Basic tort law : cases, statutes, and problems / Arthur Best, David W. Barnes.
2010
KF1250 .B427 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Basic tort law : cases, statutes, and problems / Arthur Best, David W. Barnes.
Published
New York, NY : Aspen Publishers, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KF1250 .B427 2010
Edition
Third edition.
ISBN
9780735594609 (hbk. : alk. paper)
0735594600 (hbk. : alk. paper)
0735594600 (hbk. : alk. paper)
Description
xxix, 912 pages ; 26 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)667610235
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface
xxvii
Acknowledgments
xxix
ch. 1
Introduction
1
I.
In General
1
II.
Categories of Tort Law
1
III.
Organization of This Book
2
IV.
Typical Stages of Tort Litigation
2
V.
How Tort Law Works Now: An Empirical View
4
Do We Really Know Anything about the Behavior of the Tort Litigation System --- And Why Not? / Michael J. Saks
4
VI.
How Tort Law Serves Society
8
The Critics and the "Crisis": A Reassessment of Current Conceptions of Tort Law / Steven D. Smith
11
ch. 2
Intentional Torts
15
I.
Introduction
15
II.
Battery
15
A.
Intent to Contact
16
Waters v. Blackshear
16
Polmatier v. Russ
18
Perspective: Historical Developments
23
B.
Intending Contact That Is Harmful
23
Nelson v. Carroll
23
Perspective: Judgments as a Matter of Law
27
C.
Intending a Contact That Is Offensive
28
Leichtman v. WLW Jacor Communications, Inc.
28
Andrews v. Peters
29
Perspective: Motion for a Directed Verdict
31
White v. Muniz
31
D.
Damages for Intentional Torts
36
Taylor v. Barwick
37
Perspective: Summary Judgment
39
III.
Assault
39
A.
Intending Apprehension of Imminent Contact
40
Cullison v. Medley
40
Brower v. Ackerley
42
Perspective: Motion to Dismiss
46
B.
Transfer of Intent Among People and Between Torts
46
Hall v. McBryde
46
Perspective: Transferred Intent
49
IV.
Defenses to Assault and Battery
49
A.
Consent
49
McQuiggan v. Boy Scouts of America
50
Perspective: Who Proves Consent?
52
Hogan v. Tavzel
53
Richard v. Mangion
54
Statute: Disturbing the Peace
58
B.
Defense of Self and Others---The Proportionality Principle
59
Slayton v. McDonald
59
Young v. Warren
62
Statute: Use of Deadly Physical Force against an Intruder
65
Statute: Use of Force in Defense of a Person
65
Statute: Home Protection; Use of Deadly Force; Presumption of Fear of Death or Great Bodily Harm
66
C.
Defense of Land and Personal Property
66
Woodard v. Turnipseed
67
Statute: Force in Defense of Property
71
Statute: Use of Force in Defense of Premises and Property (N.D.)
72
Statute: Use of Force in Defense of Premises or Personal Property (N.J.)
72
V.
Infliction of Emotional Distress
73
A.
Outrageousness
73
Zalnis v. Thoroughbred Datsun Car Co.
73
Strauss v. Cilek
76
B.
Severe Emotional Distress
78
Miller v. Willbanks
78
C.
Intent and Recklessness
82
Dana v. Oak Park Marina, Inc.
82
Perspective: Frontiers of the Outrage Tort
84
D.
Transferred Intent for Infliction of Emotional Distress
85
Green v. Chicago Tribune Company
85
ch. 3
Negligence: The Duty of Reasonable Care
91
I.
Introduction
91
II.
The "Reasonable Person" Standard
93
A.
Defining and Justifying the "Reasonable Person" Standard
93
Vaughan v. Menlove
93
Perspective: Law and Gender
94
Parrot v. Wells, Fargo & Co. (The Nitro-Glycerine Case)
95
Perspective: Social Costs and Benefits
97
B.
Reasonable Conduct as a Balancing of Costs and Benefits
97
McCarty v. Pheasant Run, Inc.
98
Perspective: Law and Economics
101
III.
The Range of Application of the Reasonable Person Standard
102
A.
Especially Dangerous Instrumentalities
102
Stewart v. Motts
102
Perspective: Explicit and Implicit Overruling
106
B.
Emergencies
106
Myhaver v. Knutson
106
C.
An Actor's Knowledge and Skill
109
Cervelli v. Graves
109
Perspective: The Reasonable Person Test and Juror Discretion
112
D.
Youth: Special Treatment for Minors
113
Robinson v. Lindsay
113
Perspective: Fairness to Victims?
116
Peterson v. Taylor
116
Statute: Liability of Parent or Guardian for Willful Destruction of Property by Infant Under 18
119
Statute: Parental Liability for Willful, Malicious or Criminal Acts of Children
120
Statute: Natural Guardian; Liability for Torts of Child
120
E.
Physical and Mental Disabilities
121
Poyner v. Loftus
121
Creasy v. Rusk
125
Perspective: Scientific Knowledge and Judges' Knowledge
129
IV.
Recklessness
130
Sandler v. Commonwealth
130
Perspective: Recklessness in the Contexts of Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics
135
ch. 4
Proving Breach
137
I.
Introduction
137
II.
Violation of a Statute
138
Martin v. Herzog
138
Thomas v. McDonald
141
Wawanesa Mutual livsurance Co. v. Matlock
145
Sikora v. Wenzel
148
Statute: Breach of Duty---Evidence of Negligence---Negligence Per Se
153
Statute: Presumptions Affecting the Burden of Proof
154
III.
Industry Custom
154
The T.J. Hooper
155
Elledge v. Richland/Lexington School District Five
156
Perspective: Compliance with Custom as "Only Some Evidence"
158
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Wright
159
IV.
Res Ipsa Loquitur
161
Byrne v. Boadle
162
Shull v. B.F. Goodrich Co.
163
Dover Elevator Co. v. Swann
169
Perspective: Counter-Intuitive Statistical Likelihood of Negligence
172
ch. 5
Legal Cause: Cause-In-Fact
175
I.
Introduction
175
II.
Basic Cause-in-Fact: The But-for Test
176
Cay v. State of Louisiana, Department of Transportation and Development
176
Perspective: But-for Cause and Toxic Substances
179
Lyons v. Midnight Sun Transportation Services, Inc.
180
Perspective: Moral Role of Causation
182
III.
Alternatives to the But-for Test
182
A.
Reasons for Alternatives
182
B.
Multiple Sufficient Causes
183
Kingston v. Chicago & Northwestern Railway Co.
183
Brisboy v. Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation
186
Perspective: Preemptive Causes
190
C.
Concert of Action
190
Shinn v. Allen
191
D.
Alternative Liability
194
Summers v. Tice
195
Burke v. Schaffner
198
Perspective: Alternative Liability
202
E.
Market Share Liability
202
Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly and Company
202
Statute: Infancy, Insanity
208
Statute: Actions to Be Commenced Within Three Years...
208
Statute: Certain Action to Be Commenced Within Three Years of Discovery
208
Perspective: Shifting Burden of Scientific Proof
209
Black v. Abex Corp.
210
Perspective: Fungibility and Market Share Liability
214
F.
Liability for Lost Chance of Recovery or for Increased Risk of Eventual Harm
214
Matsuyama v. Birnbaum
215
Petriello v. Kalman
219
ch. 6
Limits on Liability: Duty and Proximate Cause
223
I.
Introduction
223
Palsgraf v. Long Island Railway Co.
224
Perspective: Duty as a Question of Law
230
II.
Duty
230
Hegyes v. Unjian Enterprises, Inc.
231
Dykema v. Gus Macker Enterprises, Inc.
233
Graff v. Beard
235
Statute: Civil Liability for Social Hosts
237
Statute: Civil Liability of Persons Providing Alcoholic Beverages Eisel v. Board of Education of Montgomery County
238
III.
Proximate Cause
243
A.
Introduction
243
B.
Directness
244
In Re an Arbitration Between Polemis and Furness, Withy & Co., Ltd.
244
Laureano v. Louzoun
245
Statute: Occupational Diseases; Proximate Causation
247
Perspective: The Necessity of a Proximate Cause Doctrine
247
C.
Substantial Factor
248
American Truck Leasing, Inc. v. Thorne Equipment Company
248
Chelcher v. Spider Staging Corp.
250
Taylor v. Jackson
252
D.
Foreseeability
255
1.
Linking Liability to Foreseeability
255
Tieder v. Little
255
Perspective: Who Decides Whether a New Cause of Action Is Valid?
259
2.
Relating the "Eggshell Plaintiff" Rule to a Foreseeability Analysis
259
Schafer v. Hoffman
260
3.
Difficulty in Applying Foreseeability Analysis
264
Petition of Kinsman Transit Co.
264
E.
The Restatement (Third) Approach
268
Thompson v. Kaczinski
269
Behrendt v. Gulf Underwriters Insurance Co.
272
F.
Combining Approaches
276
Statute: Legislative Findings; Proximate Cause
277
Statute: Proximate Cause; Standard of Proof
277
G.
Intervening and Superseding Forces
278
1.
In General
278
2.
When Is an Intervening Force Treated as Superseding?
279
Price v. Blaine Kern Artista, Inc.
279
McClenahan v. Cooley
280
Statute: Proximate Cause
284
Perspective: Superseding Causes and the Direct Cause Test
284
3.
Negligent Treatment of a Plaintiff's Injury: Intervening or Superseding?
285
Weems v. Hy-Vee Food Stores, Inc.
285
Corbett v. Weisband
287
Statute: Effect upon Chain of Proximate Cause
291
Statute: Intervening Forces; Proximate Causation
291
ch. 7
Defenses
293
I.
Introduction
293
II.
Plaintiff's Contributory Fault
293
A.
Traditional Common Law Treatment of a Plaintiff's Negligence
294
Wright v. Norfolk and Western Railway Co.
294
Perspective: Contributory Negligence and Incentives to Avoid Accidents
297
B.
Modern Comparative Treatment of a Plaintiff's Negligence
297
McIntyre v. Balentine
298
Dobson v. Louisiana Power and Light Company
301
Statute: Comparative Fault
304
Statute: Comparative Fault; Effect
304
Statute: Negligence Cases---Comparative Negligence as a Measure of Damages
304
Perspective: Incentive Effects of Comparative Negligence
305
Jensen v. Intermountain Health Care, Inc.
305
C. Reckless Conduct
308
Coleman v. Hines
308
Downing v. United Auto Racing Association
311
Perspective: Last Clear Chance in Modern Practice
315
Statute: Effect of Contributory Fault; Definition
315
Statute: Joint Tortfeasors, Liability
315
Statute: Comparative Fault
316
Perspective: Balancing Reckless and Negligent Conduct
316
III.
Assumption of Risk
317
A.
Express Assumption of Risk
317
Wagenblast v. Odessa School District
318
Turnbough v. Ladner
322
Statute: Express Assumption of Risk
325
Statute: Waiver of Liability
326
B.
Implied Assumption of the Risk
326
Schroyer v. McNeal
327
Davenport v. Cotton Hope Plantation Horizontal Property Regime
330
IV.
Mitigation and Avoidable Consequences
335
Miller v. Eichhorn
336
Klanseck v. Anderson Sales & Service, Inc.
336
Law v. Superior Court
337
Statute: Fault
341
Statute: Failure to Comply; Fault; Liability of Insurer; Mitigation of Damages
341
V.
ImmUnities
342
A.
Sovereign ImmUnity
342
Statute: United States as a Defendant
342
Statute: Liability of the United States
343
Statute: Exceptions
343
Coulthurst v. United States
344
Perspective: Competencies of Branches of Government
349
Carter v. Chesterfield County Health Commission
349
B.
Intrafamilial ImmUnity
352
Boone v. Boone
352
Broadwell v. Holmes
354
VI.
Statutes of Limitation and Repose
359
Hanley v. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts
359
Kern v. St. Joseph's Hospital
360
Sedar v. Knowlton Construction Company
363
Statute: Effect of Disability
365
Statute: Claim by Minor Against Provider of Health Care; Limitations
365
Statute: Ten Years; Developer, Contractor, Architect, etc.
366
Statute: Limitation of Actions
366
ch. 8
Apportionment of Damages
369
I.
Introduction
369
II.
Apportioning Damages Among Liable Defendants
369
A.
Joint and Several Liability
370
Lacy v. CSX Transportation, Inc.
370
Sitzes v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc.
374
B.
Several Liability
376
Piner v. Superior Ct.
377
Statute: Recovery of Damages Based on Parties Responsibility
381
Statute: Limitation of Joint and Several Liability
381
Statute: Abolition of Joint and Several Liability; Exceptions
381
Roderick v. Lake
382
Perspective: Fairness and Several Liability
385
C.
Allocating Responsibility to Absent or Immune Actors
386
Sullivan v. Scoular Grain Company of Utah
387
D.
Intentional Conduct in a Comparative Setting
391
Slack v. Farmers Insurance Exchange
391
Perspective: Restatement (Third) and Responsibility for Intentional Actors' Wrongdoing
397
E.
Allocating the Risk of Insolvency
397
Statute: Liability of Multiple Tortfeasors for Damages
398
Statute: Apportionment of Damages
398
III.
Vicarious Liability
399
A.
Respondeat Superior
399
Trahan-Laroche v. Lockheed Sanders, Inc.
400
Perspective: Rationale for Respondeat Superior
402
O'Connor v. McDonald's Restaurants of California, Inc.
402
Perspective: Relating "Deep Pocket" to Enterprise and Risk Avoidance Theories
407
Santiago v. Phoenix Newspapers, Inc.
408
B.
Vicarious Liability for Vehicle Owners
411
Levitt v. Peluso
412
Perspective: Use and Operation of a Motor Vehicle
415
ch. 9
Professionals
417
I.
Introduction
417
II.
Professional Standard's Basic Definition and Rationale
417
Osborn v. Irwin Memorial Blood Bank
417
Perspective: Class Allegiance
421
Nowatske v. Osterloh
422
Perspective: Custom-Based Standards
426
Rossell v. Volkswagen of America
427
III.
Applying the Professional Standard in Medical Cases
431
A.
Geographic Scope of Professional Standard
431
Vergara v. Doan
431
Statute: Standard of Acceptable Professional Practice
433
Statute: CommUnity Standard
433
Perspective: Legislative and Judicial Roles
434
B.
Common Knowledge
434
McGraw v. St. Joseph's Hospital
435
Statute: Presumption of Negligence
438
Perspective: Malpractice Litigation and the Quality of Medical Care
439
C.
Informed Consent
439
Largey v. Rothman
439
Statute: Plaintiffs Burden of Proof for Informed Consent Claims
443
Perspective: Informed Consent
445
D.
Identifying the Defendant
445
Ybarra v. Spangard
445
Perspective: Using Res Ipsa to Identify Defendants
450
IV.
Legal Malpractice
450
Russo v. Griffin
450
Bevan v. Fix
454
Fishman v. Brooks
456
Carbone v. Tierney
460
ch. 10
Owners and Occupiers of Land
465
I.
Introduction
465
II.
Traditional Rules
465
A.
Trespassers
465
Ryals v. United States Steel Corporation
466
Merrill v. Central Maine Power Company
468
North Hardin Developers, Inc. v. Corkran
470
Statute: Liability of Owners or Occupiers of Land for Injury to Guests or Trespassers
473
Perspective: Deterrence and Corrective Justice Rationales for Limited Liability to Trespassers
474
B.
Licensees and Invitees
475
Knorpp v. Hale
475
Statute: Actions Against Landowners
478
Statute: Duty of Owner of Premises to Licensee
479
Statute: Standard of Care Owed Social Invitee
479
Richardson v. The Commodore, Inc.
480
1.
Slip-and-Fall Cases
483
Nisivoccia v. Glass Gardens, Inc.
483
2.
Open and Obvious Dangers; Natural Accumulations
488
Valance v. VI-Doug, Inc.
488
3.
Criminal Conduct by Third Parties
490
Seibert v. Vic Regnier Builders, Inc.
491
Perspective: Allocating Crime Prevention Resources
495
C.
Liability to Tenants and Their Guests
496
Borders v. Roseberry
496
III.
Modern Approaches
500
A.
Rejection of the Three-Category System
500
Nelson v. Freeland
500
Statute: Common Law Distinction Abolished, Trespasser
505
Perspective: Efficiency of Common Law Rules
506
B.
Changes in Landlord-Tenant Doctrines
507
Newton v. Magill
507
Perspective: Best Cost Avoider
510
ch. 11
Special Duty Rules
513
I.
Introduction
513
II.
Duty to Rescue or Protect
513
A.
General No-Duty-to-Rescue Rule and Its Exceptions
513
Lundy v. Adamar of New Jersey, Inc.
514
Statute: Good Samaritans
518
Statute: Liability of Physician, Dentist, Nurse, or Emergency Medical Technician for Rendering Emergency Care
519
Statute: Emergency Medical Care
519
Statute: Good Samaritan Law Duty to Assist
520
Statute: Duty to Render Assistance
520
Statute: Duty to Aid Victim or Report Crime
520
Perspective: Individualism, Altruism, and Duty to Rescue
521
Perspective: Feminism and the Duty to Rescue
521
B.
Obligations to Rescuers
522
McCoy v. American Suzuki Motor Corp.
522
Moody v. Delta Western, Inc.
524
Statute: Professional Rescuers' Cause of Action
526
C.
Protecting Third Parties from Criminal Attacks or Disease
526
Emerich v. Philadelphia Center for Human Development, Inc.
527
Perspective: Reliability of Predictions of Dangerousness
532
Bradshaw v. Daniel
533
III.
Duty Limited by Type of Harm
536
A.
Negligently Inflicted Emotional Distress
536
Robb v. The Pennsylvania Railroad Co.
537
James v. Lieb
541
Perspective: Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
546
Grotts v. Zahner
546
Rabideau v. City of Racine
548
Perspective: Contractual Basis for Negligent Infliction Claims
551
B.
"Mere Economic" Harm
552
532 Madison Avenue Gourmet Foods, Inc. v. Finlandia Center, Inc.
552
People Express Airlines, Inc. v. Consolidated Rail Corp.
556
C.
"Wrongful Pregnancy," "Wrongful Birth," and "Wrongful Life"
561
Greco v. United States
562
Statute: Wrongful Birth Claims, Wrongful Life
566
Statute: Wrongful Birth; Wrongful Life
567
Perspective: Wrongful Life and Birth and Defensive Medicine
567
IV.
Primary Assumption of Risk
568
Clover v. Snowbird Ski Resort
568
Statute: Acceptance of Inherent Risks
573
Statute: Skiers' and Tramway Passengers' Responsibilities
573
Statute: Duties and Responsibilities of Each Skier
574
Statute: Legislative Purpose
574
Statute: Sport Shooting Participants, Acceptance of Obvious and Inherent Risks
574
Jones v. Three Rivers Management Corp.
575
Statute: Colorado Baseball Spectator Safety Act
578
Statute: Limited Liability for Baseball Facilities
579
Perspective: Utility of Primary Assumption of Risk Doctrine
580
ch. 12
Damages
581
I.
Introduction
581
II.
Compensatory Damages
581
A.
Introduction
581
Gunn v. Robertson
582
Statute: Remittitur or Additur as Alternative to New Trial: Reformation of Verdict
585
Perspective: Contract and Tort Damages
586
Jordan v. Baptist Three Rivers Hospital
587
Statute: Wrongful Death; Damages
590
Statute: Survival of Actions; Death of Party
590
Statute: Action for Wrongful Death
590
B.
General Damages
591
1.
In General
591
2.
Pain and Suffering
592
Rael v. F & S. Co.
592
Giant Food Inc. v. Satterfield
595
3.
Hedonic Damages
598
Loth v. Truck-A-Way Corp.
598
Perspective: Hedonic Damages
603
C.
Special Damages
604
Moody v. Blanchard Place Apartments
604
Kaczkowski v. Bolubasz
606
III.
PUnitive Damages
615
Peete v. Blackwell
615
Shugar v. Guill
617
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell
619
Perspective: PUnitive Damages
627
IV.
Adjustments to Damages: Collateral Sources and Statutory Ceilings
627
Perreira v. Rediger
627
Statute: Modified Collateral Source Rule
631
Etheridge v. Medical Center Hospitals
632
Knowles v. United States
635
ch. 13
Traditional Strict Liability
641
I.
Introduction
641
II.
Injuries Caused by Animals
641
Clark v. Brings
642
Statute: Harboring a Dog
646
Perspective: Rationale for Strict Liability
646
Byram v. Main
647
Statute: Trespass on Cultivated Land
650
Statute: Recovery for Damage to Unfenced Lands; Exception
650
Statute: [No-Fence District] Formation
650
III.
Selected Dangerous Activities
650
Clark-Aiken Company v. Cromwell-Wright Company
651
Statute: Strict Liability for [Oil] Containment, Cleanup and Removal Costs
654
Perspective: Strict Liability for Non-Reciprocal Risks
655
Klein v. Pyrodyne Corp.
656
Perspective: Strict Liability Where Negligence Theories Fail
661
ch. 14
Products Liability
663
I.
Introduction
663
II.
Allowing "Strangers" to Recover for Negligence: Abrogation of the Privity Requirement
663
MacPherson v. Buick Motor Company
664
III.
Allowing Recovery Without Proof of Negligence: Development of Strict Liability
667
A.
Early Development
667
Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno
668
Statute: Definition of Consumer
672
Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.
672
Perspective: Total Occurrence of Injuries
675
B.
Restatements (Second) and (Third)
676
Restatement of Torts (Second): [§]402A
677
Restatement of Torts (Third): Products Liability
677
Statute: Definition of Product Seller
678
C.
Manufacturing Defects
679
In Re Coordinated Latex Glove Litigation
679
Myrlak v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
683
D.
Design Defects
686
1.
Consumer Expectation and Risk-Utility Tests
686
Malcolm v. Evenflo Co., Inc.
686
Morton v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
689
Perspective: Expectations About What?
693
Warner Fruehauf Trailer Co. v. Boston
693
Perspective: Risk Spreading
697
Denny v. Ford Motor Company
698
2.
Mandatory Proof of a Feasible Alternative Design
703
General Motors Corp. v. Sanchez
703
Statute: Product Liability Actions
707
Statute: State of the Art
707
Perspective: Choosing Among Tests for Product Defect
708
E.
Warnings and Instructions
709
Richter v. Limax International
709
F.
Special Treatment for Drugs
714
Freeman v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc.
714
Edwards v. Basel Pharmaceuticals
718
G.
Plaintiff's Carelessness or Misuse of Product
721
Smith v. Ingersoll-Rand Co.
722
Daniell v. Ford Motor Co.
725
Perspective: Best Risk Avoiders
727
Trull v. Volkswagen of America, Inc.
727
Hernandez v. Tokai Corp.
730
H.
Compliance with Statutes and Regulations
733
Freightliner Corp. v. Myrick
733
Perspective: Uniformity Versus Variety and Innovation
737
Statute: Compliance as Evidence
737
Statute: Government Rules Defense
737
Statute: Presumption for Compliance
738
ch. 15
Trespass and Nuisance
739
I.
Trespass
739
A.
Trespass to Land
739
Thomas v. Harrah's Vicksburg Corp.
740
Baker v. Shymkiv
742
Perspective: Historical Foundation for Trespass
745
B.
Trespass to Chattel and Conversion
745
Koepnick v. Sears Roebuck & Co.
746
United States v. Arora
748
C.
Privileges: Private and Public Necessity
752
Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co.
753
Marty v. State of Idaho
755
Perspective: Property and Liability Rules
759
Perspective: Moral View of the Necessity Defense
760
II.
Nuisance
761
Pestey v. Cushman
761
Armory Park Neighborhood Association v. Episcopal CommUnity Services in Arizona
764
Statute: Nuisance Defined; Action for Abatement and Damages; Exceptions
770
Statute: Prostitution Houses Deemed Public Nuisances
770
Statute: Smoking Prohibited in Municipal Buildings
770
Statute: Drug Paraphernalia Control Act
770
III.
Remedies
771
Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co.
771
Spur Industries v. Del E. Webb Development Co.
776
Perspective: Encouraging Valuable Land Use
781
ch. 16
Defamation
783
I.
Introduction
783
Henderson v. Henderson
784
Statute: Libel and Slander---Self-Publication
786
Statute: One Cause of Action; Recovery
786
Perspective: Internet Publication
787
II.
Defamatory Statements
788
A.
Libel and Slander Per Se and Per Quod
788
Gifford v. National Enquirer
788
Agriss v. Roadway Express, Inc.
791
Statute: Libel
796
Statute: Slander, False and Unprivileged Publications Which Constitute
797
Statute: Libel on Its Face; Other Actionable Defamatory Language
797
Statute: Special Damages
797
Perspective: Defamation by Radio and Television
798
B.
Opinions
798
Cook v. Winfrey
799
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
800
III.
Qualified and Absolute Privileges
804
Johnson v. Queenan
805
Shaw v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.
807
Statute: Employer ImmUnity from Liability; Disclosure of Information Regarding Former or Current Employees
810
Statute: Actual Malice
811
Statute: Qualified Privilege
811
Statute: Absolute Privilege
811
IV.
Constitutionally Required Proof of Fault
812
A.
Introduction
812
State v. Powell
813
B.
Defining "Actual Malice,""Public Figures," and "Matters of Public Concern"
814
1.
Public Officials
814
Amendment I: Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech and Press, Peaceful Assemblage, Petition of Grievances
814
Rosenblatt v. Baer
815
St. Amant v. Thompson
816
2.
Public Figures
821
Gray v. St. Martin's Press, Inc.
821
3.
Private Figures
824
a.
Private Figure Involved in an Issue of Public Concern
825
Khawar v. Globe International, Inc.
825
Perspective: Constitutional Treatment of Media Defendants
833
b.
Private Figure Not Involved in an Issue of Public Concern
833
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders
834
Statute: Libel or Slander
838
Statute: Prerequisites to Recovery of Vindictive or PUnitive Damages in Action for Libel
839
ch. 17
Alternatives to Litigation
841
I.
Introduction
841
II.
Replacing Litigation with Insurance Systems
841
A.
In General
841
B.
Workers' Compensation
841
Fryer v. Kranz
842
Cunningham v. Shelton Security Service, Inc.
846
Statute: Schedule in Case of Disability
850
Perspective: Reforming Workers' Compensation
852
C.
No-Fault Automobile Insurance
852
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Peiffer
854
Oberly v. Bangs Ambulance, Inc.
857
Weber v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.
858
Perspective: Applying No-Fault Concepts to Medical Injuries
862
D.
Statutory Responses to Specific Rare Injuries
863
Schafer v. American Cyanamid Co.
864
September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001
868
Table of Cases
871
Table of Statutes and Other Authorities
883
Index
893