Towards a European civil code / editors, Arthur S. Hartkamp [and others] ; authors, Christian von Bar [and others].
2011
KJC985 .T69 2011 (Map It)
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Title
Towards a European civil code / editors, Arthur S. Hartkamp [and others] ; authors, Christian von Bar [and others].
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2011]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Aspen Publishers
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KJC985 .T69 2011
Edition
Fourth revised and expanded edition.
ISBN
9789041133571 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9041133577 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9789069167152 (pbk. : alk. paper)
9069167158 (pbk. : alk. paper)
9041133577 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9789069167152 (pbk. : alk. paper)
9069167158 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Description
li, 1,125 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)695422623
Note
" Co-Publishers: Ars Aequi Libri."
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
About the Authors
xxxvii
Preface to the Fourth Edition
xlv
Abbreviations
xlvii
pt. 1
General Issues
1
ch. 1
Towards a European Civil Code / Ewoud Hondius
3
1.
Introduction
3
2.
Subject-Matter of This Book
7
3.
Constitutionality
9
4.
Codification
9
5.
Is It Feasible?
11
5.1.
Family law
11
5.2.
Contract Law in General
12
5.3.
Specific Contracts
13
5.4.
Tort
13
5.5.
Property
14
5.6.
Trust
15
6.
How to Proceed
15
7.
Conclusion
18
Bibliography
19
ch. 2
Roman Law and the Harmonization of Private Law in Europe / Reinhard Zimmermann
27
1.
Harmonization of Private Law in Europe
27
2.
The Re-Europeanization of Legal Scholarship
31
3.
The Ius Commune: A European Tradition
33
4.
̀Pure Roman Law' and Usus Modernus
34
5.
An Example: The General Concept of a Contract
35
6.
Ius Civile in Iure Canonico
37
7.
The Civilian Tradition Today
39
8.
The European Character of English Law (1)
42
9.
The European Character of English Law (2)
47
10.
The New Ius Commune
51
ch. 3
European Private Law, Lex Mercatoria and Globalization / Klaus Peter Berger
55
1.
Introduction
55
2.
The Economic Basis of the Ǹew Pragmatism'
56
3.
The New Lex Mercatoria as a ̀Pluralistic' Legal System
57
3.1.
The End of Sovereignty
57
3.2.
The Convergence of Legal Systems and the End of the Localization Doctrine
59
4.
The New Problem: In Search of ̀Marketing Strategies' and ̀Codification Techniques'
59
4.1.
The ̀Creeping Codification' Technique
60
4.2.
The ̀List Procedure'
61
4.2.1.
The Purpose of the List
61
4.2.2.
The List as a ̀Codification' Technique
61
4.2.3.
The Open-end Character of the List
62
4.2.4.
The ̀TransLex-Principles' at www.Trans-Lex.org: An Online Codification Platform for Transnational Commercial Law
63
5.
The Paradox of Pragmatism: From Informality to Formal Law-Making?
65
6.
Conclusion
66
Bibliography
67
ch. 4
American Private Legislatures and the Process Discussion / Richard Hyland
71
1.
Introduction
71
2.
Private Legislatures and Their Products
73
2.1.
The American Law Institute
73
2.1.1.
Restatements and Principles
73
2.1.2.
Transnational Projects
75
2.2.
The Uniform Law Commission
76
2.3.
The Uniform Commercial Code
76
3.
Process
78
3.1.
Restatements and Principles
78
3.2.
Uniform Laws
79
3.3.
The Uniform Commercial Code
80
4.
Criticism of the Drafting Process
81
4.1.
Focus on Enactability
83
4.2.
Consumer Protection
84
4.3.
Transparency
85
5.
Response
85
6.
Reform Suggestions
86
Bibliography
88
ch. 5
Private Regulation in European Private Law / Fabrizio Cafaggi
91
1.
Introduction
91
1.1.
Private Law and Private Rule Making in an Historical Perspective
93
1.2.
Private Regulation and the Regulatory State
95
1.3.
Private Regulation in the Collective Interest
96
2.
Private Regulation, Internal Market and European Legal Integration
98
2.1.
Private Regulation between New Modes of Governance and the Better Law Making Agenda
99
3.
The Institutional Complementarity between Public and Private Regulation in the European Multilevel System
100
4.
Private Regulation, the Four Freedoms and Competition Law
103
5.
Private Regulation and European Contract Law
106
6.
Private Regulation, Risk Control and European Extra-Contractual Liability
113
7.
Private Regulation and Unfair Commercial Practices
119
8.
Private Regulation and European Private Law: A New Framework
123
9.
A New Architecture
124
ch. 6
The Influence of Primary European Law on Private Law / Arthur S. Hartkamp
127
1.
Introduction
127
1.1.
The ECJ as an Actor in the Europeanization of Private Law
127
1.2.
The Main Focus of Interest of this Survey: Direct Horizontal Effect
128
1.3.
Indirect Horizontal Effect not to be Dealt with in this Article
128
2.
The FEU-Treaty
130
2.1.
Effects in Contract Law
130
2.1.1.
Articles 101 and 102 FEU [81 and 82 EC]
130
2.1.2.
Article 108 FEU [88 EC]
131
2.1.3.
Prohibitions of Discrimination
131
2.1.4.
Fundamental Freedoms
132
2.2.
Effects in Tort Law
134
2.2.1.
Liability of EU Institutions
134
2.2.2.
Liability of Member States
135
2.2.3.
Liability of Individuals
136
2.3.
Effects in the Law of Restitution
137
2.3.1.
The Condictio Indebiti
137
2.3.2.
The Condictio Indebiti Brought by An Individual against the Member State Or the EU
138
2.3.3.
The Condiction Indebiti Brought by a Member State against An Individual
139
2.3.4.
The Condictio Indebiti Brought by An Individual against An Individual
139
2.3.5.
An Action based on Unjust Enrichment
140
2.3.6.
Exceptions Based on Unjust Enrichment
141
3.
The General Principles of EU Law
142
3.1.
The Principle of Effectiveness
142
3.2.
General Principles of EU Law Originating in Private Law
144
4.
Secondary legislation
145
4.1.
Directives
145
4.2.
Regulations
147
5.
Conclusion
148
ch. 7
EU Directives as a Means of Private Law Unification / Peter-Christian Muller-Graff
149
1.
Introduction
149
2.
The Method
150
3.
The Potential Topical Scope
151
4.
The Legal Effects
152
5.
The Fields Covered
153
6.
The Potential for the Private Law System
155
7.
Merits and Problems
156
7.1.
Merits
156
7.2.
Problems
160
8.
Conclusion
161
Bibliography
162
Annex
165
ch. 8
Interpretation of the Directives: The Role of the Court / Stephen Weatherill
185
1.
Introduction
185
2.
The Court's Diet
186
3.
Case Law on the Consumer Acquis
189
4.
The Case Law on Procedural Autonomy
195
5.
Case Law on Liability
196
6.
The Case for and against a More Systematic Approach
199
7.
Conclusion
202
ch. 9
Competition and Contract Law / Katalin Cseres
205
Introduction
205
1.
The Common Function of Competition Law and Contract Law: Economic Freedom
206
2.
Economic Freedom in European Law
208
3.
Legal Questions at the Intersection of Competition Law and Contract Law
210
3.1.
A Case Study: Courage v. Crehan
211
3.2.
Inequality of Bargaining Power: A Qualified Laesio Enormis
213
3.2.1.
̀Bargaining Power' in Competition and Contract Law
213
3.2.2.
Qualified Laesio Enormis
216
3.2.3.
Fairness
221
3.2.4.
Abuse of Superior Bargaining Power
222
3.3.
Private Law Remedies in Competition Law
224
3.3.1.
Invalidity of Contracts
225
3.3.2.
Private Enforcement of Competition Law: European Economic Torts
228
Conclusions
233
Bibliography
233
ch. 10
Principles of Contract Law / Arthur S. Hartkamp
239
1.
Introduction
239
2.
The Work on the Principles
240
2.1.
UNIDROIT
240
2.2.
The Commission on European Contract Law
242
3.
The Nature and Possible Functions of the Principles
243
4.
The Contents of the Principles
247
4.1.
The UNIDROIT Principles
247
4.1.1.
Preamble and General Provisions
247
4.1.2.
Formation and Authority of Agents
248
4.1.3.
Validity
249
4.1.4.
Interpretation
249
4.1.5.
Content and Third-Party Rights
250
4.1.6.
Performance
250
4.1.7.
Non-Performance
250
4.1.8.
Set-Off
252
4.1.9.
Assignment of Rights, Transfer of Obligations, Assignment of Contracts
252
4.1.10.
Limitation Periods
252
4.2.
The European Principles
252
4.2.1.
General Provisions
253
4.2.2.
Formation
253
4.2.3.
Authority of Agents
253
4.2.4.
Validity
254
4.2.5.
Interpretation
254
4.2.6.
Content and Effects; Performance
255
4.2.7.
Non-Performance and Remedies in General
255
4.2.8.
Particular Remedies for Non-Performance
255
4.2.9.
Plurality of Parties
256
4.2.10.
Assignment of Claims
256
4.2.11.
Set-Off
256
4.2.12.
Prescription
256
4.2.13.
Illegality
257
4.2.14.
Conditions
257
5.
Concluding Remarks
257
ch. 11
Procedural Implications of Civil Law Unification / Konstantinos D. Kerameus
261
1.
Introduction
261
2.
Safeguarding the Civil Law Unification
264
2.1.
Substantive Rules Referring to the Commencement of Procedure
264
2.2.
Substantive Rules on the Borderline with Procedural Rules
265
2.3.
Procedural Rules which Support Substantive Rules
266
2.4.
Technical Procedural Rules
268
3.
External Parameters
269
3.1.
The Brussels Convention
269
3.2.
The European Convention of Human Rights
271
4.
Conclusion
273
Bibliography
274
ch. 12
Towards Proceduralization of Private Law in the European Multi-Level System / Christoph Schmid
277
Preliminary Remark
278
1.
Core Thesis and Structure of the Argument
278
2.
The Irresolvable Contest of Legal Disciplines
283
2.1.
European Law
284
2.2.
Comparative Law
286
2.3.
Private International Law
288
3.
The Misery of Methodological Nationalism and the Need for a Reconceptualization of Europe's Postnational Constellation
289
3.1.
Multi-level Governance as Analytical Paradigm in European Studies
290
3.2.
A New Conflicts Law as Response to the Misery of Methodological Nationalism
291
3.3.
Democracy and Private Law in the European Union
292
4.
Exempla Trahunt: Three Patterns of Europeanization of Private Law
293
4.1.
Product Liability Law: On the Decoupling of Consumer Protection from Its Social Fabric and Objectives
294
4.2.
Company Law: Co-original Economic Freedoms and Political Processes
298
4.3.
Altmark Trans: Diagonal Conflicts in the European Multi-level System
301
5.
Verba Docent: On the Procedural Legitimacy of the Europeanisation Process
304
5.1.
Transforming the Analytics of Multi-level Governance into Legal Categories
305
5.2.
The Idea of a Three-dimensional European Conflicts Law
305
5.3.
Constitutionalization Through Proceduralization
307
Epilogue: Conflicts Law, Proceduralization and S̀ocial Justice' in Europe's Private Law?
308
ch. 13
European Competence and a European Civil Code, a Common Frame of Reference or an Optional Instrument / Jacobien W. Rutgers
311
1.
Introduction
311
2.
Competence and a European Civil Code
313
2.1.
Introduction
313
2.2.
Article 114 TFEU (Article 95 EC) and the Tobacco case law
317
2.3.
Article 352 TFEU (Article 308 EC)
321
2.4.
Article 345 TFEU (Article 295 EC) and Competence
323
2.5.
Content
324
3.
Lack of Competence: The Common Frame of Reference
326
4.
Conclusion
327
Bibliography
328
ch. 14
Constitutional Aspects of a European Civil Code / Chantal Mak
333
1.
Introduction
333
2.
The Constitutional Case for Further Harmonization of Private Law in Europe
335
2.1.
The ECJ's Omega Judgment
335
2.2.
Implications for Private Law
337
3.
European Private Law in the EU's Constitutional Order
339
3.1.
The Harmonization of European Contract Law
339
3.2.
Constitutional Implications
342
4.
Form and Substance of a Code
343
4.1.
The Form of a Code: Legal Basis
344
4.2.
The Substance of a Code: Freedoms, Rights and Social Justice
346
5.
Conclusion: Towards à Lasting Constitutional Settlement'?
349
Bibliography
350
ch. 15
The S̀ocial' Side of Contract Law and the New Principle of Regard and Fairness / Brigitta Lurger
353
1.
Status Quo of European and National Contract Law
353
1.1.
The EC-Directives
353
1.2.
National Contract Law
357
1.3.
Main Categories of Protection Instruments
361
2.
The New Principle of Contract Law and What to Call It
363
2.1.
The Characteristics of the New Principle
363
2.2.
The New Principle as Part of a Larger Spectrum of Innovations in Contract Law
366
2.3.
What Should it be Called?
368
3.
How Does the Principle of Regard and Fairness Operate?
370
3.1.
The Limitation of the Two Main Principles as the Key Question for a Future Contract Code
370
3.2.
Personal and Situational Elements in the Protection System
372
4.
The Principle of Regard and Fairness and the Common Frame of Reference Project
374
5.
Conclusion
379
Bibliography
380
ch. 16
The Notion of Damage / Christian von Bar
387
1.
Introduction
387
2.
Damage, Loss and Injury in the DCFR
388
3.
Critique
389
4.
Points of Departure
391
5.
Loss as Damage
395
6.
Conclusion
399
ch. 17
Some Law and Economics of Harmonizing European Private Law / Fernando Gomez
401
1.
Introduction
401
2.
The Various Processes Leading to Harmonized Rules
404
2.1.
Legal Harmonization through Convergence
404
2.2.
Legal Harmonization through Coordinated Action
409
2.3.
Legal Harmonization through Political Fiat
410
3.
The Main Wrongs of (Some) Harmonization Processes from An Economic Perspective
412
4.
Harmonization of Private Law in Europe as Re-codification
418
5.
Conclusions
422
Bibliography
423
pt. 2
Substantive Law
427
A.
Family Law and Law of Succession
427
ch. 18
Is Unification of Family Law Feasible Or Even Desirable? / Dieter Martiny
429
1.
Introduction
429
1.1.
The Concept of a Èuropean Family Law'
429
1.2.
Unification and Approximation of Family Law
430
1.3.
The Alternative of Rules Governing Conflicts of Law
431
2.
Existing Uniform Rules
433
3.
The European Union
435
4.
Other European Institutions
438
5.
Academic Research
440
6.
Basic Issues in a Unification of Family Law
440
6.1.
Increasing Convergence
440
6.2.
Relationship to a European Codification of Civil Law
442
6.3.
Relation to Other Fields of Law
442
7.
Family Law Subject Matters
443
7.1.
Family Law and the Law Concerning Persons
443
7.2.
Matrimonial Law
443
7.2.1.
Formation of Marriage
443
7.2.2.
Marital Property Law
444
7.2.3.
Divorce
445
7.2.4.
Non-Marital Cohabitation
446
7.2.5.
Registered Partnerships
446
7.3.
Parent and Child
447
7.3.1.
Parental Responsibility
447
7.3.2.
Consequences of Divorce for Children
447
7.3.3.
Out-of-Wedlock Children
447
7.3.4.
Adoption
448
8.
Means of Achieving Unification
449
8.1.
Treaties
449
8.2.
Regulations
449
8.3.
Directives
449
8.4.
Framework Rules and Model Laws
450
8.5.
Restatements and Principles
450
9.
Conclusion
451
Bibliography
452
ch. 19
Harmonization of the Law of Succession in Europe / Yves-Henri Leleu
459
1.
Comparative Law, Ius Commune and Harmonization
459
2.
Typical Solutions in Succession Law
463
2.1.
Transfer of the Estate
463
2.1.1.
Direct and Immediate Transfer by Virtue of Law (French Type)
464
2.1.2.
Direct but Deferred Transfer (Austrian Type)
464
2.1.3.
Indirect and Deferred Transfer (English Type)
465
2.2.
Intestate Rights. Position of the Surviving Spouse
465
2.3.
Wills and Forced Heirship
466
2.3.1.
Formal Requirements
467
2.3.2.
Material Limitations: Forced Heirship
468
3.
Harmonization of the Law of Succession
469
3.1.
Convergence
469
3.1.1.
Application of European Community Law
469
3.1.2.
Influence of International Courts
472
3.1.3.
Spontaneous Convergence
475
3.2.
Unification
475
4.
Conclusion
478
B.
Contract Law - General Issues
481
ch. 20
Formation of Contracts / Rodolfo Sacco
483
1.
Introduction: What Do We Mean by a Contract?
483
2.
Offer and Acceptance: In General
484
2.1.
Solutions in the Various Legal Systems
485
2.2.
Which Solution Should Be Preferred?
487
2.3.
Contents of the Future European Civil Code
488
3.
Offer and Acceptance: The Gratuitous Nature Thereof
489
4.
Acceptance, Transfer and Receiving
489
5.
Revocation of the Proposal
490
6.
Battle of Forms
491
7.
Formation of Contracts and Good Faith
491
Bibliography
492
ch. 21
The Pre-contractual Stage / J.H.M. van Erp
493
1.
Introduction
493
2.
The Freedoms Which Find their Expression in a Market Economy
495
3.
Formation of Contracts: A More General Comparative Perspective
497
4.
Pre-contractual Dealings: The (Non-)Existence of a Duty to Negotiate in Good Faith and a General Duty of Disclosure
500
4.1.
The Duty to Negotiate in Good Faith
500
4.2.
The Duty to Disclose Essential Information
507
5.
Final Remarks: How to Bridge the Gap between English Law and the Other European Legal Systems?
509
ch. 22
Agency / Michael Joachim Bonell
515
Introduction
515
1.
Authority of Agent Distinct from Underlying Contract
518
2.
Actual and Apparent Authority
520
3.
Effects of Agent's Acts
523
4.
False Agent
528
5.
Conflict of Interest
529
6.
Ratification
531
7.
Termination of Authority
533
Conclusions
535
ch. 23
Defects of Consent in Contract Law / John Cartwright
537
1.
A Framework for Comparison
538
2.
Three national systems in comparison
540
(a).
English law
540
(b).
German law
544
(c).
French law
546
(d).
Comparative conclusions
549
3.
The Proposals of the DCFR
550
Bibliography
553
ch. 24
Illegality and Immorality in Contracts: Towards European Principles / Hector L. MacQueen
555
1.
Introduction
555
2.
Infringement of Fundamental Principles
558
3.
Infringement of Mandatory Rules of Law
561
4.
Severability
564
5.
Unjustified Enrichment
565
6.
Transfer of Property
566
7.
Damages
567
8.
The Code Europeen Des Contrats
568
9.
Conclusion
570
ch. 25
Standard Form Conditions / Thomas Wilhelmsson
571
1.
Introduction
571
2.
Procedural or Substantive Solutions'?
573
3.
Special Provisions on Standard Form Conditions?
574
4.
The Incorporation Problem
577
5.
The Battle-of-the-Forms Problem
579
6.
The Interpretation Problem
580
7.
The Fairness Problem
581
8.
Conclusion
584
Bibliography
585
ch. 26
Interpretation of Contracts / Hans Christoph Grigoleit
587
1.
Theoretical Background
587
1.1.
General Characteristics: Interpretation as an Element of Hermeneutics
587
1.2.
Self-determination and Freedom of Contract as Starting Point
588
1.2.1.
The Justification of Freedom of Contract
589
1.2.2.
The Function of Interpretation: Ascertaining the Intention of the Parties
590
1.3.
Legal Certainty, Protection of Reliance and Individual Responsibility as Correlatives of Self-determination
591
1.3.1.
The Problem of a Diverging Understanding by the Parties
591
1.3.2.
The Standard of Reasonableness and Good Faith as the Resolution of Diverging Understandings
591
1.3.3.
S̀ubjective' and Òbjective' Interpretation: The Will Theory and the Theory of Declaration
593
1.4.
The Scope of Interpretation
594
2.
Rules of Interpretation
595
2.1.
General Principle: The Intention as Seen from the Perspective of the Addressee
595
2.2.
The Significance of the Wording and the Need for its Meticulous Analysis
596
2.3.
The Prevalence of the Recognized Intention over the Objective Meaning
598
2.4.
General Remarks Concerning the Definition of Further Rules
599
2.4.1.
The Problem of Defining Rules of Interpretation
599
2.4.2.
Interpretation as a Balancing Approach
600
2.4.3.
Interpretation as a Matter of Law and Restrictions of Judicial Review
601
2.5.
Rules of Interpretation with Reference to Specific Circumstances
602
2.5.1.
Clauses Claires et Precises
602
2.5.2.
Interpretation of Written Documents: Parol Evidence Rule, Merger Clauses and Formal Requirements by Law
603
2.5.3.
Involvement of Third Parties and Commercial Contracts
605
2.5.4.
Interpretation Contra Proferentem
608
2.5.5.
Prevalence of Individually Negotiated Terms and of the Reasonable and Effective Meaning
610
2.5.6.
Examples of Questionable Rules in the DCFR
610
3.
Dealing with Lacunae in the Contract
611
3.1.
Lack of Agreement Despite Interpretation
611
3.2.
The Applicability of Suppletive Law in Case of Lacunae
612
3.3.
Ascertaining the Non-explicit Content of a Contract
613
3.3.1.
Completion of the Contract on the Basis of Implied Intent
613
3.3.2.
Reference to the Hypothetical Intention by Means of Constructive Interpretation
614
3.3.3.
The Source of Collateral Duties
616
Bibliography
618
ch. 27
The Concept of Good Faith / Martijn W. Hesselink
619
1.
Introduction
619
2.
Good Faith in Theory
620
2.1.
Introduction
620
2.2.
Normative Concept
620
2.3.
Open Norm
622
2.4.
Concretisation
623
2.5.
Functions and Fallgruppen
624
3.
Good Faith in Practice
627
3.1.
Contract Law
628
3.1.1.
Formation
628
3.2.2.
Validity
629
3.2.3.
Interpretation
629
3.1.4.
Content
630
3.1.5.
Privity
631
3.1.6.
Performance
632
3.1.7.
Hardship
632
3.1.8.
Remedies for Non-Performance
633
3.2.
Outside Contract Law
634
4.
An Alternative View
635
4.1.
Introduction
635
4.2.
The Judge and the Code
636
4.3.
Functions of Good Faith or Tasks of the Court?
638
4.4.
Good Faith is not a Norm
639
4.5.
Field of Application Unlimited
641
4.6.
Rejection of an Inner System of Good Faith
642
4.7.
Good Faith is a Cover
645
5.
Conclusion
647
ch. 28
Hardship and Modification (or ̀Revision') of the Contract / Martine Kloepfer-Pelese
651
1.
The Desirable Generalization of the Modification of Contracts in Case of Hardship
654
1.1.
A Maturing Technique
655
1.1.1.
A Methodological Question
655
1.1.2.
A Fundamental Question
659
1.2.
A Technique in Gestation
661
1.2.1.
The Tempered Eviction of the Contract's Modification in Case of Hardship
662
1.2.2.
A Technique in a Probationary Period
668
2.
The Desirable Harmonization of the Implementation's Conditions of the Contracts' Modification in Case of Hardship
670
2.1.
The Triggering of the Modification's Mechanism
670
2.1.1.
The Contracts to Which the Mechanism Is Applicable
671
2.1.2.
The Characteristics of the Unforeseeable Event
672
2.2.
The Modification's Procedure
676
2.2.1.
The Key Role Played by the Parties
676
2.2.2.
The Subsidiary Role Played by the Courts
678
ch. 29
Non-performance (Breach) of Contracts / Ole Lando
681
1.
Introduction
681
1.1.
The Subject Matter and Plan
681
1.2.
The Common Core
682
2.
The Laws and the Drafts
682
2.1.
The Common Law
682
2.2.
Nordic Laws
683
2.3.
German BGB before 2002
684
2.4.
French law
685
2.5.
CISG and Its Precursors
685
2.6.
Dutch BW of 1992
687
2.7.
PECL and PICC
688
2.7.1.
The system
688
2.7.2.
Duty to Achieve a Specific Result, Duty of Best Efforts
689
2.7.3.
Specific Performance of a Non-monetary Obligation
690
2.7.4.
Termination
691
2.7.5.
The Excused Non-performance
691
2.7.6.
The Categories of PECL and PICC
692
2.8.
The DCFR
693
2.9.
German BGB after 2002
694
2.10.
French Draft Revision of the Code Civil
695
3.
A Comparative Survey of Force Majeure and Hardship
695
4.
The Uniform Rules
696
ch. 30
The Foreseeability Limitation on Liability in Contract / James Gordley
699
1.
Introduction
699
2.
Causes for Suspicion
700
2.1.
The Rationale of the Foreseeability Rule
700
2.2.
Origins
703
2.3.
Application
704
3.
An Alternative: Disproportionality Should Matter
708
4.
The Harmonization of European Law
713
Bibliography
713
ch. 31
Limitation Periods / Michael Joachim Bonell
715
Introduction
715
1.
The Terminology Issue
719
2.
Limitation Periods as Distinct from Other Time Limits
720
3.
Duration and Commencement of the Limitation Periods
722
4.
Party Autonomy
724
5.
Suspension and Renewal of the Limitation Periods
725
6.
Effects of Expiration of Limitation Periods
727
7.
Scope of Application
729
Conclusions
731
C.
Contract Law - Specific Contracts
733
ch. 32
The Case for a European Insurance Contract Act / Jurgen Basedow
735
1.
The Single Insurance Market: A Survey
736
2.
The Single Insurance Market: A Critical Appreciation
740
3.
Goals and Perspectives
742
4.
Outlook on Political Implementation
746
5.
Outline of a European Insurance Contract Act
749
5.1.
Legislative Basis of Harmonization
749
5.2.
An Optional Instrument
750
5.3.
The Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL)
751
6.
A European Insurance Contract Act and the Common Law
754
ch. 33
Service Contracts / Marco B.M. Loos
757
1.
Introduction
757
2.
Development of PEL SC and Book IV.C of the DCFR
760
3.
..and development of PEL MC and Book IV.D of the DCFR
761
4.
Service Contracts in the DCFR
762
4.1.
Scope and Conflict Rules
763
4.2.
Price
768
4.3.
Directions, Warnings, Variations and Termination of the Contract
770
4.4.
Duty to Co-operate
775
4.5.
Obligations of Result and of Means
776
4.6.
Remedies for Non-performance of the Service Provider
781
5.
Concluding Remarks
785
ch. 34
European Law and Principles on Commercial and Investment Banking Contracts: An Advanced Area of Codification / Stefan Grundmann
787
1.
Introduction: Why Banking Contracts and Which Banking Contracts?
787
1.1.
Bank Contracts and Financial Services Contracts
787
1.2.
Quantitative and Qualitative Importance of EC Bank Contract Regulation
789
1.2.1.
Importance of EC Regulation in the Three Core Areas: A Survey
789
1.2.2.
Importance of EC Regulation on Financial Services as Compared to Other Services
793
2.
Investment Services
795
2.1.
Fully Fledged Scheme of Duties of Investment Services Contracts
795
2.2.
Duty of Loyalty and Best Execution
797
2.3.
Duty of Care and Individualized Disclosure Duties
799
2.4.
Differentiated Approach to Client Protection
800
3.
Payment Services
801
3.1.
Horizontal Regulation, Full Harmonization and Party Autonomy
801
3.2.
Examples for the Interplay
803
3.2.1.
Authorization and Revocation
803
3.2.2.
Authorization and Third Party Fraud
804
3.2.3.
Duties and Responsibility in the Interbank Chain
805
4.
Consumer Credits
806
4.1.
Less Change, More Traditional Approach
806
4.2.
Information Model (Old and New EC Consumer Credit Directive)
807
4.3.
Beyond Information Duties?
809
5.
Cross-Sector Issues
810
5.1.
Information Model
810
5.2.
Full Harmonization
811
5.3.
Focus on Overall System Building
813
5.4.
Consumer Law and General Contract Law
814
5.5.
Public Regulation and Contract Law
815
6.
Short Conclusions
817
ch. 35
Suretyships by Private Persons / Aurelia Colombi Ciacchi
819
1.
Introductory Remarks
819
2.
Are Private Sureties Consumers?
820
3.
Levels of Regulation
822
4.
Instruments of Surety Protection
824
4.1.
Form Requirements
824
4.2.
Information Duties Before the Contract is Concluded
825
4.2.1.
Specific Legislation
825
4.2.2.
Case Law
826
4.2.3.
Self-regulation
828
4.3.
Information Duties After the Contract is Concluded
829
4.3.1.
Specific Legislation
829
4.3.2.
Case Law
830
4.3.3.
Self-Regulation
831
4.4.
Invalidity or Adjustment of Disproportionate Obligations
831
4.4.1.
Legislative Solutions
832
4.4.2.
Case Law
833
4.4.3.
Self-Regulation
834
4.5.
Family Law
835
5.
Justification of Substantive Disparities in the Surety Protection
836
6.
Suretyships by Private Persons in the DCFR
837
Bibliography
838
D.
Tort
843
ch. 36
The General Conditions of Unlawfulness / David Howarth
845
1.
Introduction
845
2.
Codification, Harmonization and Diversity
846
3.
Codification and Judicial Reason
851
4.
Convergence, Euro-Scepticism and the Code
858
4.1.
Convergence
859
4.2.
Legal Culture
866
4.3.
Social Attitudes to the State
870
5.
A Separate Unlawfulness Requirement?
874
6.
Causation and Remoteness
882
7.
Conclusion
885
Bibliography
886
ch. 37
Product Liability: A History of Harmonization / Geraint Howells
889
1.
Introduction
889
2.
How Much Harmonization is Necessary?
890
3.
Modernization
894
4.
Defect and Development Risk
897
5.
Conclusions
901
ch. 38
Vicarious Liability / Gerhard Wagner
903
1.
Introduction
903
2.
Preliminary Clarifications
904
2.1.
Strict Liability and Fault-Based Liability
904
2.2.
Servants, Employees and Directors
905
2.3.
Independent Contractors
905
2.4.
The Requirement of Ìn the Course of Employment'
906
3.
Historical Background
906
4.
Comparative Overview
907
4.1.
English Law
907
4.2.
France
909
4.3.
German Law
910
4.3.1.
Fault-Based Liability
910
4.3.2.
Delict of Master, Delict of Servant
910
4.3.3.
Ways around [§] 831 BGB
911
4.3.4.
Strict Liability for Wrongful Acts of Directors
912
4.3.5.
Irrelevance of [§] 831 BGB
914
4.4.
Comparative Conclusions
914
5.
Liability for Others within the European Principles of Tort Law
915
5.1.
The Draft Common Frame of Reference
915
5.2.
Principles of European Tort Law
916
6.
Policy Rationales and Economic Analysis of Vicarious Liability
918
ch. 39
Liability for Harm Caused by Things / Franz Werro
921
1.
An Overview of the German, French and English Laws
924
1.1.
Liability for Things under German Law
924
1.1.1.
Liability without Fault as the Exception
924
1.1.2.
Variations on Fault, Risk-Based Liability and the Presumption of Fault
925
1.2.
Liability for Things under French Law
926
1.2.1.
The Expansion of Liability without Fault
926
1.2.2.
The Boundaries of Liability: Force majeure and Burden of Proof
928
1.2.3.
Causation
930
1.2.4.
The Connection of the Thing to the Defendant
930
1.3.
Liability for Things in the United Kingdom
932
1.3.1.
The Containment of S̀trict Liability' and the Dominance of Fault-Based Liability
932
1.3.2.
The Roads to S̀trict' Liability in Common Law and Legislative Regimes
933
1.3.3.
Land Liability: A Fault-Based Legislative Regime
935
2.
An Overview of the Rules Proposed by the European Group on Tort Law and the Study Group for a European Civil Code
935
2.1.
The Rules Proposed by the European Group on Tort Law
936
2.2.
Liability for Things as Proposed by the Study Group for a European Civil Code
937
3.
Analysis of the Two Proposals in the Context of Existing National Laws and the Desirability of a Uniform Law with Respect to the Liability of Harm Caused by Things
938
3.1.
Comparative Analysis of National Laws
938
3.2.
Assessment of the Two Sets of Proposed European Tort Law Rules
940
3.3.
The Desirability and the Political Feasibility of Uniform Rules of Liability for Harm Caused by Things
942
ch. 40
The Frontier between Contractual and Tortious Liability in Europe: Insights from the Case of Compensation for Pure Economic Loss / Vernon Valentine Palmer
945
1.
Introduction
945
2.
The Distinction Between Pure and Consequential Economic Loss
947
3.
The Standard Cases: A Taxonomy
948
3.1.
̀Ricochet Loss'
948
3.2.
̀Transferred Loss'
949
3.3.
Closures of Public Markets, Transportation Corridors and Public Infrastructures
950
3.4.
Reliance upon Flawed Data, Advice or Professional Services
951
4.
Present versus Future Wealth
952
5.
Irrelevance of Legal Families
954
6.
Liberal, Pragmatic and Conservative Approaches
954
7.
Awareness of the Time Factor
955
8.
Basic Arguments for the Exclusionary Rule
956
8.1.
The Floodgates
956
8.2.
In the Scale of Human Values
960
8.3.
In Historical Perspective
962
9.
In Search of a Common Core
963
9.1.
Absence of Methodological Common Core
964
9.2.
A Limited Substantive Common Core
964
10.
The Recoverability of Pure Economic Loss within the Perspective of a European Codification
967
10.1.
Pure Economic Loss Astride Private Law Frontiers
968
10.2.
A Destiny To Be Interpreted
969
Bibliography
971
ch. 41
Economic Analysis of Tort Law and the European Civil Code / Michael Faure
977
1.
Introduction: The Contribution of Law and Economics of Tort Law to the Harmonization Debate
977
1.1.
A Search for Principles
977
1.2.
Critical Analysis of the European Tort Law
979
1.3.
Division of Labour Within Federal Systems
981
2.
Some Lessons from the Economic Debate
983
2.1.
Starting Point: Respect Varying Preferences
984
2.2.
Transboundary Externalities or Race for the Bottom? Centralization!
985
2.3.
Harmonization of Marketing Conditions? No!
986
2.4.
Reduction of Administrative Costs? If Possible: Yes!
988
2.4.1.
Bottom Up Instead of Top Down
988
2.4.2.
Input of Economic Analysis
989
2.4.3.
Examine the Costs of Harmonization!
990
3.
Possibilities and Limits of Harmonization: Critical Appraisal
990
3.1.
Focus on Areas where Preferences do not Differ
991
3.2.
Where Preferences Differ: Don't Touch!
992
3.3.
No Harmonization of Conditions of Competition
995
3.4.
Take the Subsidiarity Principles Seriously!
995
Bibliography
996
E.
Property
1001
ch. 42
Transfer of Property / Ulrich Drobnig
1003
1.
Introductory Remarks
1003
2.
Three Issues
1004
3.
Consent or Consent and Delivery
1005
3.1.
The Principle of Consent
1005
3.1.1.
The Principle
1005
3.1.2.
Qualifications
1006
(a).
Generic and Future Goods
1006
(b).
Effects Inter Partes
1006
(c).
Effects vis-a-vis Third Persons
1007
(1).
Dispositions by Seller in Possession
1007
(2).
Dispositions by Non-Possessing Buyer
1007
(3).
Seller's Insolvency
1008
(4).
Buyer's Insolvency
1008
3.1.3.
Summary
1008
3.2.
The Principle of Delivery and Consent
1009
3.2.1.
The Principle
1009
3.2.2.
Refinements and Qualifications
1010
(a).
Asset Held by Transferee
1010
(b).
Asset Held by Third Person
1010
(c).
Seller in Possession
1010
3.3.
Evaluation
1011
4.
A Special Agreement on the Transfer of Property?
1012
4.1.
Delivery and Consent
1013
4.2.
̀Consent' Only
1014
4.3.
Preliminary Conclusion
1015
5.
Relationship Between Contract and ̀Real Agreement'
1015
5.1.
The Issue
1015
5.2.
The ̀Causal' Real Agreement
1015
5.3.
The Àbstract' Real Agreement
1016
5.4.
Equivalent Protection Against Contractual Defects?
1017
5.5.
Conclusions
1018
6.
Common Frame of Reference Book VIII
1019
6.1.
Introduction
1019
6.2.
Summary of proposed rules
1020
6.2.1.
Entitlement to transfer
1020
6.2.2.
Transfer of Ownership
1020
6.2.3.
Transfer of Ownership Excluded
1020
6.3.
Comment
1020
7.
Final Conclusions
1021
Bibliography
1022
ch. 43
Security Rights in Movables / Ulrich Drobnig
1025
1.
Introduction
1025
2.
Possessory Security: The Pledge
1026
2.1.
Economic Function
1026
2.2.
Historical Roots and Contemporary Legal Regime
1026
2.3.
Creation
1026
2.4.
Relationship Between the Parties
1027
2.5.
Protection Against Third Persons
1027
2.6.
Enforcement by Secured Creditor
1028
3.
Non-Possessory Security
1029
3.1.
Economic Function
1029
3.2.
Contemporary Legal Regime
1030
3.3.
Basic Models
1030
3.4.
Non-Possessory Pledge
1031
3.4.1.
Terminology
1031
3.4.2.
Creation
1032
3.4.3.
Generic Assets as Collateral
1032
3.4.4.
Protection Against Third Persons
1033
3.4.5.
Enforcement by Secured Creditor
1034
3.5.
Ownership (Title)
1034
3.5.1.
Reservation of Ownership (Title)
1034
3.5.1.1.
Simple Reservation of Ownership (Title)
1035
3.5.1.2.
Extended Reservations of Ownership (Title)
1035
3.5.2.
Security Transfer of Ownership
1037
3.5.2.1.
Creation
1037
3.5.2.2.
Effects
1037
4.
Monetary Claims as Security
1038
4.1.
Basic Models
1038
4.2.
Pledge
1038
4.2.1.
Pledge with Notification of the Account Debtor
1038
4.2.2.
Pledge without Notification of the Account Debtor
1039
4.3.
Assignment
1039
4.3.1.
Assignment for Security
1039
4.3.2.
Assignment for Sale
1040
5.
Conclusions
1040
5.1.
An Almost Unified Regime
1040
5.2.
Registration
1041
5.3.
Enforcement
1041
Bibliography
1041
ch. 44
Harmonization of Security Rights on Immoveables: An Ongoing Story / Vincent Sagaert
1043
1.
The Harmonization Impact of Immoveable Security Rights
1043
2.
Terminological Remark: Mortgage versus Hypothec
1046
3.
Hypothecs on Immoveable Goods Or on Registered Goods?
1048
4.
Security Rights on Immoveables as Formal Rights
1049
5.
Towards Autonomous Immoveable Security Rights?
1050
5.1.
Developments in Several Legal Systems towards More Autonomous Immoveable Security Rights
1050
5.2.
International Developments Enforce These National Developments
1054
6.
Towards More Flexible Immoveable Security Rights?
1055
7.
Towards Unified Or Interconnected Land Registers?
1058
8.
The Eurohypothec as Model?
1060
9.
Conclusion
1061
ch. 45
Good Faith Acquisition of Movables / Arthur F. Salomons
1065
Introduction
1065
pt. A
Good Faith Acquisition in English, French and German Law
1066
1.
England and Wales
1066
1.1.
Nemo dat rule
1066
1.2.
Common Law Exceptions
1067
1.3.
Special Statutory Exceptions
1068
2.
French Law
1070
2.1.
General Protection of Possessor in Good Faith
1070
2.2.
Revendication of Stolen and Lost Goods and the Exception of Article 2280 CC
1071
3.
German Law
1072
4.
Comparative Conclusions
1074
pt. B
How to Find a European Rule on Good Faith Acquisition?
1075
5.
Divergence and Archetypical Rules
1075
5.1.
Historical Approach?
1076
5.2.
Theoretical Approach?
1076
5.3.
A Law & Economics Approach?
1077
6.
The Economics of Unauthorized Transfer
1077
6.1.
Theft Under the Original Owner Rule
1078
6.2.
Probability of Tracing Stolen Property
1079
6.3.
Information Costs and Good Faith
1079
6.4.
The Interests of Trade
1080
6.5.
How to Find the Optimal Rule?
1080
7.
Conclusions
1081
F.
Trust
1083
ch. 46
Trust and Fiducie / Francois Barriere
1085
1.
Desirability of a Trust Throughout Europe
1086
1.1.
Economic Competition
1087
1.1.1.
Legal Systems
1087
1.1.2.
Reaction of the French Government
1087
1.1.3.
Possible Practical Uses
1088
1.1.3.1.
Legal Environment
1089
1.1.3.2.
Trust as a Management Device
1089
1.1.3.3.
Trust as a Security Interest Device
1090
1.2.
Desirability due to the Impact of International Conventions
1091
1.2.1.
The Hague Trust Convention
1091
1.2.2.
Other International Conventions
1092
2.
Feasibility of a European Trust
1093
2.1.
Structure of the Trust
1093
2.1.1.
Historical Development
1093
2.1.2.
Obstacles to a Trust Device in Civil Law
1094
2.1.2.1.
Concept of Ownership
1094
2.1.2.2.
Unity of Patrimony
1095
2.2.
Concept of the Trust Device
1096
2.2.1.
Similarity of Characteristics
1096
2.2.2.
Method to be Used to Incorporate the Trust Device
1099
2.2.2.1.
Transferring Ipso Facto the Trust
1099
2.2.3.
Creating an Analogous Institution: The Fiducie
1099
3.
Conclusion
1100
Bibliography
1100
Index
1107