Grand jury 2.0 : modern perspectives on the grand jury / edited by Roger Anthony Fairfax, Jr.
2011
KF9642 .G73 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Grand jury 2.0 : modern perspectives on the grand jury / edited by Roger Anthony Fairfax, Jr.
Published
Durham : Carolina Academic Press, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KF9642 .G73 2011
ISBN
9781594607028 (alk. paper)
1594607028 (alk. paper)
1594607028 (alk. paper)
Description
xvii, 379 pages : illustrations ; 23 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)551146297
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
xii
Introduction
xv
ch. 1
Enlisting and Deploying Federal Grand Juries in the War on Terrorism / James E. Felman
3
Grand Jury Authority and Secrecy
5
The USA Patriot Act
7
The Attorney General's Disclosure Guidelines
9
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
12
Conclusion
13
Bibliography
16
Notes
18
ch. 2
Grand Jurors Speak / Susan W. Brenner
25
Issues
26
Jurors Questioning Witnesses
27
Exculpatory and/or Additional Evidence
29
Whispers and Notes
30
Juror Access to Transcripts
31
Juror Access to the Law
32
Hearsay
33
Jury Nullification
34
Passivity?
35
Grand Jury Meeting to Discuss Responsibilities
38
Time Management
39
Foreperson Issues
40
Removing a Grand Juror
42
Secrecy Issues: From a Grand Juror
42
Secrecy Issues: From a Judge
43
Witness Contact with Grand Juror
44
Length of Grand Jury Service
46
A Court Reporter's Perspective
47
Taking the Fifth... Responsibly
48
Taking the Fifth... For Other Reasons
49
Conclusion
51
Bibliography
52
Notes
53
ch. 3
Does Grand Jury Discretion Have a Legitimate (and Useful) Role to Play in Criminal Justice? / Roger A. Fairfax, Jr.
57
Contextualizing Grand Jury Discretion
59
Categorizing Grand Jury "Nullification"
60
Beyond the Normative Debate
61
The Compatibility of Grand Jury Discretion with Constitutional Design and the Rule of Law
62
Redefining Terms: Contours of the Rule of Law
63
The Structural Role of Grand Jury Discretion
66
Separation of Powers/Checks and Balances
66
Federalism
68
Optimizing the Exercise of Discretion in Criminal Justice
70
Inventorying Discretion in Criminal Justice
70
The Grand Jury as a Locus of Robust Discretion
71
Safety Valve
71
Enhanced Deliberation of the Grand Jury
72
Enhanced Access and Exposure to Information
73
Secrecy
74
Enhancing the Administration of Criminal Justice
76
Crime Control
77
Efficiency
79
The Grand Jury and Individual Rights
80
Conclusion
83
Bibliography
84
Notes
92
ch. 4
Honoring the Voice of the Citizen: Breathing Life into the Grand Jury Requirement / Michael Daly Hawkins
115
Bibliography
120
Notes
121
ch. 5
Retelling Grand Jury History / Niki Kuckes
125
The Modern Dogma: Grand Jury Procedure Replicates Historic Practice
128
The Prosecutorial Nature of Modern Grand Jury Procedure
129
The Premise that Modern Grand Jury Procedures Replicate History
130
A Fuller Grand Jury History is Ambiguous, Contradictory, and Evolving
132
The Grand Jury's Origins in Ancient Medieval English "Procedure"
134
The American Constitutional Grand Jury in a State of Flux
135
Refuting the Historical Premise of Modern Grand Jury Procedure
136
Refuting the "No Rules" Premise: Historic Dominance of the Legal Evidence Rule
136
Undermining the "No Review" Premise: Historic Debates over the Proper Extent of Judicial Review of Grand Jury Evidence
139
Questioning the "Probable Cause" Premise: Historic Use of the Prima Facie Test for Grand Jury Indictment
142
Using Symbolic Grand Jury History to Mask Complex Conceptual Choices
147
Understanding the Court's "History" as a Conceptual Choice
148
Risks of Using Symbolic History in Place of a More Nuanced Test
150
How Historicism Retards Nuanced and Thoughtful Analysis
150
How the Court's "History" Freezes Grand Jury Rules in Place
152
Conclusion
153
Bibliography
155
Notes
157
ch. 6
Implementing the Neighborhood Grand Jury / Adriaan Lanni
171
The Problem: Powerful Prosecutors and Political Pathologies
172
Reforming the Grand Jury
175
Selection
176
Individual Charging Decisions
178
General Charging Policies
184
Conclusion
186
Bibliography
186
Notes
188
ch. 7
Prosecutorial Charging Practices and Grand Jury Screening: Some Empirical Observations / Andrew D. Leipold
195
Screening and Overcharging
196
The Grand Jury's Restraining Hand
196
Poor Screening and Overcharging: Do We Care?
199
Charging Practices Measured
200
Data and Results: Indictment Versus Outcome
201
Charge Disposition
202
Why Dismissals?
206
Things Change
206
Multiplicity
207
Strategic Charging Practices
207
What Type of Charges Fail?
208
Do Grand Juries Screen?
211
Conclusion
213
Bibliography
214
Notes
215
ch. 8
The True Goals of the Modern Grand Jury---and How to Achieve Them / Ric Simmons
223
Grand Jury Power
224
Allowing Re-Presentation
224
Allowing Hearsay Testimony
225
A Defendant's Right to Testify
226
Judicial Review of Grand Jury Proceedings
227
The True Function of the Grand Jury
229
Victims
235
Defendants
237
Police Witnesses
239
Grand Jurors
239
Reforming the Grand Jury?
240
Conclusion
244
Bibliography
246
Notes
248
ch. 9
Restoring the Grand Jury / Kevin K. Washburn
253
Establishing the Grand Jury: The Grand Jury in Context
256
Why Juries?
256
The Grand Jury in American Narrative
257
The Meaning of the Conventional Rhetoric and the Historical Narrative
258
Grand Juries Versus Trial Juries in Contemporary Policy
258
Plea Bargaining, Citizen Participation, and the Grand Jury
259
Trial Jury Nullification and Grand Jury Discretion
260
Scholarly Criticism of the Modern Grand Jury
261
Reconsidering the Role of the Grand Jury as a Check on Prosecutorial Power
262
The Grand Jury as Barometer of Legitimacy and a Theory of What Went Wrong
263
A Theory of What Went Wrong With the Grand Jury
264
The Failure of the Cross-Sectional Ideal
266
The Perniciousness of the Cross-Sectional Ideal in the Grand Jury Context
267
Restoring the Independence of the Grand Jury
268
The "Neighborhood Grand Jury" or the "Grand Jury by Zip Code"
269
The Advantages of Neighborhood Grand Juries for Local Offenses
271
Expanded and Improved Educative Benefits of Jury Service
271
Improved Community Representation and Legitimacy in Criminal Justice
272
Increased Power of Community Relative to the Prosecutor
273
A Colorblind Solution to Racial Problems in Criminal Justice
273
Potential Disadvantages of Neighborhood Grand Juries
274
The Neighborhood Grand Jury
276
Conclusion
277
Bibliography
277
Notes
282
ch. 10
Grand Juries and Expertise in the Administrative State / Ronald F. Wright
293
A Brief History of Grand Juries as Administrative Bodies
294
Grand Jury Administrative Functions in a Frontier Democracy
295
Early Evaluations of the Grand Jury
296
Shrinking the Grand Jury's Administrative Role
298
How Citizen Panels Became Unthinkable
301
Problems with Excluding Citizen Participation
303
Current Forms of Citizen Administration
305
Structuring an Administrative Grand Jury
307
Panel as Ombudsman
307
Veto over Policy Priorities
308
Leadership on Agency Information Policy
309
Transition from Criminal to Administrative Context
310
Antidotes for Grand Jury Passivity
310
Degree of Reliance on an Adversarial System
311
Conclusion
312
Bibliography
313
Notes
318
ch. 11
Remaking the Grand Jury / Roger A. Fairfax, Jr.
323
Grand Jury 1.0
324
Classic Grand Jury Critiques
324
Costliness
325
Ineffectiveness (Over-Compliance)
325
Redundancy
326
Traditional Grand Jury Reform Proposals
327
The Case for Grand Jury Innovation
330
The Grand Jury's Susceptibility to Innovation
331
The Grand Jury as an Appropriate Vehicle for Criminal Justice Innovation
332
Grand Jury 2.0
The Grand Jury as a Tool to Facilitate Cutting-Edge Criminal Procedure
333
Plea Bargaining and Sentencing
333
Plea Bargaining
333
The Grand Jury as a Tool for Increased Popular Input into Criminal Sentencing
335
Diversion and ADR
336
Deferred Prosecution Agreements
336
Drug Courts and Problem-Solving Courts
337
Criminal Alternative Dispute Resolution: Victim-Offender Mediation
337
Guiding and Regulating Prosecutors
339
Guiding Prosecutorial Priorities
339
Regulating Prosecutorial Conduct
340
Conclusion
341
Bibliography
342
Notes
347
About the Authors
357
Index
363