The institutionalization of torture by the Bush administration : is anyone responsible? / M. Cherif Bassiouni.
2010
HV8599.U6 B37 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Title
The institutionalization of torture by the Bush administration : is anyone responsible? / M. Cherif Bassiouni.
Published
Antwerp ; Portland, OR : Intersentia, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
HV8599.U6 B37 2010
ISBN
9789400000056 (pbk.)
9400000057 (pbk
9400000057 (pbk
Description
l, 301 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)457147109
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Dedication
v
Acknowledgments
vii
About the Author
ix
Foreword
xi
Key Actors
xxvii
Abbreviations
xxix
Chronology of Events
xxxiii
Introduction
1
ch. 1
The Prohibition of Torture under International and United States Law
13
1.1.
Introduction
13
1.2.
The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
17
1.2.1.
Interpreting the CAT
19
1.3.
International Humanitarian Law: The Geneva Conventions and the Customary International Law of Armed Conflict
24
1.4.
Other International Law Norms Applicable to the Prohibition of Torture
26
1.5.
The Bush Administration's Conception of the Non-Binding Nature of International Law and the Techniques of Redefining the Law
31
1.6.
The Prohibition of Torture under U.S. Law
38
1.7.
Overlapping Legal Regimes
41
1.8.
Conclusion
43
Appendix 1: Legal Definitions
45
ch. 2
Interrogation Techniques
51
2.1.
Introduction
51
2.2.
The New "Enhanced Interrogation" Techniques
52
2.3.
The Spread of SERE Interrogation Techniques
55
2.4.
Selected Case Studies of "Enhanced Interrogation" Technique
58
2.5.
Interrogations of Juveniles
59
2.6.
Conclusion
73
Appendix 2 Interrogation Methods
77
Appendix 3 Detention Related Abuses Occurring Across Multiple
81
Appendix 4 Military Responses to Interrogation Techniques
105
ch. 3
The Torture-Enabling Policy and its Trickle-Down Effects
109
3.1.
Introduction
109
3.2.
The Making of the Policy
110
3.3.
The Trickle-Down Effect from the White House
115
3.4.
Seeking to Establish "Plausible Deniability"
119
3.5.
The Spread of "Enhanced Interrogation" Techniques from Guantánamo to Afghanistan and Iraq
121
3.6.
Curtailing Due Process as a Way of Concealing the Practice of Torture
128
3.7.
The Decision Makers and Senior Executors of the Torture-Enabling Policy
137
3.8.
Conclusion
139
ch. 4
The Practice of "Extraordinary Rendition" and the Use of "Black Sites" by the CIA
141
4.1.
Introduction
141
4.2.
Legal Premises
142
4.3.
The Use of Secret Detention Centers - the "Black Sites"
147
4.4.
International and Domestic Laws Prohibiting the Use of "Extraordinary Rendition"
149
4.5.
Evidence of the Use of "Extraordinary Rendition" and Criminal Responsibility Abroad
156
4.6.
The Perfunctory "Diplomatic Assurances": A Transparent Fig Leaf
162
4.7.
Criminal Responsibility for Acts Performed as Part of the "Extraordinary Rendition" Program
163
4.8.
Extraterritorial Application of the U.S. Constitution
168
4.8.1.
Legal Analysis of the Non-Applicability of the U.S. Constitution - Extraterritorially
172
4.9.
Conclusion
177
ch. 5
Responsibility: Political, Legal, and Ethical Considerations
183
5.1.
Introduction
183
5.2.
The Political Responsibility of Congress
184
5.3.
The Legal Responsibility of Those Who Established the Policy and Senior Commanders Who Implemented
190
5.4.
Conspiracy to Commit Torture
202
5.5.
The Responsibility of Private Contractors Acting on Behalf of the U.S. Government
209
5.6.
Prosecution of Low-Level Executors as Avoidance and Impunity for Senior Officials
218
5.7.
Nuremberg: A Precedent for the Legal Responsibility of Professional,
224
5.7.1.
Introduction
224
5.7.2.
The "Justice Case"
226
5.7.3.
The Nazi Doctors' Case
231
5.8.
The Legal Profession's Ethical Obligations
234
5.9.
Those Who Abided by Their Professional Obligations
242
5.10.
A Prelude to Limiting Criminal Responsibility After the Fact
247
5.11.
Conclusion
250
ch. 6
The Obama Administration's Actions: January 2009 - April 2010
253
6.1.
Introduction
253
6.2.
What Was Done and What Has Yet to Be Done
254
6.3.
Conclusion
262
Appendix 5: Status of Cases before the Military Commissions, July 2010
265
ch. 7
Concluding Assessment
267
Table of Authorities
277