Climate change and sustainable development law in a nutshell / by John R. Nolon, Patricia E. Salkin.
2011
KF3783 .N65 2011 (Map It)
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Author
Title
Climate change and sustainable development law in a nutshell / by John R. Nolon, Patricia E. Salkin.
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2011]
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KF3783 .N65 2011
Spine Title
Climate change and sustainable development law
ISBN
9780314264206 (pbk.)
0314264205 (pbk.)
0314264205 (pbk.)
Description
xxxix, 479 pages ; 19 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)690332198
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
iii
About The Authors
v
Foreword
vii
Preface
xv
Table Of Cases
xxxv
ch. One
Historical, Scientific, and Legal Background
1
1.
Climate Change: International Back-ground
1
A.
The Road to Rio
1
B.
1992: The Rio Accords
3
C.
1997: The Kyoto Protocol
5
D.
2009: The Copenhagen Accord
6
E.
The Importance of Emission Caps
8
2.
Sustainable Development and Climate Change
12
A.
The Stockholm Convention on the Human Environment
12
B.
The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21: Sustainable Development and Land Use
14
C.
1996: The Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements
18
D.
2002: The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development
19
E.
2005: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
20
3.
Scientific Background: Causes and Consequences of Climate Change
22
4.
Sustainable Development and Climate Change Management
26
A.
The Relevance of Sustainable Land Use Planning and Law
26
B.
The Importance of Integrated Governmental Planning
30
C.
Evidence of Compliance With the Rio Accords
33
D.
Land Use Patterns in the U.S and Climate Change
40
5.
Conclusion: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Law
44
ch. Two
The Federal, State, and Local Legal Systems
49
1.
Interrelationship of Federal, State and Local Law
49
2.
Federal Limitations on State and Local Environmental and Land Use Laws
53
A.
RLUIPA
53
B.
Federal Preemption of Siting and Permitting
56
C.
Dormant Commerce Clause
59
D.
Vehicle Emissions
61
3.
State Preemption of Local Environmental and Land Use Laws
63
4.
Cooperative Federalism
66
5.
Regionalism
73
A.
Regional Climate Registry and Reduction Initiatives
74
B.
Regional Transportation Planning
78
C.
Regional and Intermunicipal Land Use Planning
81
6.
Public Participation
85
7.
Toward a Reflexive Legal System for Managing Climate Change
86
ch. Three
Federal Policy, Regulation, and Markets
88
1.
The Breadth of Federal Actions
88
2.
Early Federal Climate Change Progress
89
A.
The National Climate Program Act of 1978
89
B.
The Global Climate Protection Act of 1987
92
C.
The Global Change Research Act of 1990
94
3.
Clean Air Act, EPA, and Greenhouse Gas Regulation
97
A.
EPA's Regulatory Authority Over GHG Emissions
97
B.
EPA's Regulatory Response
102
4.
Federal Nuisance Litigation
103
5.
The Role of Environmental Impact Assessment in Mitigating Climate Change
107
6.
Energy Law and Sustainability
112
A.
Conservation
113
B.
Renewables
115
7.
Federal Actions Regulating Vehicles and Fuels
116
8.
Renewable Portfolio Standards
118
9.
Coastal Policy and Disaster Management
120
10.
Transportation, Housing, and Environmental Policy
126
ch. Four
State and Regional Climate Change Policy and Regulation
129
1.
Actions in the Absence of Federal Initiatives
129
2.
State Greenhouse Gas Emissions Caps
129
3.
Climate Action Plans
132
4.
Comprehensive Planning Requirements
135
5.
Environmental Review Statutes
142
A.
Environmental Review of GHG Emission Impacts
143
B.
Environmental Review of Clean Energy Projects
145
C.
Balancing Sustainability Interests Under Mini-NEPAs
148
6.
Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Measures
149
A.
Renewable Portfolio Standards
150
B.
Net Metering
154
C.
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Incentives
157
D.
Green Building and Energy Efficient Building Standards
159
E.
Electric Appliance Efficiency Standards
161
7.
Water Conservation
163
8.
Vehicle Emissions Regulations
167
ch. Five
Local Climate Action Plans, Sustainability, and Comprehensive Planning
171
1.
The Importance of State and Local Actions
171
2.
Source and Nature of Municipal Authority to Enact Climate Change Laws
173
A.
Statutory Enabling Acts
173
B.
The Police Power and Home Rule
174
3.
Land Use Regulations
177
A.
Mixed Use Zoning
177
B.
Cluster Development Regulations
181
C.
Walkable Subdivisions
182
D.
Agricultural Zoning Districts
183
E.
Transfer of Development Rights Programs
184
F.
Parking Ordinances
185
G.
Green Building
186
H.
Green Roofs
187
I.
Zoning to Facilitate Renewable Energy Uses
190
4.
Local Food Programs
190
5.
Green Procurement Laws
192
6.
Hybrid/Low Emissions Vehicles Fleet Conversions
194
7.
Recycling, Composting, and Volume-Based Garbage Collection Pricing
195
8.
Local Carbon Taxes
196
9.
Water Conservation
197
10.
Comprehensive Plans and Climate Action Plans
199
A.
Comprehensive Plans
199
B.
Climate Action Plans
202
ch. Six
Energy Efficient Buildings
209
1.
Buildings, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and the Law
209
2.
Energy Code Basics
212
A.
General Coverage and Legal Authority
212
B.
The International Energy Conservation Code
213
C.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1
214
D.
Code Enforcement and the Building Approval Process
215
3.
Code Enhancement
217
A.
Legal Authority to Require or Incentivize Enhancements
217
B.
Energy Star Standards
220
C.
ASHRAE Standard 189.1
223
D.
Core Performance
223
E.
Combined Heat and Power
224
F.
Requiring Energy Efficient Appliances
224
G.
Existing Buildings
226
H.
Using PACE Financing for Energy Retrofits
229
4.
Land Use Regulations and Energy Efficiency in Buildings
231
A.
Land Use Objectives Include Energy Conservation
231
B.
Passive Solar, Building Form, and Orientation
233
C.
Building Commissioning
234
D.
Systems Approaches to Building Design
235
E.
Land Use Approval Protocols
235
5.
Federal Law Strategies
236
A.
Promoting Energy Code Updates and Compliance
237
B.
Conclusion
240
ch. Seven
Green Buildings and Sites
242
1.
The Emergence of Green Building Laws
242
2.
Requiring and Incentivizing Green Buildings
245
3.
Incorporating Third Party Standards
247
A.
Mandating Third Party Standards
247
i.
LEED
248
ii.
ICC-700
249
iii.
Green Globes
249
iv.
Living Building Challenge
250
v.
ASHRAE Standard 189.1
250
vi.
International Green Construction Code
251
B.
Possible Unintended Consequences
251
i.
Problems Obtaining a Certificate of Occupancy
251
ii.
Impact on Project Financing
252
iii.
Liability Concerns
253
iv.
Antitrust Issues
254
v.
Violation of the Non-Delegation Doctrine
254
vi.
Other Concerns
255
C.
Circumventing Practical and Legal Problems
256
D.
Encouraging Compliance Using Incentives
259
4.
Greening Government Buildings and Operations
263
5.
Green Buildings That Reduce Fossil Fuel Consumption by Automobiles
266
6.
Sustainable Sites
268
7.
The International Green Construction Code
270
ch. Eight
Green Neighborhoods and Transit Oriented Development
278
1.
The Neighborhood Scale and Sustainable Development
278
2.
LEED for Neighborhood Development
281
A.
Overview of the LEED-ND Rating System
281
B.
Municipal Use of LEED-ND to Guide Land Development
284
C.
Examples of Local Government Action
288
3.
Transit Oriented Development
290
A.
TOD and Climate Change Mitigation
290
B.
Transportation and Land Use Planning
291
C.
Local TOD Case Studies
294
D.
Transportation Efficient Development
297
4.
Green Infrastructure
299
A.
Incorporating Green Infrastructure into Land Use Planning & Regulations
300
B.
Green Roof Initiatives
302
C.
Rainwater Collection Requirements
304
D.
Xeriscaping Requirements
305
5.
District Energy Systems
306
6.
Environmental Justice
309
ch. Nine
Renewable Energy: Wind, Solar, and Beyond
318
1.
Land Use and Renewable Energy Facilities
318
2.
Wind Power
320
A.
State Role in Siting
322
B.
Local Control
324
3.
Solar Power
328
A.
Local Efforts to Regulate & Promote Photovoltaics
329
B.
State Regulations
334
C.
Homeowners Associations and Restrictive Covenants
336
4.
Nuisance Issues
337
5.
Federal Siting Issues
337
6.
Renewable Portfolio Standards
339
7.
Net Metering
341
8.
Renewable Energy Financial Incentives
341
ch. Ten
Sequestration
344
1.
What Is Sequestration?
344
2.
International Conventions That Promote Sequestration
350
3.
Domestic Federal and State Initiatives
353
4.
Local Environmental Protection and Sequestration
357
A.
Tree Canopy Ordinances/Urban Forests
360
B.
Timber Harvesting Ordinances
363
C.
Density Bonuses
365
D.
Cluster Development
368
E.
Transfer of Development Rights
372
F.
Conservation Subdivisions and Low Impact Development
373
G.
Site Plan Regulations, Preservation and Sequestration
376
H.
Protecting Property Rights and Land Acquisition
379
I.
Land Acquisition Strategies
380
i.
Eminent Domain
381
ii.
Conservation Easements
382
iii.
Purchase of Development Rights
383
iv.
Local Financing Sources
385
v.
State Financing Sources
386
ch. Eleven
Sea Level Rise Adaptation and Resiliency
391
1.
Adjusting to Climate Change
391
A.
Climate Change, Sea Level Rise, and Natural Disasters
391
B.
Adaptation: Sea Level Rise Planning
395
C.
Resiliency: Disaster Planning
397
2.
Adaptation
400
A.
State Responses
400
i.
Studies and Planning
400
ii.
Planning
400
iii.
Planning and Regulation
403
iv.
Ownership Through the Public Trust
407
B.
Local Sea Level Rise Initiatives
408
i.
Land Use Planning
408
ii.
Infrastructure Planning
409
iii.
Impact Analysis
410
iv.
Set-back Provisions
410
v.
Zoning Limits and Restrictions
411
vi.
Overlay Zoning
412
vii.
Subdivision and Site Plan Regulations
413
viii.
Special Use Permits
414
ix.
Low Impact Development
415
x.
Development Agreements
415
xi.
Protection of Natural Resources
416
xii.
Groundwater Protection
417
xiii.
Intermunicipal Planning and Action
417
3.
Resiliency
418
A.
Resiliency and Land Use Law
418
B.
Local Initiatives
420
4.
Other Tools and Techniques
422
5.
Property Rights and the Rising Sea
424
Appendix: Internet Guide to Climate Change & Sustainable Development Research
430
Index
457