German legal system and laws / Nigel Foster, Satish Sule.
2010
KK147 .F67 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
German legal system and laws / Nigel Foster, Satish Sule.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KK147 .F67 2010
Former Call Number
Ger 300 F811 2010
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9780199233434 (pbk.)
0199233438 (hardbound)
0199233438 (hardbound)
Description
lxix, 650 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)489631622
Summary
This fourth edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to provide a comprehensive introduction to the German legal system and covers institutional, public, and private law. Included are extracts from the Grundgesetz and a glossary of German legal terms.--Preface.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Foreword to the Third Edition
xxi
Foreword to the Second Edition
xxv
Foreword to the First Edition
xxvii
Preface to the Fourth Edition
xxix
Table of Legislation
xxxiii
Table of Cases
lix
Abbreviations
lxv
pt. I
Introduction to the German legal system
1
1.
Introduction
3
2.
Historical influences
3
3.
The classification as a civil law country
3
4.
The division of public and civil (private) law
3
5.
Code- and statute-based law
5
6.
Sources of law
5
6.1.
Statute (Gesetz)
5
6.2.
Customary law (Gewohnheitsrecht)
6
6.3.
The role of the courts, judiciary, and precedence
6
Further reading
7
1.
German legal history and legal development
9
1.
Introduction
9
2.
Early developments
10
3.
The Frankisch-deutsche Reich
10
4.
Charlemagne
12
5.
The mid to late middle ages
14
5.1.
Decline of central power
14
5.2.
Development of medieval towns
15
5.3.
Rediscovery of Roman law and local customary laws
16
6.
Early modern times: Renaissance and Reformation
18
6.1.
The reception of Roman law into Germany
18
7.
Later modern times: Age of Enlightenment to the nineteenth century
23
7.1.
School of natural law
24
7.2.
Historical school of law
27
7.3.
Commerce and unification
29
7.4.
The Civil Code (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch---BGB)
32
8.
Legal developments in the twentieth century
34
8.1.
The empire until the end of the First World War
34
8.2.
The Weimar Republic
36
8.3.
Nazi Germany
40
8.4.
Post-war Germany
44
Further reading
47
2.
Sources of German law
49
1.
Introduction
49
2.
Sources of law
50
2.1.
The constitution: The ̀Basic Law' (Grundgesetz)
50
2.2.
Statute (Gesetz)
50
2.3.
Customary law (Gewohnheitsrecht)
51
2.4.
Judicial lawmaking (Richterrecht)
52
2.5.
European Community law
55
2.6.
International law
69
2.7.
Natural law as source of law?
70
2.8.
Summary
71
3.
Legal method
72
3.1.
Hierarchy of legal provisions
72
3.2.
Subsumtion
72
3.3.
Gaps of legislation and analogies
73
3.4.
Statutory interpretation (Auslegung von Gesetzen)
75
Further reading
78
3.
Legal institutions
80
1.
The court structure and courts: Introduction
80
2.
Decentralization
80
2.1.
The Federal Courts (Bundesgerichte)
81
2.2.
Courts of the Lander (Gerichte der Lander)
81
3.
Specialization
81
3.1.
Courts of ordinary jurisdiction
83
3.2.
Administrative Courts (Verwaltungsgerichte)
86
3.3.
Labour Courts (Arbeitsgerichte)
88
3.4.
Social Courts (Sozialgerichte)
88
3.5.
Tax or Revenue Courts (Finanzgerichte)
89
3.6.
Conclusion
89
4.
The changes in the new federal regions (Bundeslander)
89
5.
The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht---BVerfG)
90
6.
The Lander constitutional courts
91
7.
The justice ministries
92
7.1.
The Federal Ministry of Justice (Bundesministerium der Justiz---BMJ)
92
7.2.
The justice ministries of the Lander (Landesjustizministerien)
92
Further reading
93
4.
Legal education and legal personnel
94
1.
Legal education
94
1.1.
Introduction
94
1.2.
University entrance
94
1.3.
Legal education
97
2.
The judiciary and legal professions
103
2.1.
Introduction
103
2.2.
The judiciary
104
2.3.
Lawyers
107
2.4.
Additional legal occupations
115
2.5.
Rights allowed non-German attorneys
119
2.6.
The position of EC and EEA attorneys
120
3.
Lay participation in the legal system
120
Further reading
122
5.
The operation of justice
125
1.
Legal advice and legal aid
125
1.1.
Legal representation
125
2.
Litigation costs
126
2.1.
Court costs
126
2.2.
Fees for legal representation
127
3.
Legal aid
128
3.1.
The Legal Advice Act (Beratungshilfegesetz---BerHG)
128
3.2.
Legal aid for representation in court (Prozesskostenhilfe)
130
4.
Legal publication, reporting, and citation
131
4.1.
Official publications
132
4.2.
Private reporting and publication
134
5.
Academic legal opinion
137
6.
Aspects of civil procedure
137
6.1.
Introduction
137
6.2.
General principles of civil procedure
139
6.3.
General considerations of procedure
141
6.4.
The civil law action
143
6.5.
Special procedures
148
6.6.
Appeals (Rechtsmittel)
149
6.7.
Enforcement of judgments (Zwangsvollstreckung/Vollstreckungsverfahren)
150
Further reading
151
pt. II
Substantive German law
153
1.
An outline of subject areas
155
2.
Public and civil (private) law
155
3.
Public law
155
3.1.
Staatsrecht
155
3.2.
Administrative law
156
3.3.
Judicature and procedural law
156
3.4.
Criminal law
157
3.5.
Tax law
157
3.6.
Social law
157
3.7.
The law of economic administration and labour law
157
4.
Civil law
158
4.1.
The Civil Code (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch---BGB)
158
4.2.
Commercial law
158
6.
Public law I: Constitutional law---principles and institutions
159
1.
Historical development
159
1.1.
Constitutional developments until unification
159
1.2.
Changes made to the Grundgesetz following unification
161
1.3.
Content
163
1.4.
Constitutions of the Lander
163
2.
The supreme position of constitutional law
164
2.1.
The priority of constitutional provisions
164
2.2.
Interpretation of the constitution
164
2.3.
Distinction: interpretation in the light of constitutional law
166
2.4.
Position of international law
166
3.
The basic principles of state
167
3.1.
Republicanism
168
3.2.
Democracy
169
3.3.
Rechtstaat
178
3.4.
Principle of the social state (Sozialstaatsprinzip)
187
3.5.
Principle of the federal state (Bundesstaatsprinzip)
188
3.6.
Environmental protection (Art 20a GG)---a new principle?
195
4.
Organization of the state
196
4.1.
Bundestag (Federal Parliamentary Assembly, Arts 38-49 GG)
196
4.2.
Federal government (Bundesregierung, Arts 62-9 GG)
201
4.3.
The Federal President (Bundesprasident, Arts 54-61 GG)
204
4.4.
The Federal Council (Bundesrat, Arts 50-3 GG)
207
4.5.
Functions of the state
210
5.
Protection of the constitution
214
5.1.
Amendments to the constitution
214
5.2.
Defending the free democratic basic order
215
Further reading
220
7.
Public law II: Basic rights and the Federal Constitutional Court
221
1.
Basic rights (Grundrechte)
221
1.1.
General principles
222
2.
The individual rights
234
2.1.
Article 1: The protection of human dignity (Schutz der Menschenwurde)
235
2.2.
Article 2: Right to personal freedom (Allgemeines Personlichkeitsrecht, Art 21 GG), right to life (Recht auf Leben), and physical integrity (korperliche Unversehrtheit, Art 2 II GG)
240
2.3.
Article 3: Equality before the law (Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz)
245
2.4.
Article 4: The freedom of faith, conscience and creed (Glaubens-, Gewissens- und Bekenntnisfreiheit)
249
2.5.
Article 5 I GG: Freedom of communication: freedom of expression, information, press, broadcasting and film (Kommunikationsgrundrechte)
253
2.6.
Article 5 III GG: Freedom of artistic expression and science (Freiheit von Kunst und Wissenschaft)
256
2.7.
Article 6: Marriage and family, children born outside marriage (Ehe, Familie, Nichteheliche Kinder)
257
2.8.
Article 7: School education (Schulwesen)
258
2.9.
Article 8: Freedom of assembly (Versammlungsfreiheit)
258
2.10.
Article 9: Freedom of association (Vereinigungsfreiheit)
259
2.11.
Article 10: Privacy of correspondence, posts and telecommunications (Brief-, Post- und Fernmeldegeheimnis)
259
2.12.
Article 11: Freedom of movement (Freizugigkeif)
260
2.13.
Article 12: Free choice of occupation or profession, prohibition of forced labour (Berufsfreiheit)
261
2.14.
Article 13: Privacy of the home (Unverletzlichkeit der Wohnung)
264
2.15.
Article 14: Property, inheritance, expropriation (Eigentum, Erbrecht, Enteignung)
265
2.16.
Article 15: Public ownership (Sozialisierung)
266
2.17.
Article 16: Citizenship, extradition (Ausburgerung, Auslieferung)
267
2.18.
Article 16a: Asylum (Asylrecht)
268
2.19.
Article 17: Right of petition (Petitionsrecht)
269
2.20.
Article 17a: The restriction of the basic rights for members of the armed forces and the alternative service in the civil sector
269
2.21.
Articles 18 and 19 I-III
269
2.22.
Articles 19 IV and 101-3: Procedural basic rights (Prozeβgrundrechte)
269
3.
The Federal Constitutional Court and constitutional procedural law
272
3.1.
The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht---BVerfG)
272
4.
Constitutional procedural law (Verfassungsprozessrecht)
274
4.1.
Abstract review of statutes (Abstrakte Normenkontrolle, Art 93 I No 2, [§][§] 13 No 6, 76 et seq BVerfGG)
274
4.2.
The submission procedure (Vorlageverfahren, Konkrete Normenkontrolle, Art 100 I GG, [§][§] 13 No 11, 80-2 BVerfGG)
275
4.3.
Constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde)
276
4.4.
Constitutional courts of the Lander
279
Further reading
279
8.
Public Law III: Administrative law
283
A.
General administrative law
283
1.
Introduction
283
1.1.
Different types of administration
283
1.2.
Administrative law as part of public law
284
1.3.
Influence of European law
286
1.4.
General and specific administrative law
287
2.
Sources of administrative law
287
2.1.
The Grundgesetz
287
2.2.
Federal and Lander Statutes (Bundes- und Landesgesetze)
287
2.3.
Delegated legislation (Rechtsverordnungen)
288
2.4.
By-laws (Satzungen)
288
2.5.
Administrative guidelines (Verwaltungsvorschriften)
288
2.6.
EC Law
289
3.
Administrative bodies
289
4.
Basic principles of administrative law
290
4.1.
Impact of constitutional law
291
4.2.
Discretion (Ermessen)
291
4.3.
Margin of appreciation (Beurteilungsspielraum)
293
4.4.
Subjective public right (Subjektives Offentliches Recht)
294
5.
Measures of administrative action
294
5.1.
The Verwaltungsakt (administrative act)
295
5.2.
Public law contract (offentlich-rechtlicher Vertrag, [§] 54 VwVfG)
300
5.3.
Plan and planning
301
5.4.
Other instruments
301
5.5.
Use of private law (Verwaltungsprivatrecht)
301
6.
Enforcement by the authority
302
7.
Judicial review
302
7.1.
Informal remedies (formlose Rechtsbehelfe)
302
7.2.
Formal remedies: Widerspruchsverfahren ([§][§] 68-73 VwVfG)
303
7.3.
Formal remedies: Types of action
303
8.
Claims for damages
308
Further reading
308
B.
Particular administrative law (Besonderes Verwaltungsrecht)
309
Further reading
310
C.
Social law
310
1.
Introduction
310
2.
Sources of social law
310
3.
The aims and basic principles of social law
312
4.
The administration and distribution of social aid
312
5.
Social welfare provision
313
6.
Breaches of duty by social bodies
315
7.
Persons eligible for social assistance
315
Further reading
315
D.
The law of economic administration (Wirtschaftsverwaltungsrecht)
316
1.
Introduction
316
2.
The scope of the law of economic administration
316
3.
The economic system
317
4.
State promotion of the economy (Wirtschaftsforderung)
318
5.
The general regulation of business
319
5.1.
The Trade Act (Gewerbeordnung---GewO)
319
5.2.
Particular trade law (Besonderes Gewerberecht)
319
6.
Consumer protection law (Verbraucherschutzrecht)
319
6.1.
Safety legislation
320
6.2.
Identification and labelling
321
6.3.
Advertising legislation
321
6.4.
Sale of goods laws
321
6.5.
Warranty and liability legislation
322
6.6.
Other areas of consumer law
323
6.7.
Enforcement
323
Further reading
323
E.
Environmental law (Umweltrecht)
324
1.
Sources
324
2.
General principles
326
2.1.
The preventative or precautionary principle (Vorsorgeprinzip)
326
2.2.
The principle that the polluter pays (Verursacherprinzip)
326
2.3.
The cooperation principle (Kooperationsprinzip)
326
2.4.
The protection of the existing position principle (Bestandsschutzprinzip)
327
3.
Principal legislative enactments
327
3.1.
The Water Resources Act (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz---WHG)
327
3.2.
The Federal Emissions Control Act (Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz---BImSchG)
328
3.3.
The Waste Act (Abfallgesetz---AbfG)
328
3.4.
The Federal Nature Conservation Act (Bundesnaturschutzgesetz---BNatSchG)
329
3.5.
The Environmental Information Act (Umweltinformationsgesetz---UIG)
329
3.6.
The Ozone Act (Ozongesetz---OG)
329
3.7.
The Federal Building Code (Baugesetzbuch---BauGB)
329
3.8.
The Packaging Act (Verpackungsverordnung---VerpackV)
330
4.
Liability and enforcement following environmental damage
330
4.1.
Civil law
330
4.2.
Criminal sanction
331
4.3.
Public law
331
5.
Public enforcement of environmental law
332
Further reading
332
9.
Public law IV: Criminal law
334
A.
Criminal law
334
1.
Introduction
334
2.
History of criminal law
335
3.
Structure of the Criminal Code
337
4.
Applicability of German criminal law ([§][§] 3-9 StGB)
337
5.
Leading principles of German criminal law
339
5.1.
The principle of legality (Gesetzlichkeitsprinzip)
339
5.2.
The principle of the protection of legal rights (Rechtsguterschutzprinzip)
340
5.3.
The principle of guilt (Schuldprinzip)
340
6.
General concepts in criminal law
341
6.1.
Forms of criminal offences
341
6.2.
Structure of the criminal offence (Aufbau der Straftat)
341
6.3.
Negligent offences (Fahrlassigkeitsdelikte)
360
6.4.
Offences of omission (Unterlassungsdelikte)
363
6.5.
Attempt (Versuch)
366
6.6.
Different forms of participation: Taterschaft und Teilnahme [§][§] 25-31
371
6.7.
Legal consequences: punishment and other measures
377
7.
The individual or substantive offences
379
B.
Criminal procedural law
379
1.
Introduction
379
2.
Historical aspects
380
3.
Sources
381
4.
Principal stages of procedure
381
4.1.
The pretrial procedure
382
4.2.
The interim proceedings (Zwischenverfahren)
382
4.3.
The main proceedings (Hauptverfahren)
382
4.4.
Appeal
382
5.
Leading principles of procedural law
382
5.1.
Principles on commencing the procedure
383
5.2.
Principles concerning the implementation of the procedure
385
5.3.
Principles concerning evidence
386
5.4.
Principles concerning the form of proceedings
387
6.
The pretrial preliminary investigation (Vorverfahren)
388
6.1.
The investigation (Ermittlungsverfahren)
389
6.2.
Powers of state prosecution and police during pretrial investigation
390
7.
The role of the defence attorney (Verteidiger) during pretrial investigations
394
7.1.
Right to a defence attorney
394
7.2.
Rights and duties of the defence attorney
395
8.
The interim proceedings (Zwischenverfahren)
395
8.1.
The choice of court
395
8.2.
Result of interim proceedings
396
9.
Structure of the main proceedings (Hauptverfahren)
396
9.1.
The role of the judge
397
9.2.
The main proceedings: the oral trial (Hauptverhandlung)
397
10.
The law of evidence
398
10.1.
Principles of the law of evidence
398
10.2.
Forms of proof (Beweismittel)
399
10.3.
The prohibition of evidence (Beweisverwertungsverbot)
400
11.
The conclusion of the trial
402
12.
The accelerated procedure (Beschleunigtes Verfahren, [§][§] 417-20 StPO)
402
13.
The summary procedure (Strafbefehlsverfahren, [§][§] 407-12 StPO)
402
14.
Means of legal redress (Rechtsmittel)
403
14.1.
Common rules on ordinary means of legal redress
403
14.2.
Forms of appeal
403
14.3.
The retrial (Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens)
405
Further reading
405
10.
Private law I: The German Civil Code
407
A.
Introduction
407
1.
The structure of the BGB
409
2.
Method of addressing private law problems: finding the claim (Anspruchsgrundlage)
410
3.
Major principles
412
3.1.
Freedom of contract (Vertragsfreiheit)
412
3.2.
The principle of abstraction (Abstraktionsprinzip)
414
3.3.
Possession and ownership (Besitz und Eigentum)
415
3.4.
Verpflichtungs- und Verfugungsgeschafte: Two different categories of legal transaction
416
B.
Book One: The General Part
418
1.
Introduction
418
2.
Rechtssubjekte (holders of subjective rights)
418
2.1.
Natural and legal persons (Naturliche und Juristische Personen)
419
2.2.
Different forms of legal capacity
419
3.
The legal transaction (Das Rechtsgeschaft)
423
3.1.
Declaration of intent (Willenserklarung)
424
3.2.
The ̀real act' (Realakt)
427
3.3.
The legal transaction (Das Rechtsgeschaft)
427
3.4.
The contract (Der Vertrag)
428
4.
Interpretation rules for legal tranasctions (Auslegung von Rechtsgeschaften)
433
4.1.
Paragraph 133
433
4.2.
Paragraph 157
434
4.3.
Paragraph 242
435
4.4.
The application of [§] 242
435
5.
Void legal transactions (Nichtige Rechtsgeschafte)
438
5.1.
Breach of formal requirements ([§][§] 125-9 BGB)
438
5.2.
Breach of a law or good morals ([§][§] 134, 138 BGB)
439
5.3.
Defect of declaration of intent (Willensmangel)
441
5.4.
The concept and consequences of the void legal transaction
446
6.
Agency (Stellvertretung)
446
6.1.
Types of agency
447
6.2.
Agency authority (Vollmacht)
448
6.3.
The scope of agency powers
448
6.4.
Legal consequences of agency
449
6.5.
Lack of authorization
449
6.6.
Prohibition of self contracting (Verbot des Insichgeschafts)
449
7.
Limitation
450
Further reading
450
C.
Book Two: The Law of Obligations: General Part
452
1.
Introduction
452
2.
The obligational relationship (Das Schuldverhaltnis)---general principles
452
2.1.
Types and the creation of obligational relationships
453
3.
Content of the obligational relationship
454
3.1.
Primary and secondary duties (Primar- und Sekundarleistungspflichten)
454
3.2.
Main and ancillary duties (Hauptleistungspflichten und Nebenleistungspflichten)
454
3.3.
Performance of individual and generic obligations (Gattungs- und Stuckschuld, [§] 243)
455
3.4.
Time and place of performance (Leistungsort und -zeit, [§][§] 269, 270, 271)
455
3.5.
Passage of risk in performance
456
3.6.
Standard form contracts and general conditions of business (Allgemeine Geschaftsbedingungen [§][§] 305-10 BGB)
456
3.7.
Third parties to contracts
459
3.8.
Extinction of an obligational relationship (Erloschen des Schuldverhaltnisses)
460
4.
Irregularities in performance
461
4.1.
Basic provision for liability: The new [§] 280 BGB
462
4.2.
Impossibility (Unmoglichkeit der Leistung)
462
4.3.
Delay (Verzug)
466
4.4.
Positive breach of obligation/contract (Positive Forderungsverletzung/ Vertragsverletzung)
468
4.5.
Problems in pre-contractual relations (cic)
470
4.6.
Collapse of foundation of contract, [§] 313 (Wegfall/Storung der Geschaftsgrundlage)
472
4.7.
Rescission, [§][§] 323-6, 346-9 (Rucktritt vom Vertrag)
473
5.
Assessing damages and compensation
473
5.1.
Types of damage
474
5.2.
Fault (Verschulden)
474
D.
Book Two: The Law of Obligations: Special Part
475
1.
Law on contracts of sale (Kaufrecht)
476
1.1.
Duties of seller and buyer
477
1.2.
Passage of risk
477
1.3.
Remedies for delivery of defective goods (Gewahrleistungsrechte)
478
1.4.
Limitation periods
480
1.5.
Consumer protection
481
2.
Unjustified enrichment (Ungerechtfertigte Bereicherung)
481
2.1.
The enrichment of the obligor
482
2.2.
The performance of the creditor
482
2.3.
The absence of a legal basis
482
2.4.
Enrichment in other ways ([§] 81211 2nd alternative)
483
2.5.
Performance by a third party
484
2.6.
The scope of the obligation to return possession
484
3.
Tort law (Unerlaubte Handlung)
485
3.1.
The duty to compensate for damage
485
3.2.
The infringement of a protective law
487
3.3.
Intentional damage (Sittenwidrige Schadigung)
488
3.4.
Other provisions of delictual liability
488
3.5.
Vicarious liability (Haftung fur den Verrichtungsgehilfen)
488
3.6.
Strict liability (Gefahrdungshaftung)
489
3.7.
Product liability
490
3.8.
Buildings and occupiers liability
490
3.9.
Liability of the state
490
3.10.
Compensation
490
3.11.
Limitation periods
491
Further reading
491
E.
Book Three: Property Law (Sachenrecht)
492
1.
Introduction to the scope and sources of property law
492
2.
Definitions and general principles of property law
493
2.1.
Real rights (dingliche Rechte)
493
2.2.
Principles of property law
493
3.
Possession (Der Besitz)
495
3.1.
Direct and indirect possession
495
3.2.
Exclusive and joint possession
496
3.3.
Complete and partial possession
496
3.4.
The possessor's agent (Besitzdiener)
496
3.5.
The acquisition and loss of possession
496
3.6.
The protection of possession
497
4.
Ownership (Das Eigentum)
497
4.1.
The acquisition and loss of ownership
499
4.2.
The acquisition and loss of real estate
499
4.3.
The acquisition and loss of movable property
503
4.4.
Good faith acquisition
504
5.
Acquisition of ownership by other means
505
5.1.
Appropriation (Aneignung)
505
5.2.
Prescription (Ersitzung)
505
5.3.
Union or combination (Verbindung)
505
5.4.
Mixing (Vermischung)
506
5.5.
Manufacturing or processing (Verarbeitung)
506
5.6.
Found objects
506
5.7.
Separation of objects
506
5.8.
Succession (Gesamtsrechtsnachfolge)
507
6.
The protection of ownership
507
6.1.
The claim for return (Herausgabeanspruch, [§] 985)
507
6.2.
Rights under [§] 987 et seq (Eigentumer-Besitzer-Verhaltnis)
508
6.3.
Interference with ownership (Unterlassungsanspruch)
509
6.4.
Other claims under private law
509
6.5.
Judicial review under public law
509
7.
Other types of property rights
510
8.
Property finance and security (Sicherungsrechte)
510
8.1.
Security interests in land (Grundpfandrechte)
510
8.2.
Securities over movables
512
Further reading
515
F.
Book Four: Family Law (Familienrecht)
516
1.
Introduction
516
2.
The scope of family law
517
3.
Matrimonial law (Eherecht)
517
3.1.
Engagement (Verlobnis)
517
3.2.
The act of marriage (Die Eheschlieβung)
518
3.3.
Non-existent and voidable marriages (Nichtehen und aufhebbare Ehen)
519
3.4.
Legal consequences and the obligations of marriage
519
3.5.
Marital property (Eheguterrecht)
519
3.6.
Divorce (Scheidung der Ehe)
520
4.
Relationship (Verwandtschaft)
522
4.1.
The legal relationship between parents and children
522
4.2.
Adoption ([§][§] 1741-72)
523
5.
Guardianship (Vormundschaft), curatorship (Pflegschaft), and care and control (Betreuung)
523
Further reading
524
G.
Book Five: The Law of Succession (Erbrecht)
524
1.
Introduction, sources, and scope
524
2.
The basic principles of succession
525
2.1.
The principle of universal succession (Gesamtrechtsnachfolge/Universalsukzession)
525
2.2.
Automatic inheritance (Vonselbsterwerb)
526
2.3.
Capacity
526
2.4.
Testamentary and intestate succession
526
3.
The acquisition of the inheritance
526
3.1.
Acceptance
527
3.2.
Repudiation of the inheritance
527
4.
Rights and liabilities in succession
527
5.
Heirs
527
6.
Intestate succession (gesetzliche Erbfolge)
528
7.
Testamentary succession (gewillkurte Erbfolge)
528
7.1.
The will (Das Testament)
529
7.2.
The succession contract (Erbvertrag)
530
7.3.
The ineffective or invalid will
530
8.
Compulsory portion (Pflichtteil)
530
9.
The execution of the estate
530
Further reading
531
H.
Private international law/conflict of laws
531
1.
International civil procedural law (Internationales Zivilverfahrensrecht--- IZVR)
532
2.
International private law (Internationales Privatrecht)
533
Further reading
534
11.
Private law II: Business and labour law
535
A.
Commercial law and the law of business association
535
1.
Introduction
535
2.
Commercial law
536
2.1.
History
536
2.2.
The structure of the HGB
536
2.3.
HGB Book One
537
2.4.
Book Two: Partnerships under the Commercial Code
542
2.5.
Book Three: Business accounts
542
2.6.
Book Four: Commercial transactions
542
2.7.
Commercial arbitration
544
3.
The law of business association
545
3.1.
Introduction
545
3.2.
Partnerships
546
B.
Company law (Gesellschaftsrecht)
551
1.
The private limited liability company (GmbH)
551
1.1.
Formation
552
1.2.
Capital
553
1.3.
Registration
553
1.4.
Pre-incorporation status (Vor-GmbH)
553
1.5.
The rights and duties of shareholding (Gesellschafter)
554
1.6.
Management (Geschaftsfuhrung)
555
1.7.
General meetings
556
1.8.
The supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat)
556
1.9.
Alteration to the articles
557
1.10.
Dissolution and liquidation (Auflosung)
557
1.11.
Company restructuring, mergers, and acquisitions
557
2.
The joint stock corporation
558
2.1.
History
558
2.2.
Formation (Grundung)
559
2.3.
The board of management (Vorstand)
560
2.4.
The supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat)
561
2.5.
The general meeting of shareholders (Hauptversammlung)
561
2.6.
Shares
562
2.7.
Minority protection
562
2.8.
Accounting provisions
563
2.9.
Dissolution (Auflosung)
563
2.10.
Acquisition and mergers
564
3.
The limited stock partnership/association limited by shares
565
4.
The law of groups of companies (Konzernrecht)
566
Further reading
568
C.
Competition law and anti-trust law
570
1.
Introduction
570
2.
Competition law (Lauterkeits- or Wettbewerbsrecht)
570
2.1.
The general prohibition of [§] 3 IUWG
570
2.2.
Remedies
571
3.
Anti-trust law (Kartellrecht)
572
3.1.
Horizontal agreements between undertakings
574
3.2.
Dominant positions and mergers
575
Further reading
576
D.
Labour law (Arbeitsrecht)
577
1.
Introduction and history of German labour law
577
2.
Categories of labour law
579
2.1.
Individual labour law (Individualarbeitsrecht)
579
2.2.
Worker protection laws (Arbeitsschutzrecht)
579
2.3.
Collective labour law (Kollektivesarbeitsrecht)
579
2.4.
Procedural law
580
3.
Sources of labour law
580
3.1.
Constitutional law
580
3.2.
Civil law
580
3.3.
Case law
581
3.4.
Contractual agreements
582
4.
Labour law institutions
582
4.1.
Union and employers' associations
583
4.2.
The works council (Betriebsrat)
583
4.3.
The supervisory board (Aufsichtsrat)
583
4.4.
Labour Courts
584
5.
Individual labour law
584
5.1.
The employment relationship
584
5.2.
The formation of contracts of employment
586
5.3.
Works councils and hiring employees
587
5.4.
General terms of contracts
587
5.5.
Ending the employment relationship, and dismissal
589
6.
Worker protection laws
592
7.
Collective labour law (Kollektivesarbeitsrecht)
593
7.1.
Industrial conflict law
594
7.2.
Worker representation and co-determination
596
8.
Procedural law
600
8.1.
Individual disputes
601
8.2.
Collective disputes
602
8.3.
Judicial investigation
602
Further reading
602
Appendix: Extracts from the German Constitution
605
Glossary
623
Index
633