Preface

v

Table of Cases

xxiii

Table of Statutes

xxix

ch. One

Introduction

1

ch. Two

Trade Secrets

7

I.

Introduction---What is a Trade Secret?

7

Notes

8

II.

Civil Protection of Trade Secrets

10

A.

Uniform Trade Secrets Act

10

1.

Introduction

10

2.

Application of the UTSA

11

Learning Curve Toys, Inc. v. Playwood Toys, Inc.

11

Mangren Research and Development Corp. v. National Chemical Co.

19

Notes

26

3.

Elements of Trade Secrets

26

a.

Information

27

DeGiorgio v. Megabyte International, Inc.

27

b.

Value Through Secrecy

27

Buffets, Inc. v. Klinke

27

Notes

30

c.

Reasonable Efforts of Protection

33

Buffets, Inc. v. Klinke

33

Notes

34

4.

Non-UTSA Jurisdictions

34

E.I. duPont deNemours & Company, Inc. v. Christopher

35

Notes

39

B.

Breach of Confidence

40

Smith v. Dravo Corp.

40

Notes

44

C.

Defenses to Misappropriation and Rights Against Others

44

1.

The Honest Discoverer

44

2.

Reverse Engineering

45

Chicago Lock Co. v. Fanberg

45

Notes

50

3.

The Innocent Wrongful User

50

D.

Civil Remedies

51

Winston Research Corp. v. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.

51

Notes

57

III.

Criminal Laws Protecting Trade Secrets

58

A.

Federal Law

58

1.

Economic Espionage Act of 1996

59

Notes

60

2.

Actual Theft of Trade Secrets

61

United States v. Lange

61

3.

Conspiracy to Steal Trade Secrets

64

United States v. Martin

64

Notes

70

B.

State Protection

71

People v. Pribich

72

Notes

76

ch. Three

Copyright: Public and Private Rights

78

I.

The Prequel and Foundations of Copyright

79

A.

The Public Domain: Identifying and Defining

79

B.

An Abbreviated Copyright Timeline

82

II.

Constitutional and Statutory Bases for Copyright

82

Baker v. Selden

82

Satava v. Lowry

86

Notes

90

III.

The Prerequisites of Copyright

90

A.

Originality

90

Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Company, Inc.

91

Notes

105

B.

Fixation

109

C.

Copyright Formalities

109

IV.

The Subject Matter of Copyright, Boundaries and Enforcement

111

A.

Copyright Infringement and Remedies

113

Boisson v. Banian, Ltd.

113

Boisson v. Banian

121

B.

[§] 102(A)(5)---Pictorial, Graphic and Sculptural Works

129

Pivot Point Intern., Inc. v. Charlene Products, Inc.

130

Notes

142

C.

Software

142

Computer Associates Intern, Inc. v. Altai

142

D.

Architectural Works

156

T-Peg, Inc. v. Vermont Timber Works, Inc.

156

V.

Derivative Works

164

Schrock v. Learning Curve Intern., Inc.

165

Notes

172

VI.

Selected Problems of Authorship and Co-Authorship

172

CCNV v. Reid

173

Notes

178

Maurizio v. Goldsmith

178

Arthur Rutenberg Homes, Inc. v. Drew Homes, Inc.

186

Notes

191

VII.

Moral Rights

192

David Phillips v. Pembroke Real Estate, Inc.

192

Notes

198

VIII.

The Inherent Limitations of Copyright: Fair Use

198

A.

Fair Use as of Right

198

Stowe v. Thomas

199

Note

202

B.

The Function of Fair UseThe House Report

204

House Report Fair Use

205

C.

Fair Use in Parody

207

Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.

207

D.

Fair Use, Reverse Engineering, and Interoperability

212

Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation

212

Notes

222

E.

Fair Use in Time Shifting: Sony Betamax

222

Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

223

Notes

237

IX.

The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 (CTEA)

237

Eric Eldred v. John D. Ashcroft

239

Notes

253

X.

The "Orphan Act"

254

1.

The Library of Congress Orphan Act Hearings

254

Notes

257

ch. Four

Patent

258

I.

Introduction to Patent Law

259

A.

Brief History

259

B.

International Patent Concerns

261

1.

The Paris Convention

261

2.

The Patent Cooperation Treaty

262

3.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the TRIPS Agreement

264

4.

International Jurisprudence

265

C.

Overview of the Patent Document

265

II.

Patentability---What Is Patentable?

271

A.

Section 101: Inventions Patentable

271

1.

Patentable Subject Matter

271

Diamond v. Chakrabarty

271

Notes

280

2.

What is a Process?

282

Bilski v. Kappos

283

Notes

297

B.

Utility

297

Brenner v. Manson

298

Notes

301

C.

Section 102: Conditions for Patentability; Novelty and Loss of Right to Patent

302

1.

Novelty

302

a.

What Is "Known or Used?"

302

Rosaire v. Baroid Sales Division, National Lead Company

302

Notes

306

b.

What Does It Mean to Be "Patented or Described in a Printed Publication?"

307

In re Hall

308

Notes

311

2.

Priority

312

a.

Section 102(g)

312

Fujikawa v. Wattanasin

312

Notes

321

3.

Statutory Bars

325

a.

What is "Public Use?"

325

Egbert v. Lippmann

326

b.

The Experimental Use Exception

330

City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co

330

Notes

334

c.

What Does "on Sale" Mean?

335

Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.

335

Notes

341

D.

Section 103: Conditions for Patentability; Nonobvious Subject Matter

342

Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City

343

Notes

351

E.

Combining References

354

KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.

354

Notes

364

F.

Disclosure and Clamining: Section 112: Specification and Other Application Requirements

365

1.

The Enablement Requirement

366

Consolidated Electric Light Co. v. McKeesport Light Co.

366

Notes

374

2.

The Written Description Requirement

374

Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co.

375

Notes

392

3.

Definite Claiming: "Clear and Concise"

392

Orthokinetics, Inc. v. Safety Travel Charis, Inc.

392

Notes

395

4.

Best Mode

395

Spectra-Physics, Inc. v. Coherent, Inc.

395

Notes

403

5.

Section 112 Paragraph 6: "Means Plus Function"

403

In re Donaldson Co.

403

Notes

410

G.

The Applicant's Oath and Duty of Candor: Section 115 and 37 C.F.R. 1.56

410

Kingsdown Medical Consultants, Ltd. v. Hollister Incorporated

411

H.

Patent Reform

418

III.

Infringement

420

A.

Direct Infringement

420

Phillips v. AWH Corp

420

Notes

437

B.

Doctrine of Equivalents

438

Graver Tank & Mfg. Co., Inc. et al. v. Linde Air Products Co.

438

Notes

442

Warner-Jenkinson Company, Inc. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.

442

Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., Ltd

453

Notes

462

C.

Contributory Infringement

463

DSU Medical Corp. v. JMS Co., Ltd

463

Jazz Photo Corp. v. United States

472

Notes

481

IV.

Defenses

482

A.

Invalidity

482

B.

Patent Misuse

483

C.

Laches

484

D.

Equitable Estoppel

485

E.

Term Limit

485

V.

Remedies

486

A.

Injunctive Relief

486

eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.

487

Notes

491

B.

Damages

492

Rite-Hite Corp. v. Kelley Co., Inc.

492

C.

Attorney's Fees

503

ch. Five

Trademarks: Creating Signposts for Consumers in the Marketplace

504

I.

What Can Be Trademarked?

507

A.

Trademark and Other IP

507

1.

Trademarks and Trade Names: Overlapping Approaches

507

Alderman v. Iditarod Properties, Inc.

507

Notes

516

2.

Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents

517

Dastar Corporation v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation

517

Traffix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.

525

Notes

531

B.

Federal Trademark Registration

532

1.

Use or Intent to Use in Interstate Commerce

533

Mountain Top Beverage Group, Inc. v. Wildlife Brewing N.B., Inc.

533

2.

Distinctive to Consumers

538

Kellogg Company v. Toucan Golf, Inc.

538

Menashe v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.

546

3.

Not Otherwise Barred by Statute

553

In re California Innovations, Inc.

553

Notes

560

C.

What Counts as a Trademark?

564

1.

Trade Dress

564

Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.

564

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Brothers, Inc.

570

2.

Famous Marks

575

Thane International, Inc. v. Trek Bicycle Corporation

575

Notes

583

II.

How Trademarks Are Protected

586

A.

Registered Marks: Infringement Claims Under 15 USC [§][§] 1114 and 1125(a)

587

Brennan's, Inc. v. Brennan's Restaurant, LLC

587

Freedom Card, Inc. v. JPMorgan Chase & Co.

595

Notes

601

B.

Registered or Unregistered Marks

603

1.

Infringement Claims Under 15 USC [§] 1125(A)

603

Tumblebus, Inc. v. Cranmer

603

Notes

609

2.

Infringement Claims Under 15 USC [§] 1125(c)

610

Starbucks Corp. v. Wolfe's Borough Coffee, Inc.

610

Notes

622

3.

Special Issues

623

a.

Trade Dress

623

Yankee Candle Company, Inc. v. Bridgewater Candle Company, LLC

623

Notes

628

b.

Internet

628

Lamparello v. Falwell

628

Notes

634

C.

Cybersquatting Claims Under 15 USC [§] 1125(d)

635

Lamparello v. Falwell

635

Notes

639

D.

Internet Search Engines

640

Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.

640

Notes

645

III.

The Scope of Trademark Rights

647

A.

Defenses

647

1.

Fair Use

647

KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc.

647

Century 21 Real Estate Corp. v. Lendingtree, Inc.

651

2.

First Amendment

656

Notes

657

B.

Remedies

659

Gracie v. Gracie

660

Notes

666

ch. Six

State Laws Governing Intellectual Property

668

I.

Introduction to Intellectual Property Federalism

669

A.

Statutory Preemption

669

House Report No. 94-1476 United States House of Representatives

671

Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.

673

Notes

680

National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc.

681

Notes

692

B.

Constitutional Preemption

692

Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.

693

Notes

708

II.

Moral Rights

710

A.

Overview of State Provisions

710

Waiver of Moral Rights in Visual Artworks

710

Notes

716

B.

California Art Preservation Act

718

Notes

723

III.

Rights of Publicity

724

Carson v. Here's Johnny Portable Toilets, Inc.

727

Notes

740

Midler v. Ford Motor Company

741

Notes

745

White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc.

745

Notes

753

Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Company

754

Notes

763

IV.

Misappropriation of Intellectual Works

764

V.

Trespass to Chattels

773

Ebay, Inc. v. Bidder's Edge, Inc.

773

Notes

784

VI.

Idea Submissions

787

Reeves v. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company

787

Notes

797

Downey v. General Foods Corporation

798

Notes

800

Tate v. Scanlan International, Inc.

801

Notes

806

ch. Seven

Digital Rights Management: Copyright, Present Interests and Sustainable Futures

808

I.

Digital Rights Management: Conceptualizing Control Factors---The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992

810

Recording Industry Association of America, Alliance of Artists and Recording Companies v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc.

811

Notes

821

II.

File Sharing: Enablement, Inducement and Contributory Infringement

823

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.

823

Notes

850

Metro-Godwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.

853

Columbia Pictures, Industries, Inc. v. Fung

862

Notes

879

III.

Digital Rights Management: Encryption and Mechanical Controls

880

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Shawn C. Reimerdes

884

Notes

923

IV.

Emerging Issues: Protection of Content Rights and Rights of Use, Limits of Protection, Technology Entrapment

924

A.

Expanding DRM Controls to Over the Air Broadcast by Signal Device

924

Notes

925

B.

Technology, Social Networking, Creativity in Cyberspace and the Future

926

1.

The Author's Guild (and now The Visual Artists) v. Google

926

2.

Twitter and the Library of Congress

928

3.

Viacom v. Google

928

Notes and Questions

929

Viacom International Inc. v. Youtube, LLC, and Google, Inc.

930

ch. Eight

Global Context of Intellectual Property

941

I.

Cross-Border Issues

943

A.

Copyright

943

1.

Choice of Law

943

Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.

943

The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corporation

952

Notes

960

2.

Choice of Forum

961

Creative Technology, Ltd. v. Aztech System PTE., Ltd.

961

Notes

972

3.

Extraterritoriality Issues

973

Expediters International of Washington, Inc. v. Direct Line Cargo Management Services, Inc.

973

Notes

976

B.

Patent

977

1.

Prosecution

977

Application of Hilmer

977

Notes

982

2.

Extraterritoriality

984

Voda v. Cordis Corp

984

Johns Hopkins University v. CellPro, Inc.

991

Notes

996

C.

Trademark

997

1.

Extraterritoriality

997

Steele v. Bulova Watch Co.

997

Vanity Fair Mills, Inc. v. The T. Eaton Co.

1001

Notes

1008

2.

Trademark Rights

1009

Sterling Drug, Incorporated v. Bayer AG

1009

Notes

1017

3.

Internet

1017

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Chuckleberry Publishing, Inc.

1017

Barcelona.com, Incorporated v. Excelentisimo Ayuntamiento De Barcelona

1023

Notes

1030

II.

International Trade and Intellectual Property

1031

A.

Moral Rights

1031

Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.

1031

Notes

1036

B.

Gray Markets

1037

American Circuit Breaker Corporation v. Oregon Breakers Inc.

1037

Notes

1044

ch. Nine

New Horizons: The Future of Intellectual Property

1047

I.

Evolving Justifications for Property Controls Over Intellectual Works

1048

International News Service v. Associated Press

1051

Notes

1062

II.

Scope of Protected Subject Matter

1065

A.

Restricting the Use of Items and Processes Derived From Nature

1067

Association for Molecular Pathology v. United States Patent and Trademark Office

1067

Association for Molecular Patholgy v. United States Patent and Trademark Office

1078

Notes

1085

B.

Restrictions on Means for Law Compliance: Tax Method Patents

1086

Notes

1089

C.

Promoting Morally Suspect Activities

1091

Juicy Whip, Inc. v. Orange Bang, Inc.

1093

Notes

1096

III.

Difficulties in Maintaining Uniform Intellectual Property Laws Across Diverse Technologies and Expressive Contexts

1097

To Promote Innovation: The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy (Excerpts)

1100

Notes

1102

IV.

Reconciling Intellectual Property and Competition Laws

1102

A.

Competition Issues Raised by Intellectual Property Laws

1103

Competition and Intellectual Property in the U.S.: Licensing Freedom and the Limits of Antitrust

1103

B.

Limiting Anticompetitive Consequences of Intellectual Property Licensing

1110

Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property (Excerpts)

1110

Notes

1120

V.

Increasing Criminalization of Intellectual Property Law

1121

A.

Criminal Law Enforcement Policies Regarding Intellectual Property Protection

1121

Progress Report of the Department of Justice's Task Force on Intellectual Property (Excerpts)

1121

B.

Federal Criminal Laws Protecting Intellectual Property

1124

Progress Report of the Department of Justice's Task Force on Intellectual Property (Excerpts)

1124

C.

Examples of Prosecutions Related to Intellectual Property

1126

Progress Report of the Department of Justice's Task Force on Intellectual Property (Excerpts)

1126

D.

International Criminal Law Enforcement

1130

Taking Action: How Countries Are Fighting Intellectual Property Rights Crime (Excerpts)

1130

Notes

1136

VI.

Intellectual Property in Developing Countries

1136

The U.S. Approach: Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

1136

Notes

1145

Roundtable: Enforcement, A Priority for All Countries

1145

Notes

1153

VII.

Intellectual Property and Distributed Modes of Innovation: The Open Source Movement

1153

Report for Congress: Intellectual Property, Computer Software and the Open Source Movement

1154

Notes

1164

VIII.

The Central Business Role of Intellectual Property Development and Distribution

1165

Intellectual Property for Business

1166

Notes

1180

IX.

Conclusion: Balancing Restrictions on Intellectual Works Today With Intellectual Freedom Tomorrow

1181

Eldred v. Ashcroft, Brief of Amici Curiae American Association of Law Libraries, American Library Association, Association of Research Libraries, Digital Future Coalition, Medical Library Association and Society of American Archivist in Support of Petition for Writ of Certiorari

1182

Notes

1189

Index

1191