpretation of treaties in more than one language
89
Third States
90
Amendment
91
Bilateral treaties
91
Multilateral treaties
91
Duration and termination
93
Express provisions
93
Termination or withdrawal by consent
95
No provision for termination or withdrawal
95
Termination or suspension for breach
95
Supervening impossibility of performance
96
Fundamental change of circumstances (rebus sic stantibus)
97
Severance of diplomatic or consular relations
97
Outbreak of hostilities
97
Can one validly withdraw from a treaty and immediately become a party again?
98
Desuetude
98
Invalidity
99
Ùnequal treaties'
100
The depositary
100
Designation of a depositary
101
Multiple depositaries
101
Duty to act impartially
101
Functions of the depositary
102
Correction of errors
102
Registration and publication
102
Registration
102
Publication
104
Sources of treaty texts
106
Treaty indexes
107
Further reading on treaties
107
6.
Diplomatic privileges and immunities
108
Introduction
108
The establishment of diplomatic relations and permanent diplomatic missions
109
The functions of a diplomatic mission
109
The members of the mission
111
Persona non grata
112
Size and composition of the mission staff
113
The premises of the mission
113
Facilitating the acquisition of premises for the mission
114
Help with facilities for the mission
114
Inviolability of the premises of the mission
115
Police action
115
Service of legal process
116
Immunity from jurisdiction
116
Bank account of the mission
117
Protection from intrusion or damage
117
Disturbance of the peace of the mission and impairment of its dignity
118
Asylum
118
When inviolability of mission premises begins and ends
118
Exemption of mission premises from taxation
119
Inviolability of mission archives
120
Means of transport
120
Freedom of movement
121
Freedom of communication
121
Inviolability of official correspondence
121
The diplomatic bag
122
What is a diplomatic bag?
122
What may the diplomatic bag contain?
122
Prohibition on opening or detaining the diplomatic bag
123
Scanning the diplomatic bag
123
Diplomatic couriers
124
Personal inviolability
125
No arrest or detention
125
Safeguarding from attack
125
Inviolability of the private residence
126
Inviolability of private papers, correspondence and property
126
The difference between diplomatic immunity and State immunity
127
Diplomatic immunity
127
Exception (a)
Private immovable property in the territory of the receiving State
128
Exception (b)
Private involvement in succession proceedings
128
Exception (c)
Private professional or commercial activity
128
Proof of diplomatic immunity
129
Immunity from giving evidence
129
What immunity is not
130
Immunity from execution
130
Waiver of immunity
130
Social security exemption
131
Exemption from taxation
132
Exemption from personal services
133
Exemption from customs duties and inspection
133
Members of the family of a diplomatic agent
134
Working spouses
134
Administrative and technical staff
135
Service staff
135
Private servants
135
Nationals and permanent residents of the receiving State
136
Commencement of privileges and immunities
136
Termination of privileges and immunities
137
Third States
137
Diplomats in transit
137
Communication in transit
138
Duties of the mission to the receiving State
138
End of the functions of a diplomatic agent
139
Facilities for depature
139
Breach of diplomatic relations and the protection of the interests of the sending State
139
Non-discrimination and reciprocity
140
Special missions
141
Consular relations
142
7.
State immunity
145
Introduction
145
The relationship of State immunity to other legal doctrines
146
Diplomatic immunity distinguished
146
Non-justiciability
146
Act of State
147
Human rights
147
Sources of the law on State immunity
148
Which entities enjoy immunity?
149
Exceptions to immunity
150
Consent
150
Commercial transactions
151
Contracts of employment
153
Torts (delicts)
154
Ownership, possession and use of property
155
Intellectual and industrial property rights
156
Ships
156
Aircraft and space objects
157
Registration of a foreign judgment
157
Criminal jurisdiction
157
Enforcement
157
Pre-judgment measures of constraint
157
Execution of the judgment
158
Procedure
158
Service of process
158
Judgment in default
159
Visiting forces
159
Civil claims
159
Criminal jurisdiction
160
Heads of State, heads of government, foreign ministers and other senior officials
161
Civil proceedings
161
Criminal proceedings
161
8.
Nationality, aliens and refugees
163
Nationality
163
Introduction
163
Dual nationality
163
Citizenship
164
The right to leave and return to one's State of nationality
165
Passports
165
Statelessness
165
Legal persons
166
Ships and aircraft
167
Diplomatic protection
167
Aliens
168
Property of aliens
169
Asylum
170
Diplomatic asylum
170
Refugees
171
Definition of refugee
171
Application for refugee status
173
Fear of persecution
174
Exceptions to refugee status
175
Non-refoulement
176
Protection for the State of refuge
176
Obligations of the State of refuge to the refugee
177
9.
International organisations
178
Introduction
178
Membership and representation
179
Credentials
180
Withdrawal
180
International legal personality
180
Immunities and privileges
181
Liability
183
Dispute settlement
184
The United Nations
184
The (so-called) UN specialised agencies
185
Staff disputes
185
10.
The United Nations, including the use of force
186
Introduction
186
Membership
186
Withdrawal, suspension and expulsion
188
Regional groups
188
The UN's principal organs
189
The UN's specialised agencies
189
The General Assembly
190
Main Committees of the General Assembly
190
Sixth Committee
191
The Security Council
192
Membership
192
Working methods
192
Powers of the Security Council
195
Sanctions
199
Human rights
203
Uniting for peace
204
Charter amendment
204
Use of force
205
Prohibition on the use of force
206
Security Council authorisation for the use of force
206
Self-defence
208
Humanitarian intervention
211
A responsibility to protect?
214
11.
Human rights
215
Introduction
215
Who enjoys the rights?
216
What is a human right?
217
Universal human rights treaties
217
United Nations
217
ILO
219
Regional human rights treaties
219
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950
219
American Convention on Human Rights 1969
220
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981
220
Arab Charter on Human Rights 1994
220
Outline of the principal civil and political rights
221
Right to life
221
Prohibition of torture
222
Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
222
Right to liberty and security
223
Right to a fair trial
223
No punishment without law
224
Respect for private and family life
224
Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
224
Freedom of expression
225
Freedom of assembly and association
225
Right to marry
225
Right to an effective remedy
225
Prohibition of discrimination
226
Freedom of movement
226
Right to free elections
226
Right to property
227
Right to education
227
General qualifications to rights
227
Reservations
228
Derogations
228
Enforcement
229
European Court of Human Rights
229
Other regional treaties
232
Human Rights Committee
232
Other UN monitoring bodies
234
12.
The law of armed conflict (international humanitarian law)
235
Introduction
235
Sources
236
International and internal armed conflicts
237
Weaponry
238
Conventional weapons
238
Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons (WMD)
239
Reprisals
240
Prisoners of war
240
Mercenaries
241
Civilians and civilian objects
242
Occupied territory
242
Palestine
243
Enforcement
243
UN forces
244
International Committee of the Red Cross
244
13.
International criminal law
245
Introduction
245
Mutual legal assistance
245
Extradition
246
Political offence/exception
248
Simplified extradition
248
Irregular means
249
International crimes
250
Piracy
250
Slavery
251
Genocide
251
Crimes against humanity
252
War crimes
253
Aggression
253
Responsibility of superiors
253
Superior orders
254
International tribunals
254
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
255
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
256
Sierra Leone Special Court
257
Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia
257
Special Tribunal for Lebanon
258
International Criminal Court (ICC)
258
Jurisdiction
259
Surrender of accused persons
260
Personal responsibility
261
United States
261
Procedure
262
14.
Terrorism
264
Introduction
264
Definitions
265
S̀tate terrorism'
265
S̀tate-sponsored terrorism'
265
Universal terrorism conventions
265
No international definition of terrorism
265
The sectoral, segmental or incremental approach
267
The main provisions of the universal terrorism conventions
269
Ìnternational' terrorism
269
Definition of the offences
269
Quasi-universal jurisdiction
270
̀Refugees' and terrorism
274
Security Council
274
Lockerbie
275
Bin Laden, Al-Qaida and the Taliban
276
15.
The law of the sea
278
Introduction
278
Internal waters
279
Right of access by foreign ships
279
Baselines
280
Territorial sea
281
Islands
282
Innocent passage
282
Rights of the coastal State over ships in innocent passage
283
Contiguous zone
284
Exclusive economic zone
284
Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the EEZ
285
Rights and duties of other States in the EEZ
285
International straits
285
Archipelagos
286
Continental shelf
287
Construction of artificial islands and other installations in the EEZ or on the continental shelf
288
Delimitation
288
Territorial sea
288
EEZ and continental shelf
289
The Area
290
The high seas
290
Freedom of navigation
290
Hot pursuit
293
Other freedoms
294
Nationality of ships
295
Warships and ships used only on government non-commercial service
296
Landlocked and geographically disadvantaged States
297
Fishing
297
In internal waters and the territorial sea
297
In EEZs
298
On the high seas
299
Shared and straddling stocks and highly migratory species
299
Sedentary species
299
Whales and other marine mammals
300
Wrecks
300
Underwater cultural heritage
300
Dispute settlement under the Convention
301
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
301
Means of dispute settlement
301
16.
International environmental law
303
Introduction
303
What is the environment?
305
The development of international environmental law
305
Concepts
306
The precautionary approach
306
The polluter pays
307
Sustainable development
307
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
308
Whaling
309
Other fishing
309
Wildlife
311
Biological diversity
312
The ozone layer, climate change and the Kyoto Protocol
313
Nuclear material
314
The marine environment
315
Emergencies
316
Liability
316
Dumping
317
Hazardous wastes
317
Liability for environmental damage
317
Enforcement
318
17.
International civil aviation
319
Introduction
319
International Civil Aviation Organization
319
Meaning of aircraft
320
Civil and State aircraft, induding military aircraft
320
National airspace
320
Domestic air services
321
International air services, scheduled and non-scheduled
321
International airspace
321
Civil aircraft and airlines
322
Air services agreements
322
Warsaw and Rome Conventions
324
Jurisdiction over civil aircraft
325
Use of force against aircraft
325
18.
Special regimes
327
Introduction
327
Antarctica
327
The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
328
The Antarctic Treaty
328
Sovereignty clause
329
Measures
329
The Environmental Protocol
330
Amendment of the Treaty and the Protocol and its Annexes
331
Secretariat
332
CCAMLR
332
The Arctic
333
Svalbard
334
Canals
335
Suez Canal
335
Panama Canal
336
Kiev Canal
336
International rivers
337
Freedom of navigation
337
Other uses of watercourses
338
Outer space
339
Outer space treaties
339
The geostationary orbit
341
The International Space Station
341
International space organisations
341
Intelsat
342
Inmarsat
342
19.
International economic law
344
Introduction
344
Bilateral investment treaties
345
A typical BIT
346
The entities protected
347
Types of investment product
347
Treatment of investments
348
Expropriation and compensation
348
Civil disturbance, etc.
349
Dispute settlement
349
Duration of BITs
350
ICSID
350
Energy Charter Treaty
353
World Trade Organization
353
Dispute Settlement
354
Panels
356
Appellate Body
356
Recommendations
357
Compensation and countermeasures
357
NAFTA
358
MERCOSUR
359
International commercial arbitration
359
20.
Succession of States
361
Introduction
361
Independence of an overseas territory
362
Secession
362
Dissolution
362
Merger
363
Absorption and extinction
363
Recovery of sovereignty
363
Transfer of territory
364
Continuity of statehood
364
Succession to treaties
364
Customary law principles
365
Former colonies and other dependent territories
366
Germany
368
Russia
368
Former Soviet republics
368
The Baltic States
369
Former Yugoslav republics
369
Czechoslovakia
370
Hong Kong and Macao
371
Succession to State property, archives and debts
371
Former Yugoslav republics
372
Membership of international organisations
372
Representation in international organisations
374
Hong Kong Special Administration Region
374
Nationality of natural persons
374
21.
State responsibility
376
Introduction
376
Terminology
377
General matters
378
The internationally wrongful act of a State
378
General principles
378
Attribution of conduct to a State
379
Organs of the State
379
Unauthorised or ultra vires conduct
380
Other conduct attributable to the State
381
Breach of an international obligation
382
Intertemporal rule
382
Extension in time of breach of an international obligation
383
Breach consisting of a composite act
383
Circumstances precluding wrongfulness
383
Content of the international responsibility of a State
385
Cessation and non-repetition
385
Reparation
385
Forms of reparation
386
Serious breaches of obligations under peremptory norms of general international law
389
The implementation of the international responsibility of a State
389
Invocation of responsibility by an injured State
389
Notice of claim by an injured State (Article 43)
390
Admissibility of claims
390
Loss of right to invoke responsibility
390
Plurality of injured or responsible States
390
Countermeasures
391
Objects and limits of countermeasures
392
Proportionality
392
Procedural conditions
393
Obligations not affected by countermeasures
394
Responsibility of an international organisation
394
Individual responsibility
395
22.
Settlement of disputes
396
Introduction
396
Informal means
397
Negotiations and consultations
397
Involvement of third parties
397
Compulsory binding settlement
400
Jurisdiction and admissibility
401
Jurisdiction
401
Admissibility
406
International arbitration
407
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
408
Mixed arbitral tribunals
409
International Court of Justice
412
Composition of the ICJ
414
Jurisdiction
415
Reciprocal declarations
416
Variations of declarations
420
Admissibility
421
Intervention by third parties
421
The applicable law
422
Non-appearance
422
Provisional measures/interim measures of protection
422
Judicial review?
424
Procedure and practice
424
Judgments
426
Effect, interpretation and revision
426
Advisory opinions
427
23.
The European Union
430
Introduction
430
A brief history
431
Member States
431
European Communities, European Community or European Union?
432
Institutions
433
Council of Ministers
434
Commission
435
Parliament
435
Court of Auditors
436
Legislative procedure
436
Consultative procedure
437
Co-decision procedure
437
EU law
437
The Treaty and legislation
438
Supremacy of EU law
438
Court of Justice
438
Court of First Instance
440
Preliminary rulings
440
Common Foreign and Security Policy and Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
441
Legal personality and treaties
442
Human rights
443
Acquis communautaire
444
Competence
444
Comitology
444
European Economic Area
444
Languages
444
Qualified majority voting
445
Schengen
445
Subsidiarity
445
The Lisbon Treaty
446
Documentation
448
Index
449