The eclipse of the legality principle in the European Union / edited by Leonard Besselink, Frans Pennings, Sacha Prechal.
2011
KJE5640 .E25 2011 (Map It)
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Title
The eclipse of the legality principle in the European Union / edited by Leonard Besselink, Frans Pennings, Sacha Prechal.
Published
[Austin, Tex.] : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, [2011]
Distributed
Frederick, MD : Distributed in North, Central and South America by Aspen Publishers
Copyright
©2011
Call Number
KJE5640 .E25 2011
ISBN
9789041132628 (acid-free paper)
9041132627 (acid-free paper)
9041132627 (acid-free paper)
Description
xxiii, 312 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)693830882
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
v
List of Abbreviations
xxi
Preface
xxv
pt. I
Introduction: Transformation
1
ch. 1
Introduction: Legality in Multiple Legal Orders / Sacha Prechal
3
1.
Plurality of Legal Orders
3
2.
Legality in Europe
4
3.
A Constitutional Principle Common to the Member States
5
4.
La Loi est l'Expression de la Volonte Generale
5
5.
Functions of Legality
6
6.
Structure of the Book
8
ch. 2
As Good as It Gets: On Risk, Legality and the Precautionary Principle / Lyana Francot-Timmermans
11
1.
Introduction
11
2.
Patient Zero
11
3.
Social Diagnosis: Uncertainty in a Global World
14
3.1.
The Processes of Modernization: Uncertainty and Scarcity
15
3.2.
Second Modernity: Uncertainty and Risk
16
3.3.
The Nature of Modern Risk
17
3.3.1.
Characteristics
18
3.3.2.
The Problem of Risk
19
4.
The Precautionary Principle
19
4.1.
Global and European Context
20
4.2.
The Precautionary Principle in the Literature
22
4.3.
The Legal Status of the Precautionary Principle
23
5.
Liberty and the Rule of Law
25
6.
Balancing Two Principles
27
6.1.
Regulating Relations
27
6.2.
An Outdated Concept?
28
6.3.
Legality Under Siege
30
6.3.1.
Ìnternal' Legislation
30
6.3.2.
Procedural ̀Tinkering'
31
7.
Conclusion
33
pt. II
Legality and the Attribution of Powers to Public Authorities
35
ch. 3
Administrative Powers in German and in English Law / Paulien Willemsen
37
1.
Introduction
37
2.
Germany
37
2.1.
Introduction
37
2.2.
Hierarchy of Norms
38
2.3.
The Precedence of Statutory Law
39
2.4.
Requirement of a Statutory Basis
40
2.4.1.
Field of Application: Eingriffsverwaltung and Leistungsverwaltung
40
2.4.2.
Parliamentary Reservation
43
2.4.3.
Implied Powers
43
2.4.4.
Indefinite Legal Terms
44
2.5.
Use of Private Law
45
3.
The Sources of Governmental Power in English Law
45
3.1.
Introduction
45
3.2.
Statutory Power
45
3.3.
Non-Statutory Powers: The Royal Prerogatives and the Third Source of Power
48
4.
Conclusion and Observations
52
ch. 4
National Legality and European Obligations / Rob Widdershoven
55
1.
Introduction
55
2.
Content and Scope of the Legality Principle
56
3.
The Directive as Direct Basis for Powers of the Administration in the National Legal Order
59
3.1.
General
59
3.2.
Direct Effect
60
3.3.
Consistent Interpretation
62
4.
The Regulation as Direct Basis for Powers of the Administration in the National Legal Order
64
4.1.
The European View
64
4.2.
Regulations in the Dutch Legal Order
66
5.
Evaluation in the Light of ̀Composite' Legality
69
6.
Conclusion
72
ch. 5
The Legality of Independent Regulatory Authorities / Annetje Ottow
73
1.
Introduction: The Principle of Legality
73
2.
Structure
76
3.
Setting the Scene: The Regulatory Background
77
4.
Independence
79
4.1.
Political Independence and Independence from Market Parties
79
4.2.
Legal Basis
80
4.3.
Independence from Market Parties
81
4.4.
New Requirements: Political Independence
82
4.5.
A Gradual Reduction of the Member States' Institutional Autonomy
84
5.
The Interpretation of the National Regulatory Authorities' Powers
85
5.1.
Observations; Broad Interpretation of NRAs' Powers
88
6.
European Commission and European Regulatory (Network) Agencies
88
7.
Appeal to the National Courts
91
7.1.
Article 4 of the Framework Directive
91
7.2.
Interpretation of Article 4 Framework Directive
92
7.3.
Observations
94
8.
Conclusions
95
pt. III
Legality and Quality of Legislation
97
ch. 6
The Quality of the Law as a Tool for Judicial Control / Aleidus Woltjer
99
1.
Introduction
99
2.
The Court of Justice of the European Union
100
2.1.
EU Law
100
2.2.
The Approach of the ECJ
100
3.
The European Court of Human Rights
101
3.1.
The European Convention on Human Rights
101
3.2.
Limitation of Fundamental Rights
102
4.
The Quality of the Law According to the ECtHR
103
5.
The ̀Foreseeability' Under Difficult Circumstances
106
6.
Is the ̀Quality of the Law' Test Compatible with the Principle of Subsidiarity?
107
7.
Concluding Remarks
108
ch. 7
Coherent Codification? A Case Study in EU Equal Treatment Legislation / Susanne Burri
109
1.
Introduction
109
2.
Recasting as EU Policy
110
2.1.
Better Lawmaking
110
2.2.
The Recasting Technique
111
2.3.
Enforceable Rights?
112
3.
Recasting EU Sex Equality Legislation
113
3.1.
The Recast Directive
113
3.2.
Substantive Changes?
115
3.3.
The Legal Obligations of Member States Arising Out of ̀Principal Innovations'
115
4.
Transposition of the Recast Directive into National Law
117
4.1.
The Obligations of Member States in the light of Article 33
117
4.2.
More clarity and legal certainty at EU level?
119
4.3.
Transposition at National Level
120
5.
Conclusions
122
ch. 8
The Rocky Path of EU Legislation on Workers' Involvement: Coherent Codification of the Right to Information and Consultation of Workers in European Law? / Teun Jaspers
125
1.
Introduction: The Issue of Legality in a Multiplicity of Orders
125
2.
The History of Workers' Involvement Rules in the EU
128
3.
Legality Criteria
131
3.1.
Legitimation
132
3.2.
Quality of Law Criteria: Better Regulation
134
3.2.1.
The Background
134
3.2.2.
The Quality Criteria
136
3.2.2.1.
Technical Quality
136
4.
Analysis of the Instruments
137
4.1.
Assessment on Legitimation
137
4.2.
Assessment on the Quality of Law Criteria
141
4.2.1.
The Requirements of Clarity, Consistency and Coherence
142
4.2.2.
Enforceability
147
5.
Conclusion
148
pt. IV
Legality and the Impact of Non-legislative Instruments
151
ch. 9
The Open Method of Coordination in the Area of Social Policy and the Legality Principle / Frans Pennings
153
1.
Introduction
153
2.
The OMC for Employment Policies
155
2.1.
The Legal Basis for the OMC in Employment
155
2.2.
The Procedure for the OMC in Employment
156
2.3.
The OMC as An Instrument of Soft Law
157
3.
The Open Method of Coordination in Social Policy Areas (OMC Light)
157
3.1.
Introduction
157
3.2.
The Competences of the EU in the Area of Social Policy
158
3.3.
Combating Social Exclusion
159
3.4.
The OMC in Social Inclusion
160
4.
Examples of the Guidelines and Recommendations Given as Part of the OMC Employment
160
5.
The Functions of the Legality Principle vis-a-vis the OMC Employment
161
5.1.
Introduction
161
5.2.
Attribution of Public Authority
162
5.3.
The Legitimation Function
163
5.4.
The Regulatory Function
164
6.
The Function of the Legality Principle vis-a-vis the OMC Light
166
7.
Conclusions: The Open Method of Coordination, the Functions of Legality and the Multiple Legal Order
167
ch. 10
The Principle of Legality and the S̀oft Law' Regulation and Supervision of Financial Markets / Ton Duijkersloot
169
1.
Introduction
169
2.
Some Theoretical Questions: Rationales for Regulation of Financial Markets, Soft Law and the Legality Principle
170
2.1.
The Rationales behind Regulation of Financial Markets
170
2.2.
Soft Law
173
2.3.
The Legality Principle and Financial Supervisory Authorities
174
3.
Soft Law Instruments and Financial Markets
175
3.1.
Global
175
3.2.
European Union
176
3.3.
The Netherlands
180
4.
Financial Market Regulation, Soft Law Instruments and the Legality Principle: A Further Analysis
182
5.
Conclusion
186
ch. 11
The Quasi-legislative Powers of the European Social Dialogue: Imperfect Delegation of Powers or Ambivalent Recognition of Contractual Autonomy? / Albertine Veldman
187
1.
Introduction
187
1.1.
The Start of the European Social Dialogue
187
1.2.
Legality of the Social Dialogue: Key Issues
188
2.
The Powers Attributed to the European Social Dialogue
190
2.1.
The Origins of the European Social Dialogue
190
2.2.
Competences and Procedures (Articles 154-155 TFEU)
191
2.2.1.
Suspension of the Traditional Decision-Making Powers in Social Policy?
192
2.2.2.
Substitution of the Traditional Decision-Making Powers in Social Policy?
193
2.3.
The Ambiguous Nature of the Europe Social Dialogue
194
3.
The (Democratic) Legitimacy of the Social Dialogue
195
3.1.
Notions of Representativity Developed at European Level
196
3.2.
Legitimacy Perceived Form a Public Law Model
197
3.3.
Legitimacy Perceived from a Private (Industrial) Law Model
199
4.
The Practice of the European Social Dialogue
201
4.1.
Quantitative Results of the ESD
201
4.1.1.
Cross-Industry Agreements
201
4.1.2.
Sectoral Agreements
203
4.2.
Qualitative Results of the ESD: Accessibility, Implementation and Modification
204
4.2.1.
Accessibility and Implementation
204
4.2.2.
Modifications of Agreements incorporated in Directives
205
5.
Conclusions
207
pt. V
Legality and Concealed Mechanisms behind Extension of EU Powers
211
ch. 12
The Principle of Attributed Powers and the S̀cope of EU Law' / Hanneke van Eijken
213
1.
Introduction
213
2.
When is Member State Action within the Scope of EU Law?
216
2.1.
Fundamental Rights, General Principles of Law and Member State Action
216
2.2.
Article 18 TFEU in general
219
2.3.
Article 18 TFEU Married to European Citizenship
221
2.3.1.
Personal Scope
222
2.3.2.
Material Scope
224
2.4.
Free Movement
226
2.4.1.
Four Freedoms in General: The Èconomic Connotation'
226
2.4.2.
The Restriction Approach in Free Movement Cases: Market Access as Leading Criterion
227
2.4.3.
Broad Conception of What Constitutes An Obstacle or Restriction
230
2.4.4.
Justification: A Trompe-L'œil Escape?
231
2.4.5.
The Fifth Freedom? towards a Restriction Approach in Citizenship Cases
231
2.5.
The Competition Rules
232
2.5.1.
The Scope of the Competition Rules and the Concept of Economic Activity
232
2.5.2.
The Restriction/Justification Approach in Competition Cases
233
3.
The Effects of Bringing Member State Action within the Scope of EU Law and the Principle of Attributed Powers
234
3.1.
Triggering a Legal Basis
235
3.2.
Shift from Negative to Positive Intervention
239
3.3.
ECJ: Extending the Reach of EU Law
242
4.
A Brief Assessment
245
ch. 13
Eurojust II: Un tiens vaut mieux que deux tu l'auras? / Tony Marguery
249
1.
Introduction
249
2.
The Status and Powers of Public Prosecutors through Eurojust
252
2.1.
Status and Powers of National Members in the Eurojust Decision
253
2.1.1.
National Members' Status in the Eurojust Decision
253
2.1.2.
National Members' Powers in the Eurojust Decision
253
2.2.
Status and Powers of National Members in the Amended Eurojust Decision
255
2.2.1.
National Members' Status in the Amended Eurojust Decision
255
2.2.2.
National Members' Powers in the Amended Eurojust Decision
256
3.
Analysis of Legality in the Amended Eurojust Decision
258
3.1.
The Legal Basis and the Choice for the Instrument to Strengthen Eurojust
258
3.2.
Safeguarding the Legitimation Function in the Amended Eurojust Decision
260
3.2.1.
Role of Representative Institutions in the Decision to Strengthen Eurojust
260
3.2.2.
Independent Actors' Involvement in the Decision to Strengthen Eurojust
262
3.3.
Safeguarding the Regulatory Function in the Amended Eurojust Decision
264
3.3.1.
Appraisal of the Quality of the Amended Decision
264
3.3.2.
Effects of the Decision in the Member States
266
4.
Strengthening Eurojust after Lisbon
269
5.
Conclusion
271
ch. 14
Legality and Data Protection Law: The Forgotten Purpose of Purpose Limitation / Evelien Brouwer
273
1.
Introduction
273
2.
Short Introduction to Data Protection Law
274
2.1.
Development of Data Protection Law
274
2.2.
Objectives and Principles of Data Protection Law
275
3.
The Principle of Purpose Limitation
276
3.1.
General
276
3.2.
Ban on Aimless Data Collection
277
3.3.
Legitimacy
278
3.4.
Purpose Specification: Transparency of Data Processing
279
3.5.
Use or Disclosure Limitation: Informational Division of Powers
279
3.6.
Time Limits
281
4.
Multiple Legal Orders within the EU: Strengthening Purpose Limitation or Encouraging Function Creep?
281
5.
Setting Standards: The Case Law of the ECtHR and the ECJ
284
5.1.
ECtHR and Article 8 ECHR
284
5.1.1.
Purpose Specification or Transparency of Data Processing
284
5.1.2.
Limitation of Powers and Time Limits
285
5.2.
ECJ and EC Directive 95/46
287
5.2.1.
Rechnungshof v. Osterreichischer Rundfunk: Broad Interpretation of Data Protection
287
5.2.2.
Huber v. Germany: Linking Purpose Limitation to Non-Discrimination
288
6.
Restoring the Principle of Purpose Limitation: Applying the Functions of Legality
290
6.1.
Legitimacy
290
6.2.
Attribution
291
6.3.
Regulation
292
7.
Conclusion
293
ch. 15
Conclusion: The Eclipse of Legality: An Assessment / Leonard Besselink
295
1.
Introduction
295
2.
Who Attributes and Regulates the Exercise of Public Power Over Citizens?
295
3.
The Quality of Legislation: What Qualifies as Legislation?
298
4.
Democracy and Its Alternatives; Expertise and Society
300
5.
An Assessment
301
Table of Cases
305