Security : a general principle of social security law in Europe / edited by Ulrich Becker [and others].
2010
KJC3385 .S43 2010 (Map It)
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Title
Security : a general principle of social security law in Europe / edited by Ulrich Becker [and others].
Published
Groningen : Europa Law Pub., 2010.
Call Number
KJC3385 .S43 2010
ISBN
9789089520630
9089520635
9089520635
Description
xxiii ; 649 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)466359611
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Contents
vii
Authors
xxi
ch. 1
Introduction to the General Principles of Social Security Law in Europe / Ulrich Becker
1
1.
Introduction
3
2.
Theoretical background: on legal principles-a comparative view
4
2.1.
Principles as explanations of legal structures
4
2.2.
Principles and the methodology of legal comparison
5
2.2.1.
Starting point: functionality
6
2.2.2.
Outcome: legal comparison and legal doctrine
7
2.3.
Principles and social security law
9
2.3.1.
Research in other fields of law
9
2.3.2.
Peculiarities of social security law
10
3.
Research agenda
13
3.1.
Preliminary remarks
13
3.1.1.
Functional approach
13
3.1.2.
Underlying concept and limitations
13
3.2.
A catalogue of general principles
15
3.2.1.
Solidarity: the collective aspect
15
3.2.2.
Individual responsibility: the individual aspect
16
3.2.3.
Protection: the paternalistic and procedural aspect
16
3.3.
Security as a general principle: the time dimension
17
3.4.
Questionnaire
17
ch. 2
Country Report on Belgium / Paul Schoukens
21
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
23
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
23
1.1.
Article 23 of the Belgian Constitution
23
1.1.1.
Contents
23
1.1.2.
Content analysis
24
1.1.3.
Direct effect
27
1.1.4.
Corresponding obligations
29
1.1.5.
Standstill principle
29
1.1.6.
Conclusion
31
1.2.
Other constitutional provisions
32
1.3.
Statute holding the General Principles of Social Security for Wage Earners
33
1.4.
Practical relevance of international law instruments
37
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
38
2.1.
Property right and the Belgian Constitution
38
2.2.
Property right and the ECHR
40
2.3.
The principles of confidence and legal security; àcquired rights' in the Belgian social security legal order
42
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
43
4.
Executive-branch regulations
46
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
47
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
47
1.1.
Discretionary powers in social security law
47
1.2.
Policy rules in answer to the attribution of discretionary powers
49
1.3.
Limits to the exercise of discretionary powers by social security institutions
51
1.3.1.
Preventive legal protection
52
1.3.2.
Repressive (judicial) legal protection
56
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
59
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
59
3.1.
Wrong decision as to affiliation
60
3.2.
Wrong decision leading to undue benefit payment
61
3.3.
Social ruling
62
4.
Consequences of non-information/incorrect information
63
ch. 3
Country Report on the Czech Republic / Martin Stefko
67
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
69
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
69
1.1.
Constitutional framework of social security law
69
1.2.
Constitutional power guaranteed to social security law
70
1.3.
The impact of international law on Czech social security law
71
2.
Legal duties to respect the position of the individual in the Czech social security system
73
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
75
3.1.
The standards of transitional measures
75
3.2.
Fundamental changes to social security
77
3.3.
The increase in retirement age
79
3.4.
The abolishment of employment categories
80
4.
Executive-branch regulations (the tertiary legislation)
82
5.
Conclusion
83
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
84
1.
Discretionary power of the administration and its limits
84
1.1.
The definition of discretionary power
84
1.2.
The common types of discretion
86
1.3.
Limits of discretion
87
1.4.
The discretion without judicial control and an individual's protection against the use of discretion in hardship clause
88
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
89
2.1.
Valorisation
91
2.2.
Introduction of new benefits systems or abolishment of old benefits systems
91
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
92
4.
Consequences of dearth or inaccuracy of information
93
ch. 4
Country Report on Germany / Simone von Hardenberg
97
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
99
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
99
1.1.
Preliminary observation
99
1.2.
German Constitution (Basic Law)
100
1.3.
International law
104
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
105
2.1.
Preliminary note
105
2.2.
Right to property (Art. 14 para. 1 GG)
107
2.1.1.
General requirements for the scope of protection (applicability)
107
2.2.2.
Protected positions in social benefits law
109
2.2.3.
Restrictions-further detailed questions regarding pension insurance
111
2.2.4.
Justification
112
2.2.5.
Interim findings
114
2.3.
Protection of marriage and the family (Art. 6 para. 1 GG)
115
2.4.
Equality before the law (Art. 3 para. 1 GG)
116
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
117
3.1.
Protection of confidence (legitimate expectations)
117
3.2.
Retroactive legal measures
118
3.3.
Transitional regulations
119
3.4.
Examples from jurisdiction
120
4.
Delegated legislation
122
4.1.
Forms and legal basis
122
4.2.
Significance for social security law
123
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
125
1.
Discretionary powers of administrative bodies and their limits
125
1.1.
Forms and scopes of action in social administration
125
1.2.
Discretionary powers of administrative bodies and judicial review
127
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
131
2.1.
General starting point: lawful decisions versus legitimate expectations
131
2.2.
Special regulations for legislative amendments
132
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
136
3.1.
General: system of annulment regulations
136
3.2.
Revocation of an unlawful disadvantageous administrative act (s. 44 SGB X)
136
3.3.
Revocation of an unlawful advantageous administrative act (s. 45 SGB X)
138
3.4.
Withdrawal of lawful administrative Acts (s. 46, 47 SGB X)
141
3.5.
Annulment of administrative acts with permanent effect in the case of substantially altered circumstances (s. 48 SGB X)
142
4.
Consequences of non-information / incorrect information
143
ch. 5
Country Report on Greece / Olga Angelopoulou
147
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
149
1.
The obligation of the State to introduce and maintain social security
149
1.1.
The obligations of the State and the rights of individuals
149
1.2.
S̀ocial acquis'
152
1.2.1.
S̀ocial acquis' and s̀ustainable social policy' in the field of social insurance
153
1.2.2.
S̀ocial acquis' in the field of social assistance
155
1.3.
Other limits in the field of social insurance
157
1.3.1.
Constitutional guarantee of the social insurance institution
157
1.3.2.
Compulsory social insurance as an exclusive state responsibility
158
1.3.3.
Gender equality
160
1.4.
Other limits in the field of social assistance
164
1.4.1.
Constitutional guarantee of family as an institution
164
1.4.2.
The meaning of the term ̀family' with the Greek Constitution and its consequences for gender equality
164
1.5.
Other limits in the field of health protection
165
2.
Legal duties to respect the right of the individual
167
2.1.
The concept of èstablished' rights
167
2.2.
Retrospective law may not abolish adjudicated claims
167
2.3.
Èstablished' rights and their protection from retrospective law
169
2.4.
̀Possessions' under the meaning of Art. 1 of the Protocol
171
2.4.1.
Possessions and retrospective legislation
171
2.4.2.
Possessions and pension indexation
172
2.4.3.
Possessions and discrimination on grounds of nationality
173
2.4.4.
Possessions and the loss of pension rights as a disciplinary sanction
173
2.4.5.
Possessions and the s̀pecial contribution' on pensions
174
2.4.6.
Rights and expectations not falling under the meaning of ̀possessions' of Art. 1 of the Protocol
175
2.5.
Equality of law and the ̀pure contributory character' of social insurance benefits
176
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
178
3.1.
Exemptions from mature expectations
178
3.2.
Optional exemptions from mature expectations
179
3.3.
Transitional periods
180
3.4.
The distinction between ̀formerly' and ǹewly' insured persons
180
3.5.
The diverse implications of mergers and unifications for social insurance rights and expectations
181
3.6.
Legislation removing discrimination on grounds of sex in the field of survivors' pensions
183
4.
Executive-branch regulations
185
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
186
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
186
1.1.
Discretion in the field of social insurance
186
1.2.
Discretion in the field of social assistance
189
1.2.1.
Short reference to the structure of the Greek social assistance system
189
1.2.2.
Social assistance benefits in cash
192
1.2.3.
Social assistance services
195
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
198
2.1.
Statutory obligation to an ex-officio repetition of the administrative process
199
2.2.
Statutory obligation to repeat the administrative process if requested by the insured
200
2.3.
The obligation to repeat the administrative process as a general principle of social insurance law
203
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
207
3.1.
The general principle of ̀formal' insurance
208
3.2.
The general principle on the prohibition of reclaiming unduly paid benefits
213
4.
Consequences of non-information/incorrect information
216
ch. 6
Country Report on Iceland / Stefan Olafsson
227
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
229
Introduction
229
1.
State obligation and the Constitution of the Republic of Iceland
229
1.1.
Constitution of the Republic of Iceland
229
1.2.
International law and conventions
230
1.3.
Rights to appeal
231
2.
Legal duties to respect a position of the individual
232
2.1.
Property rights
233
2.2.
Respect of legitimate expectations
234
2.3.
Respect of confidence
234
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
235
3.1.
Reduction of protection of previously privileged groups
235
3.2.
Equality for men and women
236
3.3.
Old-age pension schemes
238
3.4.
Occupational injury insurance
238
3.5.
Health care schemes
239
3.6.
Disability schemes
239
3.7.
Social assistance
239
3.8.
Unemployment
240
3.9.
Social assistance under local authorities
241
3.10.
Policies for children and families with children
241
4.
The executive branch regulations
242
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
243
Introduction
243
1.
State Social Security Institute of Iceland
243
2.
Administrative branches of the State Social Security Institute
244
3.
The Social Security Ruling Committee
245
3.1.
Binding effects of the Social Security Ruling Committee
247
3.2.
Social Security Ruling Committee decisions
247
3.3.
Flow and availability of information
248
4.
Administration of Internal Revenue in Iceland
249
5.
Administrative branches of Unemployment Benefit Fund
250
6.
Unemployment Insurance and Labour Market Measures Complaints Committee
252
7.
Administration of Maternity/Paternity and Parental Leave in transition
252
8.
The Maternity/Paternity and Parental Leave Complaints Committee
253
9.
Conclusion and discussion
254
ch. 7
Country Report on Ireland / Mel Cousins
261
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
263
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
263
1.1.
Legislation
263
1.2.
Regulations and guidelines
263
1.3.
The Irish Constitution
264
1.4.
International law
266
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
267
2.1.
A contractual right to benefits
267
2.2.
Legitimate expectation
268
2.3.
Proportionality
274
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
275
4.
Executive-branch regulations
276
5.
Conclusion
276
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
277
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
277
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
279
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
280
3.1.
Decisions
281
3.2.
Revision of decisions
282
3.3.
Appeal
283
3.4.
Further appeal and revision
284
3.5.
Overpayments and repayments
285
3.5.1.
Overpayment
286
3.5.2.
Repayment
288
3.5.3.
Discussion
290
3.5.4.
Code of practice
291
3.5.5.
Conclusion
292
4.
Consequences of non-information/incorrect information
292
ch. 8
Country Report on Italy / Matteo Borzaga
297
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
299
Introduction
299
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
300
1.1.
The role played by the Italian Constitution
300
1.2.
The impact of national statute laws
304
1.3.
International social security law
308
2.
Legal duties to respect the ̀position' of the individual
309
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
313
4.
Executive-branch regulations
320
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
322
Introduction
322
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
323
1.1.
Discretionary powers of the administration in the field of social insurance
325
1.2.
Discretionary powers of the administration in the field of social assistance
327
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
333
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
335
4.
Consequences of non-information or incorrect information
342
ch. 9
Country Report on Luxembourg / Fanny Etienne-Robert
347
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
349
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
349
1.1.
Constitution
349
1.1.1.
Obligations of the State
349
1.1.2.
Subjective rights
351
1.2.
Limitation of change
352
1.2.1.
Due to the Constitution
352
1.2.2.
Due to International/European law
352
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
353
2.1.
The àcquired rights' as s̀ocial acquired rights'
354
2.2.
Àcquired rights' strict sensu
355
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
356
4.
Executive-branch regulations
358
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
358
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
358
1.1.
Case law
360
1.2.
Legislative evolution
360
1.3.
Control of Lawfulness
361
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
361
2.1.
Classification of the different possible provisions
361
2.2.
Ombudsman and fairness
362
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
363
3.1.
Change in the situation of the beneficiary and absence of information or misinformation of the administration in question
363
3.2.
Other cases/mistakes by the administration
364
4.
Consequences of non-information/incorrect information
364
4.1.
Juridical sanction
364
4.2.
Recommendations as sanction: the moral authority of the Ombudsman
365
4.2.1.
General recommendation on information on users and good functioning of the administration
365
4.2.2.
Complaints and recommendation on specific domain of information
366
ch. 10
Country Report on the Netherlands / Bert Marseille
369
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
371
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
371
1.1.
Social security as a fundamental social right
371
1.2.
Impact of international law
374
2.
The legal duty to respect the position of the individual
376
2.1.
Constitutional protection of acquired rights and vested interests
376
2.2.
Social security case law
378
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
381
3.1.
Theoretical framework
381
3.2.
Transitional social security law in practice
383
4.
Executive branch regulations
383
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
384
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration
384
1.1.
General
384
1.2.
Determining a person's entitlement to a benefit
385
1.3.
Enforcement of the obligations subject to which benefits are awarded
387
1.4.
Decisions on requests by individuals for reconsideration of earlier decisions
389
2.
The effect of changes in the law
392
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
393
4.
Consequences of failure to provide information
396
ch. 11
Country Report on Slovenia / Grega Strban
399
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
401
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
401
1.1.
Obligations under the Slovenian Constitution
401
1.1.1.
Slovenia as a social State
401
1.1.2.
Fundamental social rights
402
1.2.
Obligations under the international law
406
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
410
2.1.
Property protection
410
2.2.
State governed by the rule of law argument
411
2.3.
Equality of treatment
414
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
416
4.
Executive-branch regulations
419
5.
Concluding thoughts
421
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
422
1.
Discretionary power of the administration and its limits
422
1.1.
Areas of discretionary power
422
1.2.
Limits of discretionary power
426
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
428
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
431
3.1.
Affiliation to social insurance
432
3.2.
Granting of benefits or imposing duties
433
3.2.1.
First instance decisions
433
3.2.2.
Disagreement with the first-instance administrative decision
435
3.2.3.
Temporal boundaries of final administrative decisions
438
3.2.4.
Providing benefits without just cause
439
3.2.5.
Settlements and understandings in social security
441
4.
Consequences of non-or incorrect information
443
5.
Concluding thoughts
444
ch. 12
Country Report on Spain / Cristina Sanchez Rodas
449
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
451
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
451
1.1.
Social security is a public task and a basic pillar of the Welfare State
453
1.2.
Social security is financed by public resources
453
1.3.
Universal personal scope
454
1.4.
Material scope
454
2.
Legal duties with to respect to the ̀position' of the individual
456
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
463
3.1.
Legal reform with no transitional measures
464
3.1.1.
The implementation of homosexual marriage and its consequences in the field of death pensions
464
3.1.2.
Unemployment allowances for migrant workers
464
3.2.
Legal reforms in the field of old-age pensions with transitional arrangements giving beneficiaries a choice between the application of the old or new system
465
3.3.
Legal reforms establishing a progressive period for implementation
465
3.3.1.
Old-age pensions
465
3.3.2.
Long-term care benefits
465
3.4.
Legal reforms in the field of family benefits with a transitional arrangement allowing beneficiaries to receive benefits according to the old system
466
3.5.
Legal reforms in which mixed transitional measures are adopted
466
4.
Executive-branch regulations
466
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
467
1.
Discretionary power of the administration and its limits
467
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
472
3.
Binding effect of administrative decisions
473
4.
Consequences of lack of information or incorrect information
476
ch. 13
Country Report on Sweden / Thomas Erhag
481
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
483
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
483
1.1.
Duty to provide health care without a corresponding individual right to receive
484
1.2.
Right to social security benefits in cash
485
1.3.
Right to social assistance
486
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
487
2.1.
Retroactivity
487
2.2.
Property rights
489
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
491
3.1.
Examples of limited changes concerning short-term cash benefits
491
3.2.
Widows' pension
492
3.3.
Reform of the statutory old-age pension system
494
4.
Executive-branch regulations
494
5.
Concluding remarks
495
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
496
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
496
1.1.
Discretion in social security law
497
1.2.
Norm-oriented social security legislation
497
1.3.
Framework legislation
499
1.4.
Limits of discretionary power
500
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
501
2.1.
Withdrawal of favourable administrative decisions
501
2.2.
Withdrawal of social security benefits due to new legislation
502
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
503
3.1.
Favourable or positive administrative decisions
503
3.2.
Burdensome or negative administrative decisions
504
3.3.
Rectification and reconsideration of decisions
506
3.4.
The effects of a ẁrong' decision
506
3.5.
The possibility of ̀rulings' and s̀ettlements' in social security
508
4.
Consequences of non-information or incorrect information
508
4.1.
Service duties in administrative procedure
508
4.2.
Failure to comply with service duties
509
List of References
510
ch. 14
Country Report on Switzerland / Thomas Gachter
515
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
517
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
517
1.1.
Social security in the Swiss federal state
517
1.2.
Legal basis of social security
518
1.2.1.
Federal level
518
1.2.2.
State level (Cantons)
522
1.3.
Subjective rights to social security
522
1.4.
Influence of international law on changes in Swiss social security law
524
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
525
2.1.
Concept of the right to property
525
2.2.
Right to property and social security
525
2.3.
Other concepts with influence on changes in social security systems
526
2.3.1.
Rights acquired by a special act (Wohlerworbene Rechte)
527
2.3.2.
Protection of confidence
527
2.3.3.
Protection of collective confidence / Security of Law
528
2.3.4.
Protection of acquired rights
528
2.3.5.
Equality and equal treatment
529
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
530
3.1.
Dogmatic approach towards transitional measures
530
3.2.
Usual structure of transitional measures in social security law
531
3.3.
Actual legal changes introduced and accompanied by transitional provisions
532
3.4.
Stability of transitional measures
533
4.
Executive-branch regulations
535
5.
Concluding remarks
536
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
537
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
537
1.1.
Preliminary remarks
537
1.2.
Discretionary power in the shaping of autonomous rules
538
1.3.
Discretionary powers in the granting of benefits in social insurance
539
1.4.
Discretionary powers in the granting of social assistance
540
1.5.
Limits of discretionary power
541
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
542
2.1.
Singular and short termed prestations
542
2.2.
Long-termed prestations
542
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
544
3.1.
Preliminary remarks
544
3.2.
Binding effects concerning the affiliation to a social security system
544
3.3.
Binding effects concerning the granting of benefits
545
3.4.
Unduly paid benefits
546
3.5.
̀Rulings' in social security
546
4.
Consequences of non-information or incorrect information
548
4.1.
Consequences of incorrect information
548
4.2.
The duty to inform in Swiss social security law
548
5.
Concluding remarks
550
ch. 15
Country Report on the United Kingdom / Neville Harris
553
pt. I
Legislative Aspects
555
Introduction
555
1.
State obligations to introduce and maintain social security
556
1.1.
The legal basis to social security under national law
556
1.2.
Incorporation of the ECHR
561
1.3.
EC Law
562
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of the individual
563
2.1.
Protecting rights: the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998
563
2.2.
Protecting rights: other checks and safeguards
569
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
572
4.
Executive branch regulations
576
pt. II
Administrative Aspects
577
Introduction
577
1.
Discretionary powers of the administration and their limits
578
1.1.
Claims
578
1.2.
Recovery
579
1.3.
Discretion in relation to particular social security benefits
580
1.3.1.
The Social Fund
580
1.3.2.
Jobseeker's Allowance (JSA)
583
1.3.3.
Income Support
585
1.3.4.
Incapacity Benefit (IB) and Employment and Support Allowance (ESA)
587
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
590
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
592
3.1.
Appeals, revisions and supersessions
592
3.2.
Overpayment of benefit
596
3.3.
̀Rulings'
598
4.
Provision of information
599
ch. 16
S̀ecurity' as General Principle of Social Security Law in Europe: Conclusions on Legislative Aspects / Paul Schoukens
605
Introduction
607
1.
State obligation to introduce and maintain social security
607
1.1.
Constitutional provisions dealing with social security
607
1.1.1.
Lack of constitutional provision
608
1.1.2.
Constitutional protection in the form of a policy guideline
608
1.1.3.
General constitutional protection by proclaiming the state as a s̀ocial' state
609
1.1.4.
Constitutional protection by granting competences in the matter of social security
611
1.1.5.
Constitutional protection in the form of a fundamental social right
611
1.2.
International provisions dealing with social security
615
2.
Legal duties to respect a ̀position' of an individual
618
2.1.
Property protection of social security rights
618
2.2.
Acquired rights and legitimate expectations
623
2.2.1.
̀Fairness'
623
2.2.2.
Equality
628
2.2.3.
Proportionality
629
3.
Legal changes and transitional measures
629
4.
Executive-branch regulations
632
5.
Some concluding thoughts
633
ch. 17
S̀ecurity' as General Principle of Social Security Law in Europe: Conclusions on Administrative Aspects / Friso Ross
637
Introduction
639
1.
Discretionary powers of the social administration and their limits
641
1.1.
Areas of discretionary power
642
1.2.
Limits of discretionary power
642
2.
Administrative decisions and legal changes
643
3.
Binding effects of administrative decisions
644
3.1.
Wrong decision as regards affiliation
645
3.2.
Wrong decision leading to undue benefit payment
646
3.3.
Binding effects of rulings
647
4.
Consequences of non-or misinformation
647
5.
Concluding thoughts
648