The international law of the sea / Donald R. Rothwell and Tim Stephens.
2010
KZA1145 .R68 2010 (Map It)
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Author
Title
The international law of the sea / Donald R. Rothwell and Tim Stephens.
Published
Oxford ; Portland, Or. : Hart, 2010.
Call Number
KZA1145 .R68 2010
ISBN
9781841132570 (paperback)
1841132578 (paperback)
1841132578 (paperback)
Description
xlv, 499 pages : illustrations, maps (some color) ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)620140144
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
Preface
vii
List of Abbreviations
xxiii
List of Tables
xxvii
List of Figures
xxix
Table of Cases
xxxi
Tables of Treaties
xxxv
1.
The History and Sources of the International Law of the Sea
1
I.
Introduction
1
II.
Historical Development of the International Law of the Sea
2
A.
The Grotian View of the Oceans
3
B.
The Freedom of the Sea and Territorial Sea Claims
4
C.
1930 Hague Conference
4
D.
Truman Proclamation
5
III.
Work of the International Law Commission
6
IV.
The First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Geneva Conventions
6
V.
The Second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
9
VI.
The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
10
A.
Claims to New Maritime Zones in the 1960's
10
B.
The Regime of the Deep Seabed
11
C.
UNCLOS III Conference Dynamics
12
D.
The United States Position on Common Heritage and the Deep Seabed
14
VII.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
14
A.
Core Provisions
15
B.
Entry into Force
18
C.
1994 Implementing Agreement
18
D.
1995 Fish Stocks Agreement
19
VIII.
Institutional Frameworks
20
IX.
Sources of the International Law of the Sea
22
A.
Customary International Law
22
B.
Treaties and Conventions
22
C.
Unilateral Declarations
23
D.
Subsidiary Sources of Law
24
E.
Soft Law
24
X.
Challenges for the International Law of the Sea
25
A.
Climate Change
25
B.
Marine Environmental Security
26
C.
Creeping Jurisdiction
27
XI.
Review and Reform of the International Law of the Sea
27
XII.
Further Reading
29
2.
Coastal Waters
30
I.
Introduction
30
II.
History
31
III.
Baselines
33
A.
The Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case
33
B.
International Law Commission
34
i.
International Law Commission Draft Articles
35
C.
UNCLOS I
36
D.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
37
E.
Post-UNCLOS I State Practice
39
F.
LOSC
40
IV.
Key Issues in the Delimitation of Coastal Waters
42
A.
Low-water
42
B.
Straight Baselines
43
C.
Low-tide Elevation
45
D.
Juridical Bays
46
E.
Historic Bays
47
F.
Contemporary State Practice
50
V.
Internal Waters
52
A.
Views of the ILC
52
B.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
52
C.
LOSC
53
D.
State Practice
54
i.
Territorial Sovereign Rights and Internal Waters
54
ii.
Port Access
55
iii.
Jurisdiction dyer Foreign Ships in Port
56
VI.
Further Reading
57
3.
Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
58
I.
Introduction
58
II.
Territorial Sea in Customary International Law
59
III.
Codification of the Territorial Sea
61
A.
The Views of the International Associations
61
B.
International Law Commission
62
C.
UNCLOS I
63
D.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
64
E.
UNCLOS II
66
F.
State Practice
67
IV.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
69
V.
Contemporary Territorial Sea in State Practice
71
A.
Breadth of the Territorial Sea
71
B.
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
73
C.
Innocent and Transit Passage
76
VI.
Contiguous Zone
77
A.
ILC
77
B.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Convention
78
C.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
79
D.
State Practice
79
VII.
Further Reading
81
4.
The Exclusive Economic Zone
82
I.
Introduction
82
II.
The Concept of the EEZ
83
III.
Breadth of the EEZ and its Relationship with Other Maritime Zones
85
IV.
Coastal State Rights and Obligations in the EEZ
87
A.
Sovereign Rights
88
i.
Living Resources
88
ii.
Non-Living Resources
89
B.
Jurisdictional Rights
90
i.
Artificial Islands, Installations and Structures
90
ii.
Marine Scientific Research
91
iii.
Marine Environmental Protection
92
V.
Rights and Duties of Other States in the EEZ
92
A.
Navigation and Overflight
93
i.
Environmental Security
94
ii.
Military Security
95
B.
Submarine Cables and Pipelines
96
VI.
Future Developments
96
VII.
Further Reading
97
5.
The Continental Shelf
98
I.
Introduction
98
II.
The Truman Proclamation
100
III.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Convention
102
A.
Work of the International Law Commission
102
B.
The Convention on the Continental Shelf
104
C.
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
106
IV.
UNCLOS III
107
V.
LOSC
109
A.
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
111
B.
Rights and Duties of Coastal and Other States
117
C.
Relationship with the EEZ Regime
118
VI.
Further Reading
119
6.
The Deep Seabed
120
I.
Introduction
120
II.
The Deep Seabed: Environment and Resources
121
III.
Early Debates: Sedentary Fisheries and the Deep Seabed
125
IV.
The Moratorium Resolution and Principles Resolution
127
V.
UNCLOS III
129
A.
Reciprocating States Regime
132
VI.
The LOSC and 1994 Agreement
133
A.
The Main Revisions in the 1994 Agreement
134
VII.
The International Seabed Authority and the Seabed Mining System
136
A.
The ISBA
136
i.
The Assembly
137
ii.
The Council
138
iii.
Recent Activities of the ISBA and the Mining Code
138
B.
Main Elements of the Deep Seabed Mining Regime
141
VIII.
Further Reading
144
7.
High Seas
145
I.
Introduction
145
A.
The High Seas as a Managed Common Area
146
II.
Historical Development of the High Seas
147
A.
Pre-Grotian Freedoms of the High Seas
147
B.
Grotian Vision of the High Seas
147
C.
High Seas in Customary International Law
148
i.
Jurisdiction over Vessels on the High Seas
149
III.
Codification of the High Seas Regime
151
A.
Pre-Geneva Codifications
151
B.
Work of the ILC
152
C.
UNCLOS I
152
D.
UNCLOS III
153
IV.
The LOSC and the High Seas
154
A.
Freedom of the High Seas
155
i.
Freedom of Navigation
155
ii.
Freedom of Overflight
156
iii.
Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and Pipelines
156
iv.
Freedom to Construct Artificial Islands and other Installations
156
v.
Freedom of Fishing
157
vi.
Freedom of Scientific Research
158
B.
Shipping
158
i.
Nationality of Ships
159
ii.
Duties of the Flag State
160
iii.
Immunities
160
iv.
Collisions
161
v.
Assistance to Persons at Sea
161
C.
Prohibitions
162
i.
Piracy
162
ii.
Slavery
164
iii.
Drug Trafficking
165
iv.
Unauthorised Broadcasting
165
D.
Enforcement
166
E.
Conservation and Management of Living Resources
167
F.
Relationship with Other Maritime Zones
168
V.
Further Reading
169
8.
Archipelagic States
170
I.
Archipelagos and International Law
170
II.
Early Codifications
172
III.
UNCLOS I
173
IV.
The Indonesian and Philippines Claims
175
A.
Indonesia
175
B.
The Philippines
177
V.
UNCLOS III
179
VI.
The LOSC and Archipelagic States
181
A.
Archipelagic States
181
B.
Archipelagic Baselines
183
C.
The Legal Status of Archipelagic Waters
185
D.
Archipelagic State Practice
186
i.
Proclaimed Archipelagic States
187
ii.
Archipelagic State Rights over Archipelagic Waters
188
VII.
Further Reading
189
9.
Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States
190
I.
Introduction
190
II.
Landlocked States and Access to the Sea
193
A.
Early Developments
193
B.
UNCLOS I
194
C.
Post-UNCLOS I Developments
195
D.
The LOSC
196
III.
Landlocked States and Rights of Navigation
199
IV.
Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States and Marine Resources
200
A.
Living Resources of the EEZ
201
B.
Living Resources of the High Seas
203
C.
Mineral Resources of the Area
203
D.
Marine Scientific Research and Transfer of Marine Technology
204
V.
Further Reading
204
10.
Navigational Rights and Freedoms
205
I.
Freedom of the Seas and Navigational Rights and Freedoms
205
A.
Traditional Interests
205
B.
Contemporary Interests
206
II.
Customary International Law Prior to UNCLOS I
207
A.
Early State Practice
207
B.
The Corfu Channel Case
209
III.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Conventions
210
A.
The Work of the International Law Commission
210
B.
UNCLOS I
211
IV.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
213
V.
Territorial Sea
214
A.
Coastal State Rights in the Territorial Sea
214
B.
The Right of Innocent Passage
215
C.
Coastal State Rights and Duties Regarding Innocent Passage
218
i.
Prevention of Passage
218
ii.
Regulation of Passage
219
iii.
Obligation not to Hamper Innocent Passage
220
iv.
Sea Lanes and Traffic Separation Schemes
221
D.
The Rights of Foreign Flagged Vessels
221
E.
Warships
222
F.
Nuclear Vessels and Vessels Carrying Hazardous Substances
223
G.
Vessels in Distress
224
VI.
High Seas
224
VII.
Exclusive Economic Zone
227
VIII.
Further Reading
229
11.
International Straits and Archipelagic Navigation
230
I.
Recognising Rights of Navigation through Straits
230
A.
The Corfu Channel Case
231
B.
The ILC and UNCLOS I
232
II.
UNCLOS III Deliberations and the LOSC
234
A.
The Straits Regime
235
B.
The Archipelagic Regime
235
III.
International Straits
236
A.
Categories of Straits
237
B.
The Regime of Transit Passage
239
i.
The Act of Transit
239
ii.
Duties of Ships and Aircraft in Transit
240
iii.
Obligations of Strait States
241
iv.
Regulation of Transit Passage
242
v.
Enforcement of Strait State Laws and Regulations
242
C.
Navigation in Specific International Straits
244
i.
Turkish Straits
244
ii.
Strait of Gibraltar
245
iii.
Straits of Malacca and Singapore
246
iv.
Torres Strait
247
IV.
Archipelagic Navigation
248
A.
Innocent Passage within Archipelagic Waters
249
B.
Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
250
i.
Navigation in the 'Normal Mode'
251
ii.
Navigation within Archipelagic Sea Lanes
251
iii.
Designation of Archipelagic Sea Lanes
252
iv.
Obligations while Undertaking Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage
253
v.
Obligations of the Archipelagic State
254
C.
State Practice Designating Archipelagic Sea Lanes
255
V.
Further Reading
257
12.
Military Uses of the Oceans
258
I.
Introduction
258
II.
Historical Overview
259
III.
International Law and Naval Operations
260
A.
Law of Naval Warfare
260
B.
United Nations-Sanctioned Naval Operations
262
IV.
Codification of the Law of the Sea
263
A.
Work of the International Law Commission
264
B.
UNCLOS I and the Geneva Conventions
265
C.
UNCLOS III and the LOSC
265
V.
Navigational Rights and Freedoms
267
A.
Innocent Passage by Warships
268
B.
Transit Passage by Warships
271
C.
Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage by Warships
274
D.
EEZ Navigation by Warships
275
i.
Military Survey Activities
275
VI.
Naval Operations at Sea
276
A.
United Nations Sanctioned Interdictions
276
B.
Proliferation Security Initiative
278
C.
Weapons Testing and Military Manoeuvres
279
D.
Demilitarised and Nuclear Free Zones
281
VII.
Overflight by Military Aircraft
282
VIII.
Further Reading
284
13.
Marine Resource Management
285
I.
Introduction
285
II.
Non-Living Marine Resources
287
A.
Resource Potential
287
B.
Internal Waters and Territorial Sea
288
C.
Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone
288
D.
The High Seas and Deep Seabed
289
E.
Joint Development
290
III.
Living Resources
292
A.
Fisheries and the 'Tragedy of the Commons'
292
B.
Pre LOSC Developments
292
C.
1958 Geneva Conventions
295
D.
LOSC Regime
297
i.
Internal Waters, the Territorial Sea and Archipelagic Waters
298
ii.
Exclusive Economic Zone
298
iii.
Shared Stocks
303
iv.
Continental Shelf
303
v.
The High Seas
303
vi.
Deep Seabed
306
E.
Species-Specific Rules
307
i.
Highly Migratory Species
307
ii.
Marine Mammals
308
iii.
Anadromous Species
310
iv.
Catadromous Species
311
F.
Post-LOSC Developments
311
i.
High Seas Fishing
312
ii.
Fish Stocks Agreement
315
IV.
Further Reading
319
14.
Marine Scientific Research
320
I.
Introduction
320
II.
Development of the Regime for Marine Scientific Research
321
A.
Early History of Marine Scientific Research
321
B.
Marine Scientific Research and North[–]South Tensions in the Post-WW II Period
322
C.
The Pre-LOSC Regime for Marine Scientific Research
323
III.
The LOSC Regime for Marine Scientific Research
324
A.
General Provisions
324
B.
Internal Waters, Archipelagic Waters and the Territorial Sea
327
C.
Continental Shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone
327
i.
Hydrographic Surveying
330
ii.
Scientific Research Installations and Equipment
331
D.
High Seas
333
E.
Deep Seabed
333
IV.
Marine Scientific Research under Other Regimes
334
V.
Coastal State Legislation concerning Marine Scientific Research
335
VI.
Future Developments
336
VII.
Further Reading
337
15.
Marine Environmental Protection
338
I.
Introduction
338
II.
Sources and Type of Marine Pollution
339
III.
The Legal Framework: LOSC and Regional Treaties
342
A.
LOSC
342
B.
Regional Treaties
344
IV.
Operational Vessel-Source Pollution
347
A.
Operational and Accidental Vessel Pollution Distinguished
347
B.
LOSC and the IMO
347
C.
International Standards
348
D.
The MARPOL Jurisdictional Framework
353
i.
Flag States
353
ii.
Port States
353
E.
The LOSC Jurisdictional Framework
355
i.
Flag States
355
ii.
Port States
355
iii.
Coastal States
356
iv.
Enforcement Jurisdiction
358
V.
Accidental Vessel-Source Pollution
359
A.
Safety of Shipping
359
i.
SOLAS
359
ii.
Qualifications and Working Conditions for Seafarers
361
iii.
Preventing Collisions at Sea
362
VI.
Pollution Emergencies
362
A.
Responding to Pollution Emergencies
363
B.
Coastal State Rights of Intervention
364
C.
The Role of Salvors
365
VII.
Liability for Vessel-Source Pollution
365
A.
State Responsibility
365
B.
Civil Liability
366
i.
Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
366
ii.
1992 Civil Liability Convention
367
iii.
The 1992 Fund Convention
369
iv.
Liability for Other Pollution Damage
370
VIII.
Seabed Pollution
371
A.
Territorial Sea, EEZ and Continental Shelf
371
IX.
Dumping at Sea
373
A.
1972 London Convention
374
B.
1996 Protocol
374
C.
Jurisdiction and Enforcement
376
D.
Ship Scrapping and Recycling
377
E.
Regional Agreements
378
X.
Land-Based and Atmospheric Pollution
378
A.
1995 Global Programme of Action
380
XI.
Further Reading
382
16.
Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries
383
I.
Introduction
383
A.
Grisbadarna Arbitration
384
B.
Influence of Boggs
385
II.
Work of the International Law Commission
386
III.
Codification of the Law
387
A.
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
387
B.
Convention on the Continental Shelf
388
IV.
Early Cases
389
A.
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
389
B.
Anglo-French Arbitration
390
V.
LOSC
391
VI.
The ICJ and Maritime Boundary Delimitation
393
VII.
Principles of Maritime Boundary Delimitation
397
A.
Delimitation Methodology
397
i.
Territorial Sea
398
ii.
EEZ/Continental Shelf/Single Maritime Boundary
398
B.
Territorial Sea Delimitations
399
C.
Equitable Solution/Equitable Result
401
D.
Equidistance and Median Lines
401
E.
Relevant and Special Circumstances
402
i.
Special Circumstances
403
ii.
Relevant Circumstances
404
iii.
Islands
404
iv.
Fishing
406
v.
Oil Concessions
407
F.
Single Maritime Boundaries
407
VIII.
Maritime Boundary Delimitation by Agreement
408
A.
Settled Maritime Boundaries
408
B.
Joint Development Zones
409
IX.
Further Reading
411
17.
Maritime Regulation and Enforcement
412
I.
Introduction
412
II.
International Law Regarding Enforcement Powers at Sea
414
A.
Hot Pursuit
415
i.
Case Law
416
ii.
State Practice
416
iii.
Multilateral Hot Pursuit
417
B.
Use of Force
418
i.
LOSC and Use of Force
419
ii.
General Principles Regarding the Use of Force at Sea During Peacetime
420
III.
Enforcement Operations within Particular Maritime Zones
422
A.
Internal Waters
423
B.
Territorial Sea
424
i.
Criminal Jurisdiction
425
ii.
Civil Jurisdiction
425
iii.
Territorial Sea of an International Strait
425
C.
Archipelagic Waters
426
D.
Contiguous Zone
427
E.
EEZ
428
i.
Matters Subject to EEZ Sovereign Rights
429
ii.
Matters Subject to EEZ Jurisdiction
430
F.
Continental Shelf
431
G.
High Seas
431
IV.
Specialist Regimes Relating to Maritime Regulation and Enforcement
432
A.
Piracy
432
B.
Maritime Terrorism and Related Unlawful Acts
434
C.
Fisheries
435
D.
Transnational Crime
436
V.
Further Reading
438
18.
Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea
439
I.
Introduction
439
II.
Dispute Settlement in International Law: General Mechanisms
440
III.
Dispute Settlement in the Law of the Sea: Pre-LOSC Developments
442
A.
ILC Draft Articles on the Law of the Sea
443
B.
UNCLOS I
444
C.
UNCLOS III
445
IV.
Dispute Settlement under the LOSC
445
A.
Jurisdictional Conditions
445
B.
Compulsory Dispute Settlement
448
i.
Applicable Law
452
ii.
Provisional Measures
452
iii.
Prompt Release
453
C.
Jurisdictional Limitations and Exceptions
454
D.
ITLOS
456
V.
Further Reading
460
19.
Oceans Governance
461
I.
Introduction
461
II.
The Concept of Oceans Governance
462
A.
Government and Governance Distinguished
462
B.
The Ecosystem Approach and Area-Based Management
462
C.
Area-Based Tools for Marine Management
465
D.
Transparent and Participatory Decision-Making Processes
467
E.
Scientific and Other Cross-Disciplinary Influences
468
F.
Normative Influences on Oceans Governance
469
III.
The Global Legal Framework for Oceans Governance
470
IV.
The Policy Framework for Oceans Governance
473
V.
Norms and Principles of Oceans Governance
474
VI.
Institutions for Oceans Governance
478
VII.
Regional, Sub-regional and National Oceans Governance
482
A.
UNEP Regional Seas Programme
482
B.
European Union
483
C.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
484
VIII.
Further Reading
485
Index
487