Introduction to Turkish law / edited by Tuğrul Ansay and Don Wallace, Jr.
2011
KKX70 .I58 2011 (Map It)
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Title
Introduction to Turkish law / edited by Tuğrul Ansay and Don Wallace, Jr.
Published
The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2011]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Sold and distributed in North, Central, and South America by Aspen Publishers
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KKX70 .I58 2011
Former Call Number
Tur 300 In8 2011
Edition
Sixth edition.
ISBN
9789041134318
904113431X
904113431X
Description
xxii, 273 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)714505370
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
List of Authors/Contributors
v
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
Preface
xxv
Preface to the Sixth Edition
xxvii
ch. 1
Sources of Turkish Law / Adrian Guriz
1
I.
Introduction
1
II.
Customary Law (Orf ve Adet Hukuku)
2
A.
Custom in Civil Law
2
1.
Antiquity
2
2.
Continuity
2
3.
Popular Belief in the Rightness of a Custom
3
4.
State Sanction
3
5.
Agreement with Statutory Law
4
B.
The Function of Customary Rules in Other Branches of the Law
4
1.
Criminal Rule
4
2.
Commercial Law
4
3.
International Law
5
III.
Legislation
5
A.
In General
5
B.
Legislation in the Turkish Legal System
5
C.
The Main Characteristics of Legislation
5
D.
The Hierarchy of Enacted or Written Laws
6
1.
The Constitution (Anayasa)
6
2.
Codes and Statutes (Kanunlar)
6
3.
International Treaties (Milletlerarasι Andlasmalar)
1
4.
Statutory Decrees (Kanun Hukmunde Kararnameler)
7
5.
Regulations (Tuzukler = Nizamnameler)
8
6.
By-Laws (Yonetmelikler = Talimatnameler)
8
E.
Codes in Turkey
9
F.
The Problem of Interpretation
10
1.
In General
10
2.
Methods of Interpretation
10
a.
Grammatical Interpretation
10
b.
Logical Interpretation
11
c.
Historical Interpretation
11
d.
Teleological Interpretation
11
G.
Retroactivity of Laws (Kanunlarιn Gecmise Yurumesi)
12
H.
Enforcement of Statutes
12
I.
Repeal of Statutes
13
IV.
Court Decisions
14
A.
General Considerations
14
B.
Precedents in Turkey
14
C.
Court of Cassation (Yargttay, Temyiz Mahkemesi)
15
D.
The Council of State (Danιstay, Devlet Surasι)
16
E.
The Court of Accounts (Sayιstay)
17
F.
The Military Court of Cassation (Askeri Yargιtay)
17
G.
Court of Conflicts (Uyusmazlιk Mahkemesi)
17
V.
Doctrine (Books of Authority)
17
Selected Bibliography
18
ch. 2
Constitutional Law / Ergun Ozbudun
19
I.
Historical Background
19
II.
General Characteristics of the 1982 Constitution
26
A.
Nationalism
31
B.
Democratic State
32
C.
Human Rights
33
D.
Secularism
33
E.
Social State
34
F.
The Rule of Law
35
III.
The Legislature
36
A.
The Structure of the TGNA
36
B.
Elections for the TGNA
37
C.
The Legislative Process
38
D.
Control over the Executive
38
E.
Budgetary Powers
39
IV.
The Executive
40
A.
The President of the Republic
40
B.
The Council of Ministers
42
C.
Law-Making Powers of the Executive
44
V.
The Judiciary
45
A.
The Independence of the Judiciary
45
B.
The Constitutional Court and Judicial Review of the Constitutionality of Laws
46
VI.
Postscript
48
Selected Bibliography
49
ch. 3
Administrative Law / Sait Guran
51
I.
Introduction
51
A.
Subject Matter of Administrative Law
51
B.
Background
52
C.
Republican Era
52
D.
Emergence and Development of Administrative Law
54
II.
Basic Political and Legal Principles
55
A.
Legality of the Administration
56
B.
The Rule of Law
57
C.
The Concept of the Social State
58
D.
State Intervention in the Economic Field
59
E.
Secularism
61
F.
Indivisibility of Administration
62
G.
Unilateral Acts
63
H.
Judicial Review by Administrative Courts
63
III.
Administrative Organization
64
A.
Central Administration (merkezi idare)
64
1.
Central Departments
64
2.
Provincial Administration (tasra idaresi)
65
B.
Decentralized Administration (yerinden yonetim)
66
1.
Local Administrations (mahalli idareler)
66
2.
Functionally Decentralized Organizations (hizmetin yerinden yonetim idareleri)
68
3.
Public Professional Organizations (kamu kurumu niteligindeki meslek kuruluslarι)
71
IV.
Administrative Power
72
A.
Administrative Acts and Rule-Making Power
72
B.
Administrative Contracts
73
C.
Administrative Sanctions
74
D.
Emergency Powers
74
1.
State of Emergency
75
2.
Martial Law
75
3.
Judicial Review
76
V.
Public Personnel
77
VI.
Public Domain (Kamu Mallarι)
79
VII.
Control of Administration
80
A.
Non-judicial Control
80
1.
Control by Parliament
81
2.
Presidential Control
82
3.
Intra-Administration Control
82
B.
Judicial Control of Administration
83
1.
Basic Principles
84
2.
Organization of Administrative Courts
85
a.
Council of State
85
b.
Supreme Military Administrative Court
86
c.
Subordinate Administrative Courts
86
3.
Judicial Remedies
87
a.
Action for Annulment
87
b.
Full Remedy Action
88
c.
Plea of Unconstitutionality
88
d.
Recourse to the European Court of Human Rights
89
Selected Bibliography
89
ch. 4
Law of Persons / Tugrul Ansay
91
I.
General
91
II.
Beginning and End of Personality
91
III.
Registry of Personal Status (Nufus Kutugu)
92
IV.
Persons as Subjects of Rights; Capacity
93
A.
Persons as Subjects of Rights (Hak ehliyeti)
93
B.
Capacity to Act (Fiil ehliyeti, kullanma ehliyeti)
94
1.
Definition
94
2.
The Extent of Capacity
94
a.
Full Capacity
94
b.
Full Incapacity (tarn ehliyetsizlik)
95
c.
Limited Capacity (mahdut, sιnιrkι ehliyet)
96
V.
Domicile
97
A.
In General
97
B.
Domicile of Choice
97
C.
Domicile by Operation of Law
97
D.
Rules Regarding Domicile
98
VI.
Names
98
VII.
Nationality
98
VIII.
Protection of Personality (Kisiligin Korunmasι)
99
A.
In General
99
B.
Protection of Personality against Others
100
C.
Protection of Personality against Oneself
101
Selected Bibliography
102
ch. 5
Legal Persons, Societies and Business Associations / Tugrul Ansay
103
I.
General
103
II.
Theories of Personality
104
III.
Different Types of Legal Personalities
105
A.
In General
105
B.
Associations of Persons or Dedication of a Fund to a Specified Purpose
105
1.
Associations of Persons
105
2.
Foundations (vakιflar)
105
C.
Public, Private and Mixed Legal Persons
106
IV.
Ordinary Partnership (CO., Articles 530--541)
106
V.
Societies
106
A.
General
106
B.
Formation
107
C.
Legal Capacity of Societies
108
D.
By-Laws (Dernek tuzugu)
108
E.
Organization
109
1.
General Assembly (Genel kurul)
109
a.
Powers of the General Assembly
109
b.
Meetings
109
c.
Resolutions
110
2.
Board of Directors
110
3.
Control
110
F.
Membership (Azalιk, uyelik)
110
1.
Acquisition
110
2.
Termination of Membership
111
a.
Resignation (Cιkma)
111
b.
Dismissal (Cιkarma)
111
3.
Membership Rights and Duties
111
G.
Income of a Society
111
VI.
Business Associations
112
A.
General Classification
112
B.
Persons versus Capital
112
1.
Business Associations where Persons are Important
112
2.
Business Associations where Capital Is Important
113
C.
Business Corporations (Anonim Sirketler)
114
1.
In General
114
2.
Formation
114
3.
Organization
114
a.
General Assembly (Umumi heyet, genel kurul)
114
b.
Board of Directors (Idare meclisi, yonetim kurulu)
115
c.
Controllers (Comptrollers; Murakιplar, denetciler)
115
D.
Foundations (Vakιflar)
116
1.
In General
116
2.
Formation
116
3.
Organization
117
4.
Dissolution
117
Selected Bibliography
117
ch. 6
Family Law / Tugrul Ansay
119
I.
In General
119
II.
Engagement
120
A.
Agreement to Marry
120
B.
Breach of Engagement
121
III.
Marriage
122
A.
In General
122
B.
Conditions for a Valid Marriage
122
C.
Celebration of Marriage
123
D.
Marital Life
124
IV.
Matrimonial Property Systems
125
V.
Divorce and Judicial Separation
126
A.
General
126
B.
Grounds for Divorce
126
C.
The Role of the Judge in a Divorce Suit and Divorce through Mutual Consent
127
D.
Judicial Separation
128
E.
Legal Consequences of Divorce
128
VI.
Parent and Child
129
A.
General
129
B.
The Creation of Parent-Child Relation
129
1.
Natural Relation
129
a.
Relation to Mother
129
b.
Relation to the Natural Father
130
2.
Adoption
130
C.
Parental Authority
131
VII.
Guardianship, Curatorship, Statutory Advisors
132
A.
Guardianship
132
1.
In General
132
2.
Powers and Duties of the Guardian
132
B.
Curatorship
133
C.
Statutory Advisor
133
Selected Bibliography
133
ch. 7
Law of Succession / Tugrul Ansay
135
I.
In General
135
II.
Intestate Succession
136
A.
Parentals
136
B.
Other Persons Who May Inherit
137
1.
Children Born Outside of Marriage
137
2.
Adopted Children (C.C., Article 500)
137
3.
The Surviving Spouse (C.C., Article 499)
137
III.
Testate Succession
138
A.
Wills
138
1.
Capacity
138
2.
Form
138
a.
The Authentic or Official Will (resmi vasiyetname)
138
b.
The Holographic Will (el yazιsι ile vasiyetname) (C.C., Article 538)
139
c.
The Oral Will (Sifahi or sozlu vasiyetname) (C.C., Article 539)
139
3.
Revocation of Wills (C.C., Article 542)
139
4.
Beneficiaries
140
5.
Conditions and Charges
140
6.
Appointment of Executor
140
B.
Agreement of Inheritance (C.C., Articles 527 ff.)
141
IV.
Reserved Portion
141
A.
General
141
B.
Reduction of Dispositions (C.C., Articles 560 ff.)
142
C.
Debarment from Inheritance and Loss of Inheritance Rights
142
V.
Transfer of Estate (Mirasιn intikali)
142
A.
General
142
B.
Universal Succession
143
C.
Legal Status of the Heirs Prior to the Partition of Estate
143
D.
Determination of Heirs
144
E.
Debts of the Estate
144
1.
Official Inventory
144
2.
Official Liquidation (C.C., Articles 632 ff.)
145
F.
Disclaimer of Inheritance
145
VI.
Partition and Distribution of the Estate (C.C., Articles 640 ff.)
145
A.
Distribution by the Heirs
145
B.
Distribution by the Court
146
Selected Bibliography
146
ch. 8
Law of Property / Tugrul Ansay
147
I.
In General
147
II.
Property
148
III.
Ownership
148
A.
The Meaning of Ownership
148
1.
The Positive Aspect
149
2.
The Negative Aspect
149
B.
Ownership and Possession
150
IV.
Possession (Zilyetlik)
150
A.
Elements of Possession
150
1.
Physical Control
150
2.
Intent
151
B.
Acquisition of Possession
151
C.
Land Registry
152
V.
Extent of Ownership
153
A.
Ownership Under and Above the Land
153
B.
Component Part or Fixture
153
C.
Accessories
154
VI.
Participation of Several Persons in Ownership
154
A.
Co-ownership
154
B.
Joint Ownership
155
VII.
Acquisition of Ownership
155
A.
Acquisition of Movable Property
155
1.
Transfer of Title
155
2.
Original Acquisition
155
B.
Acquisition of Immovable Property
156
VIII.
Servitudes
156
A.
Definition
156
B.
Usufruct
157
C.
Real Servitude
157
D.
Mortgage
157
Selected Bibliography
158
ch. 9
Law of Obligations / Tugrul Ansay
159
I.
Contracts
160
A.
Definition and Classification
160
1.
Definition
160
2.
Effectiveness of Contracts
160
3.
New Trends
161
B.
A Valid Agreement
161
C.
Capacity (Islem ehliyeti, Muamele ehliyeti)
162
D.
Genuineness of Assent
162
1.
Mistake
163
2.
Fraud
164
3.
Duress
164
E.
Legal Cause
164
F.
Legality of the Subject Matter
164
1.
Freedom of Contract
164
2.
Limitation of Freedom of Contract
165
a.
General Remarks
165
b.
Specific Limitations of the Freedom of Contract
165
G.
Form of Contract
167
1.
In General
167
2.
Effects of the Written Form
167
a.
Written Form as a Means of Proof
167
b.
Written Form as a Prerequisite of Validity
167
H.
Termination of Contracts
168
II.
Torts
169
A.
General
169
B.
Conditions for Torts
169
1.
Acts against law
169
2.
Damage
170
3.
Causal Relation
170
4.
Negligence
170
C.
Compensation
171
D.
Third Party Injuries
171
E.
Statute of Limitations (Zamanasιmι)
171
III.
Unjust Enrichment
172
A.
General
172
B.
Conditions
172
C.
Statute of Limitations
172
Selected Bibliography
172
ch. 10
Criminal Law / R. Murat Onok
175
I.
Introduction and General Information
175
A.
The Function and Purpose of Penal Law
175
B.
Fundamental Principles Governing Turkish Penal Law
176
1.
Rule of Law (Hukuk Devleti Ilkesi)
176
2.
Humanism (Insancιllιk)
176
3.
Principle of Legality (No Crime or Punishment without Law, Kanunsuz Suc ve Ceza olmaz, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege e Nulla Poena Sine Lege)
177
4.
Proportionality (Orantιlιlιk)
177
5.
Equality Before the Law (Kanun Onunde Esitlik)
178
6.
No Punishment Without Guilt (Kusur Ilkesi, Nullum Crimen Sine Culpa)
178
7.
Personal Penal Responsibility (Ceza Sorumlulugunun Sahsiligi)
178
C.
Sources of Turkish Penal Law
179
D.
Scope of Application of the Turkish PC
180
1.
Temporal Scope of Application (Application ratione temporis, Zaman Bakιmιndan Uygulama Alanι)
180
2.
Territorial Scope of Application (Application ratione loci, Yer Bakιmιndan Uygulama Alanι)
181
3.
Personal Scope of Application (Application ratione personae, Kisi Bahmιndan Uygulama Alanι)
183
E.
Extradition (Iade/Geri Verme)
184
II.
Crime
185
A.
The Definition of Crime and Its Elements
185
B.
Other Conditions Not Constituting Elements of Crimes
186
C.
The Legal and Material Element(s of the Crime) (Kanuni Unsur/Tipe Uygun Eylem Ve Sucun Maddi Unsurlarι)
187
D.
Unlawfulness (Hukuka Aykιrιlιk)
189
1.
Scope of the Concept
189
2.
Grounds of Justification
190
E.
The Moral Element(s) (Mens Rea -- Manevi Unsur (lar))
191
1.
In General
191
2.
Criminal Capacity (Kusur/Isnad yetenegi)
192
a.
Minority of Age
192
b.
Deafness/Muteness
193
c.
Mental Disorder
193
d.
Transitory/Extraneous Reasons, and Being under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs
193
3.
Intent (Dolus, Kast)
194
4.
Negligence (Taksir)
194
5.
The Aggravation of an Offence Due to its Consequences (Netice Sebebiyle Agιrlasan Suclar)
195
6.
Conditions Affecting Culpability and Unjust Provocation (Kusurlulugu Etkileyen Nedenler ve Haksιz Tahrik)
195
F.
Types of Manifestation of the Crime (Sucun Ozel Gorunus, Sekilleri)
198
1.
Attempt (Tesebbus)
198
2.
Participation (Istirak)
200
3.
Multiplicity/Aggregation of Crimes (Suclarιn Ictimaι/Birlesmesi)
201
a.
Compound Crime (Bilesik/Murekkep Suc)
201
b.
Continuous Crime (Zincirleme/Muteselsil suc)
202
c.
Formal Aggregation (Fikri ictima)
202
III.
Sanctions (Yaptιrιmlar)
202
A.
Types of Sanctions
202
1.
Imprisonment (Hapis Cezasι)
203
2.
Judicial Fine (Adli Para Cezasι)
204
3.
Reformatory/Preventive/Security Measures (Guvenlik Tedbirleri)
205
B.
Determination and Individualization of the Punishment (Cezanιn Belirlenmesi ve Bireysellestirilmesi)
206
C.
Suspending the Execution of the Sentence of Imprisonment (Hapis Cezasιnιn Ertelenmesi)
207
D.
Conditional Release (Kosullu Salιverilme)
208
IV.
Dismissal of Action (Discontinuance of Proceedings) and Setting Aside of the Punishment (Dava ve Ceza Iliskisini Dusuren Sebepler)
209
A.
Death of the Accused Or the Convict -- Sanιgιn veya Hukumlunun Olumu
209
B.
Amnesty (Genel Af) and Pardon (Ozel Af)
209
C.
Statute of Limitations (Zamanasιmι)
209
D.
Waiving the Complaint (Sikayetten Vazgecme)
211
E.
Advance Payment (Onodeme)
211
Selected Bibliography
211
ch. 11
Law of Procedure / Haluk Konuralp
213
1.
Introduction
213
A.
General
213
B.
Court Structure
214
C.
Persons Participating in the Administration of Justice
215
1.
Judges
215
2.
Court Reporters or Clerks
216
3.
Public Prosecutors
217
4.
Practising Lawyers
217
5.
Notary
217
II.
Law of Civil Procedure
218
A.
Commencing an Action
218
1.
General
218
2.
Ordinary Procedure
218
a.
Jurisdiction
218
i.
Competence (gorev, vazife)
218
ii.
Venue (yetki, salahiyet)
219
b.
Petition of the Case
219
c.
Notice of the Defendant (Tebligat)
221
d.
Defendant's Response (Petition of Reply, Cevap layihasι)
221
e.
Pre-trial Practice
222
B.
Evidence (Delil)
223
1.
Burden of Proof
223
2.
Means of Proof
223
a.
Written Instruments or Deeds
223
b.
Books of Account
224
c.
Witnesses
224
d.
Oath
226
i.
Oath Demanded by the Judge
226
ii.
Oath Demanded by a Litigant
226
e.
Expert Evidence
226
3.
Depositions
227
4.
View and Real Evidence
227
C.
Rendition of Judgment
227
1.
Final Decision
227
2.
Form of Judgment
228
3.
Effect of Judgment
228
D.
Appeal (Temyiz)
229
1.
General
229
2.
Questions Open on Appeal
230
3.
Procedure
230
E.
Summary Procedures
230
1.
Accelerated Procedures
231
2.
Summary Procedures for Debt Collection
231
a.
Ordinary Attachment Procedure
231
b.
Attachment Procedure for Claims Based on Commercial Papers
232
F.
Enforcement of Judgments
232
1.
Money-Judgments and Judgments for Cancellation of the Debtor's Opposition
232
2.
Judgments for the Recovery of Immovable Property
233
3.
Judgments for An Order to Perform Or Refrain from Performing An Act
234
G.
Law Reform
234
Selected Bibliography
235
ch. 12
Criminal Procedure / Feridun Yenisey
237
I.
The Organization of Criminal Justice in Turkey
237
A.
Criminal Courts
238
1.
Courts of First Instance
238
2.
Courts of Higher Instances
238
B.
The Subject Matter Jurisdiction of the Courts
239
C.
The Venue
239
D.
The Judge
239
E.
The Office of the Chief Public Prosecution
240
F.
The Police
240
G.
The Suspect and the Accused
241
H.
The Public Defender
241
I.
The Victim of the Crime and the Injured Party
241
J.
The Intervening Party
242
II.
The Powers of the State within the Criminal Investigation
242
A.
Covert Investigations
242
B.
The Powers to Stop and Check
242
C.
The Powers to Search
242
D.
The Powers of Seizure
243
E.
The Power of Arrest
243
F.
Pre-trial Detention (Tutuklama)
244
G.
The Warrant of Attachment (Zorla getirme kararι)
244
H.
Interviewing the Accused (Ifade alma)
244
I.
The Interviewing of Witnesses
245
III.
Phases of the Criminal Procedure: Investigation Phase
245
A.
The Investigation Phase
245
B.
The Duty to Prosecute
246
C.
The Closing of the Investigation
246
D.
Objection to Dropping the Prosecution
247
E.
Discretion in Filing a Public Claim and Suspension of Prosecution
247
F.
The Bill of Indictment (iddianame)
248
IV.
The Prosecution Phase (Trial)
248
A.
Introduction
248
B.
The Preparation of the Trial Session
248
C.
The Trial Session
249
D.
The Evidence
249
E.
The Exclusion of Evidence
250
F.
The Conclusion of Trial, Judgment of the Court and the ̀Postponement of the Announcement of the Judgment'
250
G.
The Enforcement of Final Judgments
251
V.
Ordinary Legal Remedies
251
A.
Objections (itiraz)
251
B.
The Appeal on Fact and Law (istinaf)
252
C.
The Appeal on Law (temyiz)
252
VI.
Extraordinary Legal Remedies
253
A.
Extraordinary Opposition of the Attorney General (Yargιtay cumhuriyet bassavcιsιnιn itiraz yetkisi)
253
B.
Reversal in Favour of the Administration of Justice (kanun yararιna bozma)
253
C.
Re-opening a Trial That Had Been Concluded with a Final Judgment
254
Selected Bibliography
255
Index
257