Children and the law in a nutshell / by Sarah H. Ramsey, Douglas E. Abrams.
2011
KF479 .R36 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Children and the law in a nutshell / by Sarah H. Ramsey, Douglas E. Abrams.
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KF479 .R36 2011
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
0314262903
9780314262905
9780314262905
Description
xlix, 636 pages ; 19 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)713214719
Note
Includes index.
Series
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
v
Table of Cases
xvii
ch. 1
The Status, Rights and Obligations of Children
1
A.
An Introduction to the Juvenile Court System
1
1.
Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
1
2.
Unified Family Courts
3
3.
Problem--Solving Courts
5
B.
The Nature and Sources of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations
8
1.
Introduction
8
2.
The Parens Patriae Doctrine
10
3.
The Police Power
12
4.
The Child's Duty to Obey
13
C.
The Evolving Conception of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations
14
1.
The Traditional Roles of Parents and the Government
14
2.
Meyer, Pierce and Parental Prerogatives
16
3.
Prince and the Movement Toward "Children's Rights"
18
C.
The Evolving Conception of Children's Status, Rightsand Obligations---Continued
4.
Brown and Gault: Explicit Recognition of Children's Rights
19
5.
Tinker and the Zenith of Children's Rights
22
a.
The Tinker Decision (1969)
22
b.
Disruption or Violence
24
c.
Hair Length, Dress Codes and School Uniforms
25
d.
Goss v. Lopez (1975)
27
e.
Board of Education v. Pico (1982)
28
f.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
29
g.
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
29
h.
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
32
i.
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
33
j.
The Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure and Drug--Testing Decisions: Vernonia (1995) and Earls (2002)
34
6.
Troxel and Parental Prerogatives Redux
35
7.
Synthesizing the Case Law
37
8.
Non--Constitutional Sources of Children's Status, Rights and Obligations
38
a.
Statutes, Administrative Regulations and Court Rules
38
b.
International Law
39
D.
May Children Articulate Their Own Interests?
43
1.
The General Question
43
2.
The Mature Minor Doctrine
46
a.
Introduction
46
b.
Constitutional Decisions
46
c.
Statutes and Common Law Decisions
47
ch. 2
Defining the Child--Parent Relationship
49
A.
Establishing Parental Status
50
1.
The Importance of Marriage
50
a.
Nonmarital Children and the Constitution
51
b.
Statutory Reform
56
c.
Marital and Civil Union Presumptions
58
d.
Surnames
60
2.
Who Is a "Father"?
62
a.
Unwed Fathers
62
b.
Errors in Paternity Establishment
65
3.
Who Is a "Mother"?
67
B.
Expanding the Concept of "Parent"
69
1.
Visitation
72
2.
Custody
75
3.
Defining "Parent" for Child Support
79
4.
Reform Proposals: The American Law Institute
79
C.
Guardianship and the Guardian's Role
83
ch. 3
Child Abuse and Neglect
86
A.
Introduction
86
1.
Constitutional and Statutory Framework
86
2.
The Child Protection System
88
B.
Reporting Statutes and Investigation
93
1.
Statutory Structure
93
2.
The Central Registry
94
3.
Reporters' Liability
97
C.
Limits on Intervention
99
1.
Investigations and Due Process
99
a.
Searches and Inspections
99
b.
Emergency Removal of the Child
101
c.
Self--incrimination
102
2.
Grounds for Intervention
103
D.
Patterns of Abuse and Neglect
105
1.
Neglect
106
a.
The General Concept
106
b.
Failure to Protect
111
2.
Psychological Maltreatment
113
a.
The General Concept
113
b.
Failure to Thrive
114
c.
Expert Testimony
114
3.
Abuse
115
a.
The General Question of Proof
115
b.
The Battered Child Syndrome
116
c.
The Shaken Baby Syndrome
118
d.
The Target Child
119
4.
Corporal Punishment
121
a.
The General Concept
121
b.
The International Picture
122
c.
Public Schools
123
d.
Domestic Violence Statutes
125
D.
Patterns of Abuse and Neglect---Continued
5.
Sexual Abuse
125
6.
Newborns With Positive Toxicologies
129
E.
Responsibilities of Child Protective Services
132
1.
No Duty to Intervene
132
2.
Tort Liability
134
3.
Wrongful Removal
135
F.
The Reasonable Efforts Requirement
136
G.
Termination of Parental Rights
139
1.
Due Process Protections for Parents
140
2.
ASF A Requirements and Additional Grounds for Termination
143
a.
ASFA Requirements
143
b.
Out-of-Home Placement
144
c.
Parental Absence
145
d.
Abuse of a Sibling
146
e.
Mental Retardation, Mental Illness, or Immaturity
147
H.
The Role of the Child's Attorney
149
1.
Role Ambiguity and Ethical Issues
150
2.
Malpractice and Immunity
153
ch. 4
Foster Care
155
A.
Introduction
155
B.
Foster Care Structure
157
C.
Permanency Planning
159
D.
The Foster Child's Right to a "Family"
163
E.
The Foster Child's Right to Services and Protection
168
F.
Liability for Harm
173
1.
Federal Civil Rights Actions
173
2.
Tort Liability
175
G.
Types of Placements
177
1.
Foster Parents
177
a.
Placement With Non--Relatives
177
b.
Kinship Care: Relatives as Foster Parents
177
c.
The Indian Child Welfare Act
178
d.
Racial and Religious Matching
182
2.
Institutional Care
183
a.
Placements and Poverty
183
b.
Types of Facilities
185
3.
Aging--Out of Foster Care
186
H.
Guardianship
187
ch. 5
Criminal Abuse and Neglect
189
A.
The Nature of Criminal Enforcement
189
1.
The Roles of Civil and Criminal Enforcement
189
2.
Issue Preclusion (Collateral Estoppel)
192
B.
Abuse, Neglect and Child Endangerment
193
1.
Overview
193
2.
Children Who Witness Domestic Violence
195
3.
Parental Privilege
195
4.
Abusive Discipline
196
5.
Abandonment
197
6.
Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor
198
7.
"Safe Haven" Statutes
199
8.
Void--For--Vagueness Challenges
200
9.
The "Cultural Defense"
202
10.
Parental--Responsibility Statutes
203
C.
Sexual Abuse
204
1.
What Is Child Sexual Abuse?
204
2.
Representative Statutes
205
a.
"Forcible" and "Statutory" Rape
205
b.
Incest
207
c.
Sexual Enticement of Children on the Internet
208
d.
Federal Legislation
210
3.
The Contours of Criminal Liability
211
a.
Gender Neutrality
211
b.
Mistake of Age
212
c.
Emancipation or Marriage
212
d.
Child Perpetrators
213
4.
Proving the Case
216
a.
General Difficulties of Proof
216
b.
The "General Child Hearsay" Exception
218
c.
The Victim's Ex Parte Videotaped Statement
220
d.
State Child Witness Protection Statutes
220
e.
Federal Child Witness Protection
223
f.
The Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause: Crawford's New Standard
224
g.
Children's Competency to Testify
228
h.
The Oath
228
i.
Manner of Examination
229
j.
Closing the Courtroom
230
k.
The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
231
C.
Sexual Abuse---Continued
5.
Prospective Restraints on the Offender
233
a.
Civil Commitment
233
b.
Registration and Community Notification
235
6.
Child Pornography
239
a.
New York v. Ferber (1982)
239
b.
Ferber in the Computer Age
241
c.
Child Nudity
243
d.
Private Possession and Viewing of Child Pornography
244
e.
Photo Processors
245
f.
Federal Legislation
245
g.
"Seating"
246
ch. 6
Adoption
249
A.
Introduction
249
1.
Historical and Contemporary Perspective
249
2.
The Effect of Adoption
251
B.
Who May Adopt a Child?
252
1.
Statutory Standing and the "Best Interests of the Child" Standard
252
2.
Determining Standing and "Best Interests"
255
a.
Single Persons
255
b.
Stepparents
255
c.
Grandparents and Other Relatives
256
d.
Foster Parents
257
e.
The Petitioners' Age
258
f.
Gay and Lesbian Adoptions
259
g.
Disabled Petitioners
260
h.
Adoption of Siblings
261
3.
"Equitable Adoption"
262
C.
Adoption Intermediaries and Their Regulation
264
1.
Agency Adoptions and Private Placements
264
a.
Agency Adoptions
264
b.
Private Placements
267
2.
Baby Selling
269
3.
Federal and State Subsidies
271
4.
Investigations or Home Studies
272
5.
The Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children
274
D.
The Consent Requirement
276
1.
The Requirement of Informed and Voluntary Consent
276
a.
The Nature of Consent
276
b.
Notice
279
c.
Forcible or Statutory Rape
279
2.
The Rights of Unwed Parents
280
a.
Stanley v. Illinois (1972)
281
b.
Lehr v. Robertson (1983)
283
c.
Michael H. v. Gerald D. (1989)
285
d.
Putative Father Registries
287
E.
Open Adoption
289
1.
The Growth of Open Adoption
289
2.
Enforceability of Private Agreements for Openness
293
F.
Cultural and Religious Identity
294
1.
Transracial Adoption
294
a.
Overview of Domestic Transracial Adoption
294
b.
Congressional Legislation
295
2.
Native American Adoption
297
3.
Religion
298
G.
International Adoption
300
H.
Post--Adoption Disputes
302
1.
Fraud or Negligence
302
2.
Annulling Adoptions
303
I.
Adoptees' Rights to "Learn Their Roots"
305
1.
Introduction
305
2.
"Good Cause"
308
3.
Disclosure Legislation
309
ch. 7
Medical Decision--Making
312
A.
Decision--Making Authority
313
1.
Constitutional Framework
313
2.
Common Law and Statutes
318
a.
The Mature Minor Doctrine
318
b.
The Child's Opinion
320
c.
Statutory Exceptions
321
3.
Experimental and Unusual Treatment
322
a.
Pediatric Research
322
b.
Unusual Treatment
324
c.
Organ and Bone Marrow Donation
325
d.
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
326
B.
Medical Neglect
327
1.
Immunizations and Screening
328
2.
Determining Medical Neglect
330
3.
Spiritual Treatment Exemptions
331
C.
Withholding or Terminating Medical Care
335
1.
When Parents Favor Withholding Treatment
335
a.
Older Children
337
b.
Special Rules for Newborns
338
2.
When Parents Oppose Termination
339
D.
Payment for the Child's Medical Care
341
ch. 8
Financial Responsibility and Control
344
A.
The Child Support Obligation
344
1.
Historical Background
344
a.
Inadequate and Inconsistent Awards
345
b.
Child Support Enforcement
347
2.
The Scope of the Parental Obligation
351
a.
The Intact Family
351
b.
When Parents Live Apart
352
c.
No Excuses
353
d.
The Obligor's Death
354
e.
Stepparents and Grandparents
355
f.
Same--Sex Couples
357
3.
Child Poverty and Government Programs
358
4.
The Child's Obligations
361
5.
Emancipation
363
B.
Capacity to Contract
366
1.
The Necessaries Doctrine
368
2.
Limits on Disaffirmance
369
3.
Ratification
370
4.
Marriage
371
C.
The Child's Property
372
1.
Trusts
372
2.
Uniform Transfers to Minors Act
373
3.
Use of the Child's Assets
374
4.
Wills
376
D.
Torts and Family Relations
377
1.
The Child's Liability
377
2.
Parents' Liability
382
D.
Torts and Family Relations---Continued
3.
Loss of Child or Parent
385
a.
Loss of Consortium
385
b.
Wrongful Death
385
c.
Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life
386
4.
Immunity
387
5.
Exculpatory Clauses and Settlement
388
a.
Releases and Waivers
388
b.
Settlement
390
c.
Indemnification Agreements
391
6.
Statutes of Limitation
391
ch. 9
Regulation of Children's Conduct
393
A.
Child Labor Laws
394
1.
Introduction
394
a.
The Sources of Regulation
394
b.
Agricultural Employment
395
c.
Parents' Rights to the Child's Earnings
397
d.
International Child Labor
397
2.
State Regulation
399
a.
Coverage
399
b.
Hazardous Occupations
400
c.
"Work," "Employment" or "Labor"
400
d.
Hours and Working Conditions
401
e.
Work Permits or Certificates
402
f.
Criminal and Civil Penalties
403
g.
Professional and Occupational Licensing
404
A.
Child Labor Laws---Continued
3.
Federal Regulation
405
a.
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
405
b.
Remedies for Violation
406
4.
Private Enforcement
407
B.
Alcohol Regulation
408
1.
The Minimum Legal Drinking Age
408
a.
Recent History
408
b.
Exemptions
410
c.
"Zero Tolerance" Laws
411
d.
Identification
412
2.
Dangers and Enforcement Difficulties
412
3.
Dram Shop and Social Host Liability
414
C.
Tobacco Regulation
415
1.
Children and Smoking
415
2.
Sanctions and Licensing
417
3.
The National Tobacco Settlement
418
4.
Foreign Export of U.S. Tobacco Products
418
D.
Driving Privileges
420
1.
Age Restrictions
420
2.
Parental Permission and Parental Liability
421
3.
"Abuse and Lose" Laws
423
E.
Child Highway Safety
423
F.
Gambling
425
G.
Firearms
426
1.
General Prohibitions and Restrictions
426
2.
"Gun--Free Schools" and "Safety Zones" Acts
428
3.
Safe Storage and Child Access Prevention Statutes
429
H.
Other Regulated Conduct
429
I.
Juvenile Curfews
429
1.
History and the Contemporary Landscape
429
2.
A Representative Juvenile Curfew Ordinance
431
3.
Constitutionality of Juvenile Curfews
433
J.
Status Offenses
435
1.
The Nature of Status Offense Jurisdiction
435
2.
Ungovernability
436
3.
Truancy
436
4.
Runaways
437
a.
The Scope of the Problem
437
b.
Federal and State Legislation
439
5.
Gender and Race
439
6.
The Deinstitutionalization Mandate
440
a.
The Nature of the Mandate
440
b.
The Overlap Between Status Offense and Delinquency Jurisdiction
441
c.
The Deinstitutionalization Controversy
442
7.
The Future of Status Offense Jurisdiction
444
ch. 10
Delinquency
446
A.
A Brief Look at Juvenile Crime in America
446
1.
Overview
446
2.
Juvenile Recidivism and Gangs
447
3.
Gender and Race
449
B.
The Juvenile Court as an Institution
452
1.
The Juvenile Court's Original Conception
452
a.
Individualized Rehabilitation and Treatment
454
b.
Civil Jurisdiction
455
c.
Informal Procedure
456
d.
Confidentiality
458
e.
Separate Incapacitation
458
2.
The Juvenile Court Today
458
3.
Federal Delinquency Jurisdiction
459
C.
The Contours of Delinquency
461
1.
The Minimum and Maximum Ages of Delinquency Jurisdiction
461
2.
Culpability
462
3.
The Insanity Defense
464
4.
Transfer
465
a.
Transfer Statutes
465
b.
The Transfer Hearing
469
c.
Some Ramifications of Transfer
470
d.
Race and Transfer
473
e.
Transfer Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act
474
f.
Is Transfer Effective?
475
D.
The Adjudicatory Process
477
1.
Arrest and Custody
477
a.
"Arraignment"
477
b.
Fingerprints, Photographs and Lineups
477
c.
Arrest Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act
479
D.
The Adjudicatory Process---Continued
2.
Search and Seizure
479
a.
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
479
b.
Age and Sex
480
c.
Acting in Concert With Police
481
d.
Individualized Suspicion
482
e.
The Exclusionary Rule in School Searches
483
f.
Locker Searches
483
g.
Metal Detectors
484
h.
Sniff Searches
485
i.
Strip Searches
486
3.
Interrogation and Confession
489
a.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) and Fare v. Michael C. (1979)
489
b.
"Juvenile Miranda" and the States
491
c.
Who Are "Law Enforcement Officers"?
493
d.
When Is a Juvenile "In Custody"?
494
e.
When Does "Interrogation" Occur?
495
f.
Exigency in the Schools
495
g.
Use of a Juvenile's Statement in Criminal Proceedings
496
h.
Voluntary, Knowing and Intelligent Waiver
497
i.
Confessions by Particularly Young Children
498
j.
Videotaping Juvenile Confessions
499
k.
"Terry Stops"
500
4.
Intake and Diversion
500
a.
The General Process
500
b.
Diversion to Youth Court
502
c.
Discrimination in Police Encounters and Intake
503
d.
Plea Bargaining
503
5.
Preventive Detention
504
a.
Due Process Considerations
504
b.
Preventive Detention's Effect on Adjudication and Disposition
505
c.
Bail
507
d.
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
508
6.
The Adjudicatory Hearing
510
a.
Introduction
510
b.
In re Gault (1967)
511
c.
The Role of Counsel
513
d.
Juvenile Waiver of the Right to Counsel
515
e.
Crawford in Delinquency Cases
516
f.
Competency to Participate in the Proceeding
517
g.
Discovery
519
h.
Admitting the Petition's Allegations
519
i.
Speedy Trial
521
j.
Jury Trial
522
k.
Rules of Evidence
523
l.
The Parents' Role
524
m.
Standard of Proof
524
n.
Double Jeopardy
525
o.
Delinquency Adjudication and Race
526
p.
The Hearing Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act
527
7.
Juvenile Court Confidentiality
527
a.
Proceedings and Records
528
b.
Confidentiality and the Media
529
E.
Disposition
531
1.
Fashioning the Disposition
531
a.
Introduction
531
b.
The Duration of the Disposition
532
c.
Pre--Disposition Information
533
d.
The Interstate Compact for Juveniles
533
2.
The Range of Dispositions
534
a.
Graduated Sanctions
534
b.
Probation
535
c.
Parental Responsibility
537
d.
Victims' Rights Measures
537
e.
Serious and Habitual Juvenile Offender Statutes
538
f.
Restorative Justice
539
g.
Blended Sentences
541
h.
Boot Camps
541
i.
Aftercare
543
j.
Dispositions Under the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act
543
3.
The Juvenile Death Penalty and Life Imprisonment Without Parole
544
4.
Collateral Use of Juvenile Dispositions
545
a.
Expungement and Sealing
545
b.
Apprendi and the Growth of Collateral Use
547
E.
Disposition---Continued
c.
Interagency Sharing of Information
549
5.
The Right to Treatment
550
a.
Private Litigation
551
b.
Federal Enforcement
553
c.
Reform Efforts
555
d.
Privatizing Juvenile Corrections
557
Index
559