ADR in business : practice and issues across countries and cultures / by J. C. Goldsmith, Arnold Ingen-Housz and Gerald H. Pointon.
2006
K2390 .G653 2006 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
ADR in business : practice and issues across countries and cultures / by J. C. Goldsmith, Arnold Ingen-Housz and Gerald H. Pointon.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, [2006-2011]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Aspen Publishers
Copyright
©2006-2011
Call Number
K2390 .G653 2006
Former Call Number
Comp 778 Ad812 2006
ISBN
9789041125842 (v. 1)
9041125841 (v. 1)
9789041134141 (v. 2 (alk). paper)
904113414X (v. 2 (alk). paper)
9041125841 (v. 1)
9789041134141 (v. 2 (alk). paper)
904113414X (v. 2 (alk). paper)
Description
2 volumes ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)78622862
Note
Volume 2 edited by Arnold Ingen-Housz.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Library Has
v.1-2
Added Author
Table of Contents
Editor's Preface
xxiii
pt. I
When Business Meets Conflict
1
ch. 1
ADR and Arbitration / Pierre Tercier
3
1.
Numerous Methods
4
1.1.
A Few Truisms
4
1.2.
A Few Lessons
6
2.
Varied Solutions
7
2.1.
A Few Ways of Presenting Them
7
2.2.
A Few Consequences
9
3.
Complementary Solutions
9
3.1.
A Few Suggestions
9
3.2.
A Few Consequences
11
ch. 2
Reasons for Choosing Alternative Dispute Resolution / Jean Francois Guillemin
13
1.
Introduction
13
2.
A Choice Based on an In-Depth Assessment of the Chances of the ADR Procedure Being Successful
16
2.1.
Management Involvement
17
2.2.
Audit of the Contractual/Conflictual Position
18
2.3.
Advantages and Disadvantages of ADR from the Position of Plaintiff or Defendant
19
2.4.
Assessment of Subjective Factors
19
2.5.
Act or Wait?
20
2.6.
Assessment of ADR's Ability to Bring Something New
21
2.7.
Taking the Initial Steps
22
2.8.
Is the Business Climate - Growth or Crisis - a Factor to Consider?
23
3.
A Choice Inspired by the Nature of ADR
24
3.1.
Reasons to Do with the Occasional Mandatory or Quasi-Mandatory Nature of ADR
25
3.2.
Reasons to Do with Rejecting Litigation or Arbitration
25
3.3.
Reasons to Do with Rejection of Class Actions
28
3.4.
Reasons to Do with the Existence of Litigation or Arbitration
30
3.5.
Reasons to Do with the Nature of the Dispute
31
3.6.
Reasons to Do with Confidentiality
31
3.7.
Reasons to Do with the Absence of Dispute or Desire to Avoid a Dispute Arising
32
3.8.
Reasons to Do with the Complementarities between Expert Determination and ADR
33
3.9.
Reasons for Not Choosing ADR
34
3.10.
Should the Contract Contain An ADR Clause?
35
4.
A Choice Inspired by the Nature of the Contract
36
4.1.
Reasons to Do with the Parties Themselves
37
4.2.
Reasons to Do with the Formation or Drafting of the Contract
38
4.3.
Reasons to Do with the Subject Matter of the Contract
39
4.4.
Reasons to Do with Performance or Non-performance of the Contract
40
4.5.
Reasons to Do with the Law Applicable to the Contract
42
4.6.
Reasons to Do with the Context Surrounding the Contract
42
4.7.
Reasons to Do with the Size of Certain Contracts or a Project Financing Arrangement
43
5.
Conclusion
45
ch. 3
Making Mediation Mainstream / Annette van Riemsdijk
49
1.
Introduction
49
2.
Toward Professionalization
50
3.
User Contribution
51
4.
Mediator Contribution
52
5.
Provider Contribution
53
6.
Trainer Contribution
53
7.
Educator Contribution
54
8.
Arbitrator Contribution
54
9.
Governmental Contribution
55
10.
The Case for the International Mediation Institute
55
11.
IMI Certified Mediator Profiles
57
12.
Beyond Certification: IMI's Wider Mission
57
13.
Conclusion
58
Appendix: An International Mediator Perspective / Annette M van Riemsdijk
60
1.
Introduction
60
2.
Become IMI Certified
61
3.
Become a Qualifying Assessment Programme
62
4.
Authenticate Basic Training
62
5.
Encourage Shadow Mediation Schemes
63
6.
Develop Mediation Representation Skills
63
7.
Promote Cross-Field Mediation
63
8.
Deliver Cross-Cultural Skills
64
9.
Conclusion
64
ch. 4
Mediation as Management Tool in Corporate Governance / A. Jan A. J. Eijsbouts
67
1.
Introduction
68
2.
Corporate Governance in Risk and Conflict Management
68
3.
ADR and Mediation in Comparison with Adjudication in a Corporate Governance ìn Control' Perspective
71
3.1.
Conceptual Points of View
71
3.1.1.
On Adjudication
71
3.1.2.
On ADR
72
3.2.
A Closer Look at the Competitive Edge of Mediation in Corporate Governance
72
3.3.
CSR and in Particular Human Rights as New Areas for Mediation
75
3.4.
ADR, Mediation and ìn Control'
76
4.
ADR as a Key Tool in Integral Conflict Management: The Akzo Nobel Experience
77
4.1.
Introduction
77
4.2.
The Ingredients of a Successful Conflict-Management System
78
4.2.1.
Knowledge
78
4.2.2.
Analysis of the Risk Profile of the Company and Proactive Policies
78
4.2.3.
Proactive Conflict Management
79
4.2.4.
Handling of the Conflict
79
5.
Conclusion
80
ch. 5
Moving beyond ̀Just' a Deal, a Bad Deal or No Deal / Kenneth H. Fox
81
1.
Introduction
82
2.
Just Any Deal, Bad Deal or No Deal? That's the Question
84
2.1.
The Inevitability of Suboptimal Deals in the Real World
84
2.1.1.
Negotiator, Professional Capacity: Jack-of-All-Trades
84
2.1.2.
Efficient versus Suboptimal Outcomes
85
2.2.
Dealing with Your Brain
86
2.2.1.
Attribution Errors, Fixed Pies, Reactive Devaluation, Overconfidence and Other Inconveniences
86
2.2.2.
Irrationality: We Cannot Help Ourselves, Can We?
87
2.3.
Rethinking Negotiation 1.0
88
3.
Deal-Facilitation: Mediation without a Dispute (or Negotiation with a Mediator)
90
3.1.
Terminology
90
3.2.
Classifications of Deal-Facilitation Processes
91
3.2.1.
Deal-Building Facilitation
92
3.2.2.
Deal-Ending Facilitation
95
3.2.3.
Combination
97
3.3.
The Role and Tasks of a Deal-Facilitator
98
3.3.1.
Overview Role and Tasks of a Deal Facilitator, the User's Perspective
99
3.3.2.
Checklist Preparation for Deal Facilitation
100
4.
In What Types of Negotiation Can a Deal-Facilitator Add Most Value?
103
4.1.
Characteristics of a Complex Negotiation Process
103
4.2.
Monopolistic Markets versus Competitive Business Markets
104
5.
Deal Facilitation, Why Would You (Not)?
105
5.1.
Potential Benefits of Employing a Deal-Facilitator
105
5.2.
Potential Disadvantages of Employing a Deal-Facilitator
106
6.
Deal-Maker, Deal-facilitator and Dispute Mediator: What's the Difference?
106
6.1.
The General Difference between Dispute Mediation and Deal Facilitation
106
6.2.
Deal-Maker, Negotiation Consultant, Deal-Facilitator and Mediator
107
7.
Toolkit Making and Sustaining a Deal vs. Dispute Resolution
110
8.
Ready, Set... and Where Do We Go Next?
113
Bibliography
113
pt. II
Amicable Dispute Resolution on the Judicial Map and Its Legal, Institutional and Functional Framework
117
ch. 6
The Importance of Context in Comparing the Worldwide Institutionalization of Court-Connected Mediation / Nancy A. Welsh
119
1.
Introduction
119
2.
Court-Connected Mediation in the United States
122
3.
Court-Connected Mediation in the Netherlands
124
4.
Comparing the Context of Court-Connected Mediation in the United States and the Netherlands
127
5.
Considering Developments in Other Parts of the World
130
6.
Conclusion: The Importance of Being Clear About the Goal of Court-Connected Mediation
132
ch. 7
The Roles of Dispute Settlement and ODR / Thomas Schultz
135
1.
Sixty Million Cases a Year and Counting
135
2.
A Standard Typology
137
3.
Autonomous Legal Systems under the Radar
137
4.
Three Roles of Dispute Resolution
139
5.
Owen Fiss's Distinction
140
5.1.
Resolving Disputes
142
5.2.
Justice
146
6.
Further Distinctions
147
6.1.
Satisfaction of the Parties to the Instant Case
147
6.2.
The Rule of Law
151
6.3.
The Promotion of Substantive Societal Values
154
ch. 8
Legal Issues Raised by ADR / Charles Jarrosson
157
1.
Introduction
157
2.
Choice by the Parties of an ADR Process
160
3.
Commencement and Conduct of an ADR Procedure
163
3.1.
What Is the Extent of the Parties' Obligations when They Agree to Resort to ADR?
163
3.1.1.
The Various Types of Obligations
163
3.1.2.
Characteristics Shared by All ADR Processes
169
3.2.
Rules Concerning the Neutral
171
3.3.
The Question of Confidentiality
177
4.
The end of the ADR proceedings
179
4.1.
Failure
179
4.2.
The Settlement Agreement
180
ch. 9
Mediation Privilege and Confidentiality and the EU Directive / Michel Kallipetis
183
1.
Overview
183
2.
What Is Meant by Mediation Confidentiality or Privilege?
184
3.
The English Courts' Approach to Mediation Confidentiality
186
4.
The Approach to Mediation Confidentiality by Others
191
4.1.
The United States of America
191
4.2.
The Uniform Mediation Act
193
4.3.
Australia
196
4.4.
Canada
199
4.5.
Hong Kong
201
4.6.
New Zealand
202
5.
The EU Directive
205
6.
Conclusion
208
ch. 10
Basic Business Issues of Mediation Centres / Graham Massie
211
1.
Introduction
211
2.
Taxonomy of ADR Provider Organizations
212
2.1.
Nature of Services/Mission
212
2.2.
Relationships with Neutrals
213
2.3.
Business Model Issues
215
3.
Principles for ADR Provider Organizations
217
3.1.
Quality and Competence
217
3.2.
Information Regarding Services and Operations
219
3.3.
Fairness and Impartiality
220
3.4.
Accessibility of Services
220
3.5.
Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest
221
3.6.
Complaint and Grievance Mechanisms
222
3.7.
Ethical Guidelines
223
3.8.
False or Misleading Communications
226
3.9.
Confidentiality
227
3.10.
Additions
228
4.
Differing Roles for Mediation Centres
229
4.1.
Pioneer
229
4.2.
Promoter
231
4.3.
Player
231
4.4.
The Future
232
5.
Conclusion: The Case for Mediation Centres
233
ch. 11
ADR under the ICC ADR Rules / Peter M. Wolrich
235
1.
Introduction
235
2.
Analysis of the ICC ADR Rules
237
2.1.
The Suggested ICC ADR Clauses
237
2.2.
Scope of the ICC ADR Rules (Article 1 of the ADR Rules)
238
2.3.
Commencement of ICC ADR Proceedings (Article 2 of the ADR Rules)
239
2.4.
Selection of the Neutral (Article 3 of the ADR Rules)
240
2.5.
Fees and Costs (Article 4 of the ADR Rules)
242
2.6.
Conduct of the ADR Procedure (Article 5 of the ADR Rules)
243
2.7.
Termination of the ADR Proceedings (Article 6 of the ADR Rules)
246
2.8.
Confidentiality (Article 7 of the ADR Rules)
247
3.
ADR and Enforceability
248
3.1.
Enforceability May Not Be An Issue
248
3.2.
Enforceability through an Award by Consent
248
3.3.
Enforceability through the Res Judicata Effect of a Settlement Agreement
249
3.4.
Enforceability of the Settlement Agreement as a Contract
249
4.
Comparison of the ADR Rules with Other ICC Rules
249
4.1.
ICC ADR Rules and ICC Rules of Arbitration
249
4.2.
ICC ADR Rules and ICC Rules of Expertise
250
4.3.
ICC ADR Rules and ICC Dispute Board Rules
251
5.
Conclusion
253
ch. 12
ICC's ADR Rules 2001--2010: Current Practices, Case Examples and Lessons Learned / Calliope Sudborough
255
1.
Introduction: ICC ADR Rules 2001--2010
255
2.
ADR within the Various ICC Dispute Resolution Services: An Institutional Overview
257
2.1.
Dispute Resolution at the ICC: Rules and Departments
257
2.2.
The Relationship of the Court and the ICC Dispute Resolution Services
258
3.
Cases Filed under the ADR Rules from 2001--2010: A Statistical Overview
258
3.1.
Parties' Origin
259
3.2.
Corporate Parties and State Parties
259
3.3.
Complexity of the Cases
259
3.4.
Economic Sectors of Disputes
259
3.5.
Neutrals
260
3.6.
Designation and Appointment of Neutrals
260
3.7.
Settlement Techniques Used
260
3.8.
Amounts in Dispute
260
3.9.
Average Costs and Length
260
3.10.
Role of Counsel
261
4.
How Are ADR Procedures Commenced: Articles 2(A) and 2(B) of the ADR Rules
261
5.
The Clauses on Which ADR Cases Are Based
262
5.1.
Use of Clauses
262
5.2.
Expiration Mechanisms
262
5.3.
Escalation Clauses
263
5.4.
Non-obligatory ADR Clauses
264
6.
Flexibility and Procedural Efficiency
264
7.
Finding the Right Neutral
266
7.1.
How Does ICC Find the Right Neutral for Each Case?
266
7.2.
Which Qualifications Does the Neutral Need?
266
7.3.
The Neutral's Independence
268
7.4.
Objecting to a Neutral
268
7.5.
List of Neutrals
268
7.6.
Multiple Neutrals
269
8.
The ̀Minimum Requirement' Foreseen by Article 5(1)
269
9.
Administrative Support by the ADR Secretariat
270
10.
Combination of ADR and Other (ICC) Dispute Resolution Procedures
273
10.1.
Combination with (ICC) Arbitration
273
10.2.
Combination with ICC Expertise
274
11.
How to Become a Neutral in an ICC ADR Proceeding
274
12.
A Look Ahead: ADR 2010--2020
275
pt. III
Practice and Experiences
277
ch. 13
How International Law Firms Might Approach the Subject of ADR with Their Clients / Rebecca Pither
279
1.
Introduction
279
2.
Recommending ADR Clauses in Contracts
280
2.1.
Client Opinion of ADR
280
2.2.
Is an ADR Clause Appropriate?
281
2.3.
International Considerations
282
2.4.
Validity of the Clause
283
2.5.
Structure of an ADR Clause
283
2.6.
Legal Order
285
2.7.
Summary
285
3.
Proposing ADR as a Dispute Emerges
286
3.1.
Potential Exposure of Client Weakness
287
3.2.
Other Tactical Factors
288
4.
ADR within Litigation
289
5.
Conclusion
291
ch. 14
Mediation Representation: Representing Clients Anywhere / Harold Abramson
293
1.
Introduction
293
2.
The Need for a Mediation Representation Framework
294
3.
Introduce a Triangular Framework
296
4.
Introduce Local Practices (Cultural and Strategic) into the Framework
297
5.
Negotiation
299
6.
Mediator Assistance
302
7.
Mediation Representation Plan
305
7.1.
Interests
306
7.2.
Impediments
307
7.3.
Information
308
8.
Key Junctures
310
9.
Conclusion
312
ch. 15
The Art of Blending Arbitration and Other ADR Methods: Some Examples from International Practice / Michael E. Schneider
313
1.
Introduction: Blending of Methods as Part of the Arbitrators Dispute Settlement Mission
313
2.
Negotiated Solutions for Procedural Controversies
314
3.
Leading the Parties to Settlement on the Substance of the Dispute
316
4.
Delegating Settlement Procedures
319
5.
Compelling Recommendations
323
ch. 16
Profile of the Neutral in International Business / Paul A. Gelinas
327
1.
Introduction
327
2.
The International Neutral
329
3.
Getting Appointed
331
4.
Practical Examples
333
5.
Summary
335
pt. IV
Hybrids and Dispute Boards
337
ch. 17
Appropriate Dispute Resolution (ADR): The Spectrum of Hybrid Techniques Available to the Parties / Jeremy Lack
339
1.
Introduction: Consumer Choice
339
2.
The Iceberg of Conflict and the Benefits of Hybrid Processes
341
3.
Designing a Process: Conflict Escalation and Developing a Holistic ADR Strategy
345
4.
Mixing and Matching ADR Tools and the Two Key Axes: Process versus Substance
350
5.
Designing Mixed Processes: Sequential, Parallel or Hybrid ADR Processes
357
6.
Special Considerations When Moving Around a Riskin Grid (Swapping Hats)
373
7.
Conclusion
379
ch. 18
Combinations and Permutations of Arbitration and Mediation: Issues and Solutions / Edna Sussman
381
1.
Introduction
381
2.
Developing an Effective Med-Arb/Arb-Med Process
383
2.1.
Issues and Solutions for Same-Neutral Mediator and Arbitrator
384
2.2.
US Case Law: Can Consent Overcome Later Challenges?
387
2.3.
Importance of Selecting the Right Neutral
390
3.
Mediated Settlement Agreements as Arbitral Awards Under the New York Convention
391
3.1.
The Need for an Enforcement Mechanism
392
3.2.
Avenues for Enforcement
392
3.3.
Entry of an Arbitration Award Based on Mediation Settlement Agreements
394
3.4.
Arbitral Awards Based on Party Agreement under the New York Convention
395
4.
Conclusion
398
ch. 19
ICC Dispute Board Rules: Status and Perspectives of a Key Contribution to the Prevention of Disputes / Pierre M. Genton
399
1.
Challenges in the Business Context
399
2.
The Dispute Board Approach
403
3.
ICC DB Standard Clauses
404
4.
Main Features of the ICC DB Rules (2004)
405
5.
Key Decisions to Be Made by the Parties
408
5.1.
Decision Regarding the Standard Dispute Clause
408
5.2.
Decision Regarding the Selection of the DB Option
408
5.3.
Considerations Regarding the Examination of the Decision by the ICC DB Centre
410
5.4.
Decision Regarding the Selection of the DB Members
410
5.5.
Decision Regarding the Type of Referral to the DB
412
6.
New Trends in DB Practice
414
7.
Practical Suggestions
417
pt. V
Amicable Dispute Resolution Worldwide
419
ch. 20
The Bi-modal Pattern of Mediation in the United States and Canada / Nancy A. Welsh
421
1.
Introduction
421
2.
Mediation in the United States
422
3.
Mediation in Canada
426
4.
Conclusion
427
ch. 21
ADR in Australia / Alan Limbury
429
1.
Brief History of the Modern Development of ADR
429
2.
Admissibility of Evidence of Communications Made during Mediation
437
3.
Confidentiality of Mediation
442
4.
Enforceability of Agreements to Mediate
444
5.
Hybrid Processes
451
ch. 22
Securing Investment: Innovative Business Strategies for Conflict Management in Latin America / Mariana Hernandez Crespo
457
1.
Introduction
457
2.
The Insufficiency of Traditional Strategies: Challenges to Securing Investment with Weak Enforcement
459
2.1.
Using the Judicial System and ADR to Secure Investment
459
2.2.
ADR Trends in the Region
461
3.
Innovation for Securing Investments: Micro- and Macro-Level Strategies in the Local Context
462
3.1.
Micro-Level Strategies for Securing Investment: Sustainable, Nearly Self-Enforcing Agreements
462
3.1.1.
Satisfy Everyone's Interests (Including Third Parties Not Present)
462
3.1.2.
Plan for Future Change and Conflict
465
3.2.
Macro-Level Strategies for Securing Investment: Maximizing Dispute Resolution Systems in Latin America
466
4.
Tailored Business Strategies for Securing Investment: Building Country-Specific Knowledge
470
4.1.
Context Matters
470
4.2.
Background and Frameworks for Investment: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico
471
4.3.
Argentina
471
4.3.1.
Background
471
4.3.2.
Legal Framework
474
4.3.2.1.
Arbitration
474
4.3.2.2.
Mediation
478
4.3.3.
ADR Institutions
482
4.3.4.
Reaction to ADR
485
4.4.
Brazil
486
4.4.1.
Background
486
4.4.2.
Legal Framework
489
4.4.2.1.
Arbitration
490
4.4.2.2.
Mediation
494
4.4.3.
ADR Institutions
497
4.4.4.
Reaction to ADR
499
4.5.
Mexico
501
4.5.1.
Background
501
4.5.2.
Legal Framework
503
4.5.2.1.
Arbitration
504
4.5.2.2.
Mediation
507
4.5.3.
ADR Institutions
510
4.5.4.
Reaction to ADR
512
5.
Conclusion
513
ch. 23
Recent Developments in Mediation in East Asia / Carol Liew
515
1.
Introduction
515
2.
Overview of Mediation in Asia
517
2.1.
Formation of the Asian Mediation Association
517
2.2.
Other International Initiatives in Asia
519
3.
Mediation in Singapore
520
3.1.
Singapore Mediation Centre
521
3.1.1.
Industry-Related Mediation Schemes
521
3.1.2.
Developments in Case Management
522
3.1.3.
SMC Book Project: An Asian Perspective on Mediation
523
3.1.4.
Training and Education
524
3.2.
Court-Based Mediation: Subordinate Courts of Singapore
525
3.2.1.
Case Management
525
3.2.2.
Other Developments in the Courts
526
3.3.
Community Mediation Centres
527
3.4.
Other Developments
528
3.5.
Reaction to Mediation
530
4.
Mediation in Other East Asian Nations
531
4.1.
China
531
4.1.1.
Judicial Mediation
531
4.1.2.
New Mediation Law and other Laws Involving Mediation
532
4.1.3.
Reaction to Mediation
533
4.2.
Hong Kong
534
4.2.1.
Civil Justice Reform
534
4.2.2.
Secretary of Justice's Working Group on Mediation
536
4.2.3.
Other Developments
537
4.2.4.
Reaction to Mediation
538
4.3.
India
539
4.3.1.
Court-Connected Mediation
539
4.3.2.
Mediation Institutions
539
4.3.3.
Community Mediation
540
4.3.4.
Reaction to Mediation
541
4.4.
Indonesia
541
4.4.1.
Court-Annexed Mediation
541
4.4.2.
Reaction to Mediation
543
4.5.
Japan
544
4.5.1.
ADR Promotion Law
544
4.5.2.
Reaction to Mediation
545
4.6.
Malaysia
546
4.6.1.
Mediation Law
546
4.6.2.
Courts and Mediation
547
4.6.3.
Reaction to Mediation
548
4.7.
The Philippines
548
4.7.1.
Court-Annexed Mediation
549
4.7.2.
New Rules Affecting ADR
549
4.7.3.
Reaction to Mediation
549
4.8.
Republic of Korea
550
4.9.
Thailand
550
4.9.1.
Court-Connected Mediation
550
4.9.2.
Industry-Specific Mediation
551
4.9.3.
Reaction to Mediation
552
5.
Development and Growth of Mediation in Other East Asian Countries
552
5.1.
Vietnam
552
5.1.1.
Legal Framework
552
5.1.2.
Mediation Institutions in Vietnam
553
5.1.3.
Reaction to Mediation
554
5.2.
Taiwan
554
5.2.1.
Legal Framework
554
5.2.2.
Mediation Institutions in Taiwan
555
5.2.3.
Reaction to Mediation
555
6.
Conclusion
556
ch. 24
The Arab World / Nathalie Najjar
559
1.
Introduction
559
2.
Legal Rules Related to ADR
560
2.1.
Effective Legislation
560
2.1.1.
Agreed Mediation in Morocco
560
2.1.2.
Court-Annexed Mediation and Conciliation in Algeria
562
2.1.3.
Private and Court-Annexed Mediation in Jordan
563
2.2.
Draft Laws
565
2.2.1.
Court-Annexed Mediation in Lebanon
566
2.2.2.
Bahrain
567
3.
Lack of a Comprehensive Legal Framework
568
3.1.
Recognition and Establishment by Islamic Shari'a
568
3.1.1.
Legality of Amicable Means of Settling Disputes as Favoured by the Islamic Shari'a
569
3.1.2.
Features of ADR in the Shari'a
570
3.1.2.1.
Confusion Among Arbitration, Àmiable Composition', Mediation and Conciliation
570
3.1.2.2.
Recognition of the Settlement / Ottoman Madjallat
572
3.2.
Influence of Shari'a on Local Culture and Judicial Practice
572
4.
Practice of ADR Failing Comprehensive Legal Provisions
574
4.1.
Practical Problems Failing Legal Framework
574
4.2.
Provisions in Some Business Fields
577
4.2.1.
Disputes Related to Private Business Transactions
577
4.2.2.
Varieties of Ombudsman
579
5.
Ancillary Services Offered by Centres of Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration
580
6.
University Courses, Seminars and Publications: Privileged Information among Practitioners
582
ch. 25
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Turkey / Seckin Arikan
583
1.
Introduction
583
2.
Turkish Courts and Their Case Load
584
2.1.
Legal Framework
585
2.1.1.
Civil Litigation
585
2.1.2.
Arbitration
585
2.1.2.1.
Domestic Arbitration
585
2.1.2.2.
International Arbitration
586
3.
Mediation
586
4.
ADR Practices
587
4.1.
Arbitration Practice
587
4.1.1.
Domestic Arbitration
587
4.1.2.
Domestic Arbitration Institutions
588
4.2.
Mediation
589
ch. 26
Amicable Dispute Resolution in South Africa / John Brand
591
1.
Introduction
591
2.
Primary Areas of ADR in South Africa
594
3.
Mediation Procedural Law
597
4.
Mediator Training
598
5.
Mediation Standards
598
6.
Service Providers
598
7.
Conclusion
599
ch. 27
Amicable Dispute Resolution: The Nigerian Experience / Kenny Aina
601
1.
Introduction
601
1.1.
Brief Antecedents of ADR in Nigeria
602
1.2.
Zealous Advocacy and Public Dissatisfaction in the Justice System in Nigeria
603
2.
The ADR Revolution in the Dispute Resolution Landscape
605
2.1.
Court-Connected ADR Services
605
2.2.
Other Initiatives
607
2.3.
ADR as a Business Tool
608
3.
Toward Entrenching Culture of ADR in Nigeria: Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms
608
3.1.
Skill Gap
608
3.2.
Submission of Parties and Counsel
609
3.3.
Judicial Support and Commitment
609
3.4.
Resistance from the Legal Community
610
4.
Conclusion
610
ch. 28
ADR in Sub-Saharan African Countries / Amadou Dieng
611
1.
Introduction
611
2.
A Brief History of ADR in Sub-Saharan Africa
612
2.1.
The Traditional Society in Pre-Colonial Africa
612
2.2.
The Colonial Period
613
2.3.
The Post-Colonial Period Until the 1990s
614
3.
ADR Regulatory Framework in Sub-Saharan Countries
614
3.1.
National Legislations
614
3.1.1.
OHADA Countries
615
3.1.2.
Non-OHADA Countries: The Ghana Experience
616
3.2.
International Instruments
616
3.3.
ADR in Uniform Regional Law
617
3.3.1.
ADR in CIMA Legislation
617
3.3.2.
Development of ADR Since the Creation of OHADA
618
3.3.3.
Criminal Sanctions in OHADA Law
618
3.3.4.
Debt Recovery
619
3.4.
Private Commercial ADR Centre Practices in OHADA Countries
619
3.5.
ADR Perspectives for Future International African Business Relationships
621
3.5.1.
ADR in Western Countries and African Business Relationships
621
3.5.2.
Some Interesting Common Features in the Chinese and African Approaches to ADR
622
3.5.3.
Building a Better Infrastructure for ADR Services in Sub-Saharan Countries
623
4.
Conclusion
623
ch. 29
The European Mediation Directive: More Questions Than Answers / John M. Bosnak
625
1.
Some Preliminary Remarks
625
2.
Some Historical Notes
627
3.
The Contents of the Directive
629
3.1.
The Fundamentals
629
3.2.
Objective and Scope
631
3.2.1.
Ensuring a Balanced Relationship between Mediation and Judicial Proceedings
631
3.2.2.
Cross-Border Disputes
631
3.2.3.
Scope: Civil and Commercial Matters Only
633
3.2.4.
Rights and Obligations Which Are Not at the Party's Disposal
634
3.3.
The Definition of Mediation
635
3.3.1.
Structured Process
635
3.3.2.
However Named or Referred To
636
3.3.3.
By Themselves
637
3.3.4.
On a Voluntary Basis...This Process May Be Initiated by the Parties or Suggested or Ordered by a Court or Prescribed by the Law of a Member State
637
3.3.5.
ECJ Case Law on Mandatory Mediation
639
3.3.6.
Mandatory Mediation and Enforcement
640
3.3.7.
The United Kingdom
640
3.3.8.
Mediation versus Conciliation
642
3.4.
The Definition of a Mediator
643
3.5.
The Quality of Mediation
643
3.6.
Recourse to Mediation
644
4.
Intermezzo
644
5.
The Contents of the Directive (Continued)
647
5.1.
Enforceability of Agreements Resulting from Mediation
647
5.1.1.
Enforcement by Court Approval
647
5.1.2.
Notarial Deed
648
5.1.3.
Agreements Co-signed by Counsel
649
5.1.4.
The Mediated Agreement in the Form of an Arbitral Settlement Award
649
5.2.
Confidentiality of Mediation
650
5.2.1.
Commonwealth Approach
650
5.2.2.
Two Sides of Confidentiality
651
5.2.3.
Confidentiality in the United States
652
5.2.4.
Stricter Measures to Protect Confidentiality
653
5.2.5.
Who Is the Òwner' of the Privilege?
653
5.2.6.
Exceptions to Privilege
654
5.3.
Effect of Mediation on Limitation and Prescription Periods
655
6.
Final Remarks and Conclusion
656