Federal disability law in a nutshell / by Ruth Colker, Adam A. Milani.
2010
KF480 .T83 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Federal disability law in a nutshell / by Ruth Colker, Adam A. Milani.
Published
St. Paul, Minn. : West/Thomson, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KF480 .T83 2010
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9780314264619 (pbk.)
0314264612 (pbk.)
0314264612 (pbk.)
Description
xxxviii, 544 pages ; 19 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)647124244
Note
Revised edition of: Federal disability law in a nutshell / by Bonnie Poitras Tucker, Adam A. Milani. 3rd edition c2004.
Includes index.
Includes index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
iii
Table of Cases
xix
ch. 1
Introduction and Overview
1
1.1.
Background
1
1.2.
Relevant Legislation
4
1.3.
Education
7
1.4.
Overview
7
ch. 2
Constitutional Rights
9
2.1.
Equal Protection
9
2.2.
Education
10
2.3.
Employment
14
A.
Equal Protection
14
B.
Due Processes
14
C.
Irrebuttable Presumption
15
D.
Summary of Employment Issues
15
2.4.
Summary
16
ch. 3
Definition of "Disability"?
17
3.1.
General Definition
17
3.2.
Physical Impairment
18
3.3.
Mental Impairment
20
3.4.
Specifically Excluded Criteria
21
3.5.
Alcoholics and Drug Abusers
21
3.6.
Having a Record of an Impairment
24
3.7.
Regarded as Having a Disability
25
3.8.
Major Life Activity
26
3.9.
Substantial Limitation and Mitigating Measures
28
3.10.
Substantial Limitation of the Ability to Work
31
ch. 4
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
34
4.1.
Overview
34
4.2.
Section 504: Introduction
34
4.3.
Section 504: Procedural Issues
35
A.
Private Right of Action
35
B.
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
40
C.
Eleventh Amendment Immunity
42
D.
Statutes of Limitation
45
E.
Right to Jury Trial
46
F.
Standing to Sue
48
G.
Attorney's Fees
50
4.4.
Section 504: Recipients of Federal Financial Assistance
51
A.
Program Specificity
52
B.
Scope of the Term "Program or Activity"
53
C.
"Recipients" Versus "Beneficiaries"
56
D.
Procurement, Insurance or Guaranty Contracts
59
E.
Subsidies
60
4.5.
Section 504: Discrimination Solely on the Basis of Disability
61
4.6.
Section 501: Introduction
65
4.7.
Section 501: Procedural Issues
68
A.
Private Right of Action
68
B.
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
68
C.
Right to Jury Trial
70
D.
Judicial Review of Agency Action
70
4.8.
Relationship Between Sections 501 and 504
70
4.9.
Relationship Between Section 501 and the ADA
71
4.10.
Section 503: Introduction and Overview
72
4.11.
Relationship Between Section 503 and the ADA
74
4.12.
Section 503: Procedural Issues
75
A.
Private Right of Action
75
B.
Third Party Beneficiary Actions
75
C.
Section 1983 Actions
75
D.
Actions to Enforce Conciliation Agreements
76
4.13.
Section 503: Administrative Procedures and Remedies
76
4.14.
Section 503: Actions Against the OFCCP
78
4.15.
Section 503: Affirmative Action Plans
78
ch. 5
Employment Discrimination
81
5.1.
Introduction and Overview
81
5.2.
Entities Subject to the ADA
82
5.3.
Fifteen Employee Threshold
84
5.4.
Former Employees
87
5.5.
Qualified Individual with a Disability
87
5.6.
Inconsistent Statements/Waivers
88
5.7.
Essential Functions
90
5.8.
Scope of the Federal Laws
94
5.9.
Disparate Treatment/Disparate Impact
96
5.10.
Reasonable Accommodations
97
5.11.
Undue Hardship
103
5.12.
Fundamental Alteration
105
5.13.
Collective Bargaining Agreements
105
5.14.
Seniority Systems
107
5.15.
Safety Defense
109
5.16.
Employment Tests and Criteria
112
5.17.
Medical Examinations and Inquiries
115
A.
Pre-Employment
115
B.
Post-Offer
116
C.
Post-Employment
118
D.
Specific Issues in Testing
118
5.18.
Providing an Harassment Free Environment
120
5.19.
Enforcement of ADA Title I
121
5.20.
Remedies for Employment Discrimination
123
A.
Section 501
123
B.
The ADA
126
C.
Section 504
129
D.
Attorneys' Fees
130
E.
Section 503
131
5.21.
Individual Liability
131
ch. 6
Architectural Barriers
133
6.1.
The Architectural Barriers Act
133
6.2.
The Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
135
6.3.
Guidelines and Standards Established Under the ABA
140
6.4.
Section 504 and Architectural Barriers
141
6.5.
Injury Due to Lack of Accessibility
145
ch. 7
Access to Programs and Services
146
7.1.
Introduction
146
7.2.
Section 504: Overview
146
7.3.
Title II of the ADA: Overview
147
7.4.
ADA Title II: Program and Facility Accessibility
148
7.5.
Title III of the ADA: Overview
150
7.6.
ADA Title III: Definition of Public Accommodations
151
7.7.
ADA Title III: Commercial Facilities
155
7.8.
Private Clubs
156
7.9.
ADA Title III: Religious Entities
156
7.10.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Qualified Individual With a Disability
157
7.11.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Eligibility Criteria
159
7.12.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Reasonable Accommodations/Modifications
161
7.13.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Integrated Setting
165
7.14.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Safety Defense
166
A.
Threat to Self
166
B.
Risk to Others
169
7.15.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Disparate Impact
170
7.16.
ADA Titles II and III and Section 504: Discrimination Vis-a-vis Other People With Disabilities
172
7.17.
ADA Title III: Provision of Auxiliary Aids and Services
173
7.18.
ADA Title II: Provision of Auxiliary Aids and Services
175
7.19.
ADA Title III: Newly Constructed or Altered Facilities
176
7.20.
ADA Title III: Removal of Barriers from Existing Facilities
179
7.21.
ADA Title III: Landlords/Lessees
182
7.22.
ADA Title III: Franchisors/Franchisees
184
7.23.
ADA Title II: New Construction or Alterations
185
7.24.
ADA Title II: Existing Facilities and Programs
186
7.25.
ADA Title II: Communications
189
7.26.
Differences Between ADA Title II and Section 504
190
7.27.
ADA Title III: Courses and Examinations
194
7.28.
ADA Title II and Section 504: Enforcement, Procedure and Remedies
196
7.29.
ADA Title III: Enforcement and Remedies
199
7.30.
Section 504: Individual Liability
202
7.31.
ADA Title III: Individual Liability
203
7.32.
ADA Title II: Individual Liability
203
7.33.
Section 508: Electronic and Information Technology
204
7.34.
Section 504: Access to Television
208
ch. 8
Access Board Guidelines for ADA Titles II and III
212
8.1.
Overview
212
8.2.
Newly Constructed Buildings
213
8.3.
Alterations to Existing Facilities
216
8.4.
Historic Buildings
218
8.5.
Miscellaneous
219
ch. 9
Housing
224
9.1.
The Fair Housing Act Amendments of 1988: Introduction
224
9.2.
FHAA: Discrimination in the Rental or Sale of Housing
226
A.
Sale/Rental of Dwellings
226
B.
Multi-Family Dwellings
227
C.
Representations and Advertisements
228
9.3.
FHA: Discrimination in Residential Real Estate-Related Transactions
229
9.4.
FHA: Discrimination in the Provision of Brokerage Services
230
9.5.
FHA: Interference or Coercion
230
9.6.
FHA: Disparate Impact Discrimination Prohibited
231
9.7.
FHAA: Zoning
232
9.8.
FHAA: Reasonable Accommodation
234
9.9.
FHAA: Direct Threat Defense
235
9.10.
FHAA: Conflicting State Statutes
235
9.11.
FHA: Enforcement and Remedies
236
A.
Administrative Enforcement
236
B.
Private Enforcement
240
C.
Pattern and Practice Litigation
241
D.
Preemption
242
9.12.
Section 504
243
ch. 10
Postsecondary Education
244
10.1.
Introduction and Overview
244
10.2.
Admissions
246
A.
Pre-Admission Inquires
246
B.
Admissions Tests
247
C.
Eligibility Criteria
252
D.
Disclosure and Documentation of Disability
253
10.3.
Reasonable Accommodations
254
A.
Suggested Accommodations
255
B.
Scope of Reasonable Accommodations
259
C.
Interactive Process
262
D.
Payment for Reasonable Accommodations
263
10.4.
Safety
263
10.5.
Academic Deference
266
10.6.
Non-Academic Programs and Services
267
10.7.
Notice and Documentation of Disability
269
10.8.
Retaliation
272
10.9.
Hostile Learning Environment
272
10.10.
Individuals With Learning Disabilities
272
A.
Admissions
274
B.
Accommodations for Accepted Students
277
10.11.
Enforcement
278
ch. 11
Transportation
280
11.1.
Mass Ground Transportation: Overview
280
11.2.
ADA Title II: Public Entities
283
A.
Part I of Division B of Title II
283
B.
Part II of Division B of ADA Title II
294
11.3.
Enforcement of ADA Title II
298
11.4.
ADA Title III: Private Entities
298
A.
Provision of Public Transporation by Private Entities Primarily Engaged in the Business of Transporting People
299
B.
Provision of Public Transportation by Private Entities Not Primarily Engaged in the Business of Transporting People
307
C.
Accessibility Provisions
308
11.5.
Enforcement of ADA Title III Provisions
318
11.6.
Uniform System for Disabled Parking
318
11.7.
Airline Transportation
319
A.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA
319
B.
The Air Carrier Access Act of 1986
319
ch. 12
ADA: Miscellaneous
330
12.1.
Introduction
330
12.2.
Title IV: Telecommunications Relay Services
330
12.3.
ADA: Public Service Announcements
333
12.4.
Eleventh Amendment Immunity
333
12.5.
Attorneys' Fees and Costs
334
12.6.
Insurance and Benefit Plans
337
A.
Insurance Coverage in the Employment Setting
337
B.
Title III---Public Accommodations
351
12.7.
Retaliation and Coercion
355
12.8.
Rights Under Other Laws
355
12.9.
Relationship to the Rehabilitation Act
356
12.10.
Smoking
356
12.11.
Applicability to Congress, Presidential Appointees, White House Employees and Previously Exempt State Employees
356
12.12.
Alternate Dispute Resolution
357
ch. 13
The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Introduction and Overview
361
13.1.
Introduction
361
13.2.
Federal Enforcement
364
A.
State Plans and Eligiblity for Federal Funds
364
B.
Remedies
365
13.3.
Terminology and Concepts
366
A.
Children With Disablities
366
B.
Special Education
368
C.
Free Appropriate Public Education
369
D.
Related Services
370
E.
Individualized Education Program
371
F.
Least Restrictive Environment
372
G.
Local Educational Agency
374
H.
State Educational Agency
374
I.
Specific Learning Disabilities
375
13.4.
Procedural Safeguards
377
A.
Development of an Individualized Education Program
377
B.
The IEP Document
380
C.
Due Process Hearings
382
D.
The "Stay-Put" Provision
386
13.5.
Confidentiality of and Access to Records
391
13.6.
"Zero Reject" Principle
392
13.7.
Extracurricular Activities
394
13.8.
Infants and Toddlers With Disabilities
395
ch. 14
IDEA: Appropriateness/Least Restrictive Environment; Continuum of Educational Options; Related Services
405
14.1.
Appropriateness
405
14.2.
The Rowley Case
407
A.
Standards to Be Applied by Courts
407
B.
Application of the Federal Standard
412
14.3.
Incorporation of State Standards
416
14.4.
Cost
417
14.5.
Extended School Year
418
14.6.
Continuum of Educational Options
420
14.7.
Interrelationship Between LRE and Appropriateness
421
14.8.
Applying the Proper Standard
422
14.9.
Proximity to Home
426
14.10.
Inclusion
427
14.11.
Provision of Related Services
430
A.
Issues Concerning Specified Related Services
431
B.
"Medical" Services
433
C.
Issues Concerning Non-specified Related Services
436
ch. 15
IDEA: Private Schooling; Persons in a Parental Role; Testing and Evaluation; Third-Party Payments
439
15.1.
Private Schooling for Children With Disabilities
439
A.
Children With Disabilities in Non-Religious Schools
440
B.
Children With Disabilities in Religious Schools
443
C.
Home Schools
445
15.2.
Persons in a Parental Role
447
15.3.
Testing and Evaluation
449
A.
Evaluation Procedures
449
B.
Reevaluations
451
15.4.
Independent Educational Evaluations
451
15.5.
Third-Party Payments
454
A.
Private Insurance
454
B.
Medicaid Reimbursement
459
ch. 16
IDEA: Procedural Issues
462
16.1.
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
462
16.2.
Statutes of Limitation
466
16.3.
Judicial Review
468
A.
Scope of Review
470
B.
Right to Trial by Jury
471
C.
Due Weight---Given for What
472
16.4.
Burden of Proof
473
16.5.
Impartiality of Hearing Officers
473
ch. 17
IDEA: Remedies
475
17.1.
Damages
475
17.2.
Reimbursement
475
17.3.
Sovereign Immunity
483
17.4.
Compensatory Educational Services
484
17.5.
Attorneys' Fees
486
A.
Prevailing Party
487
B.
Calculation of Fees
489
ch. 18
Section 504 and the ADA: Elementary and Secondary Education
493
18.1.
Applicability of Section 504
493
18.2.
Procedural and Substantive Aspects of Section 504
497
A.
Procedural Aspects
497
B.
Substantive Issues
498
18.3.
Rights of Parents Under Section 504
501
18.4.
Applicability of Title II of the ADA
502
18.5.
Rights of Students in Private Schools Under Section 504 and the ADA
504
ch. 19
Disciplining Students With Disabilities
506
19.1.
Impact of the IDEA and Section 504
506
19.2.
Honig v. Doe: Procedural Safeguards
506
19.3.
Interplay Between IDEA and Section 504
509
19.4.
Change in Placement
510
19.5.
The 1997 and 2004 Amendments
512
19.6.
Children Classified as Disabled After the Misbehavior at Issue
516
19.7.
In-School Discipline
518
19.8.
Expungement of Records
519
19.9.
Police Intervention and Juvenile Court
519
Conclusion
521
Index
523