Employment discrimination / Joel Wm. Friedman.
2010
KF3464 .F738 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Employment discrimination / Joel Wm. Friedman.
Published
New York : Aspen Publishers, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KF3464 .F738 2010
ISBN
9780735597297 (pbk.)
0735597294 (pbk.)
0735597294 (pbk.)
Description
xix, 328 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)643570166
Note
Includes index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xvii
Part I Proving Discrimination
ch. 1
Individual Claims of Intentional Discrimination
3
A.
Introduction
3
B.
The Basic Analytical Framework: A Tripartite Formula
4
C.
The Formula in Operation: Proving Pretext
6
D.
An Alternative Evidentiary Approach for Mixed Motive Cases
15
E.
After-Acquired Evidence
22
F.
A Quick Word on Affirmative Defenses
25
ch. 2
Systemic Claims of Intentional Discrimination
27
A.
Introduction
27
B.
Using Statistics to Establish a Prima Facie Claim of Systemic Disparate Treatment: Teamsters and "The Inexorable Zero"
28
C.
Another Statistical Model for Closer Cases of Systemic Disparate Treatment: Hazelwood
30
D.
Yet a Third Model of Statistical Analysis for Multi-Factored Decisions: Bazemore
32
E.
Another Brief Word on Affirmative Defenses
39
F.
And, Finally, this
40
ch. 3
Non-Intentional Discrimination: Disparate Impact
41
A.
Introduction
41
B.
Establishing a Prima Facie Case of Impact Discrimination
42
C.
Applying Impact Analysis to Multi-Factored Decisions and Subjective Criteria
45
D.
Defending Impact Claims: An Introduction
54
1.
An Affirmative Defense to Title VII Impact Claims: Job-Relatedness and Business Necessity
54
2.
An Employer's Alternative to Validation: "Norming" or Other Attempts to Avoid the Existence of Disparate Impact
57
E.
That's Not All, Folks
62
Part II Title VII Of The 1964 Civil Rights Act
ch. 4
A General Overview: Proper Plaintiffs, Suable Defendants, Covered Practices, Exceptions, and Exemptions
65
A.
Introduction
65
B.
Suable Defendants: Employers
66
C.
Suable Defendants: Employment Agencies
70
D.
Suable Defendants: Labor Organizations
72
E.
Proper Plaintiffs: "Employees" and "Individuals"
74
F.
Covered Practices
76
G.
Exceptions and Exemptions: Overview
78
H.
The Religious Discrimination Exemption for Religious Institutions
79
ch. 5
Special Proof Issues Under Title VII: Defenses, Sexual Harassment, and Retaliation
89
A.
Introduction: The Basic Proof Formulations Redux
89
B.
Affirmative Defense to Intentional Discrimination: [§]703(e)(1)[—]The BFOQ Defense
90
C.
Affirmative Defenses to Impact-Based Discrimination: [§]703(h)[—]Bona Fide Seniority or Merit Systems and Professionally Developed Ability Tests
98
D.
Sexual Harassment: Is It Actionable Discrimination?
101
E.
Sexual Harassment: Is the Defendant Employer Liable?
110
F.
Retaliation
116
ch. 6
Specific Issues Involving the Five Protected Classifications: Race, Color, Religion, Sex, and National Origin
125
A.
Religion-Based Discrimination and the Duty to Accommodate
125
B.
National Origin-Based Discrimination
129
C.
Discrimination on the Basis of Race and Color
132
D.
Discrimination on the Basis of Sex
133
1.
Introduction
133
2.
The "Sex-Plus" Doctrine
133
3.
Discrimination on the Basis of Pregnancy
135
4.
An Aside: The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
138
5.
Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation
138
6.
Reliance on Sex-Based Actuarial Tables
140
ch. 7
Enforcement: Procedures
147
A.
Title VII Procedural Requirements for Nonfederal Employees: Overview
147
B.
The First Step: Federal and State Administrative Charges
148
C.
Determining the Date of Discrimination
159
D.
Individual Suits: Permissible Scope
167
E.
Individual Suits: Preclusive Effect of Administrative and State Court Rulings
168
F.
The Impact of Arbitration Agreements on Litigating Title VII Claims
169
G.
Suits by the EEOC
175
H.
Procedural Requirements for Federal Employees
176
I.
Class Actions: Overview
179
J.
Class Actions: Rule 23 Analysis
179
ch. 8
Enforcement: Remedies
187
A.
Overview
187
B.
Equitable Relief
188
1.
Injunctive Relief
188
2.
Back Pay
189
3.
Attorneys' Fees
191
C.
Legal Relief
200
1.
Compensatory Relief
201
2.
Punitive Damages
204
3.
Cap on Damages
205
4.
Taxation of Monetary Damage Awards
207
D.
Equitable and Legal Remedies in Cases Involving Systemic Discrimination
207
E.
Affirmative Action
208
1.
Overview
208
2.
The Constitutional Limits
209
3.
Statutory Limits[—]Title VII Scrutiny of Affirmative Action
211
Part III Other Federal Antidiscrimination Statutes
ch. 9
The Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts-42 U.S.C. [§][§]1981, 1983, & 1985 [—]and the Equal Pay Act
221
A.
The Civil Rights Act of 1866-42 U.S.C. [§]1981
221
1.
Overview
221
2.
Coverage and Substantive Provisions
222
3.
Procedures and Remedies
224
B.
The Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section One-42 U.S.C. [§]1983
230
C.
The Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section Two-42 U.S.C. [§]1985(3)
236
D.
The Equal Pay Act
238
1.
Overview
238
2.
Coverage and Substantive Provisions
238
3.
Relationship to Title VII
241
4.
Procedure and Remedies
241
ch. 10
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act
245
A.
Overview
245
B.
Coverage
245
C.
The Meaning of Age Discrimination
247
D.
Proving and Defending Intentional Age-Based Discrimination Claims
247
E.
Proving and Defending Disparate Impact Claims
256
F.
Voluntary and Involuntary Retirement
258
G.
Public Employees and Constitutional Challenges to Age Discrimination
260
H.
Procedure and Remedies for Nonfederal Employees
264
I.
Federal Employees
266
ch. 11
Discrimination on the Basis of Disability
273
A.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
273
1.
Overview
273
2.
The Meaning of "Disability"
275
a.
"Regarded As"
275
b.
Physical or Mental Impairment
276
c.
Substantially Limiting
277
d.
Major Life Activities
280
3.
The Meaning of "Otherwise Qualified"
286
4.
The Dual Meaning of Discrimination
290
a.
Proving Adverse Action-Based Discrimination: Intentional and Disparate Impact Claims and Retaliation
290
b.
Causation
291
c.
Associational Discrimination
292
d.
Defending Adverse Action-Based Discrimination Claims
293
i.
Direct Threat
293
ii.
Bona Fide Insurance Plans
294
iii.
Job-Relatedness and Business Necessity
295
iv.
Religious Entities
295
e.
The Duty to Accommodate
298
i.
A Few Words About Genetic Testing
303
ii.
Drug Testing and Other Medical Examinations
303
5.
Procedures and Remedies
307
B.
The Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973
308
C.
Constitutional Claims
309