Toxic torts in a nutshell / by Jean Macchiaroli Eggen.
2010
KF1299.H39 E37 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Toxic torts in a nutshell / by Jean Macchiaroli Eggen.
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KF1299.H39 E37 2010
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9780314922823
0314922822
0314922822
Description
lviii, 470 pages ; 19 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)555690319
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface To The Fourth Edition
v
Table Of Cases
xix
Table Of Statutes
xlv
ch. One
Introduction to the Study of Toxic Torts
1
A.
What Is a Toxic Tort?
1
1.
Exposure to a Toxic Substance
1
2.
Latency Period
5
3.
Scientific Uncertainty and Causation Problems
6
4.
Reliance on Expert Scientific Testimony
9
5.
The Role of Risk
11
6.
Massive Scope
14
B.
Convergence of Public Law and Private Law
15
ch. Two
Theories of Liability: Products
18
A.
Product Liability Law and Toxic Torts
18
1.
The Emergence of the Law of Toxic Product Liability
18
2.
The Restatements of Torts
22
a.
Restatement (Second) of Torts [§] 402A
24
b.
Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability
25
B.
Theories of Liability for Defective Products
26
1.
Design Defect
26
2.
Failure to Warn
32
3.
Manufacturing Defect
35
4.
Prescription Drugs Under the Third Restatement
37
C.
Other Theories of Liability
39
1.
Negligence
39
2.
Implied Warranties
43
a.
Implied Warranty of Merchantability
44
b.
Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose
45
3.
Misrepresentation Claims
46
a.
Express Warranty
46
b.
Misrepresentation
48
D.
Regulatory Duty to Disclose
50
E.
Product Liability Defenses
51
1.
State-of-the-Art Defense
51
2.
Unavoidably Unsafe Products
55
3.
Sophisticated User Defense
58
4.
Learned Intermediary Doctrine
62
5.
Plaintiff s Culpable Conduct
66
6.
Blood Shield Statutes
67
F.
Looking to the Future: Nanotechnology
69
G.
Tort Tort Reform Measures
72
1.
Federal Tort Reform Efforts
73
2.
State Tort Reform
75
3.
Joint and Several Liability Reform
75
ch. Three
Theories of Liability: Land-Based Claims
77
A.
Strict Liability
78
B.
Trespass
82
C.
Nuisance
87
1.
Private Nuisance
87
2.
Public Nuisance
90
D.
Claims Against Real Estate Brokers
96
E.
Other Theories
100
1.
Battery
100
2.
Negligence Per Se
102
F.
Looking to the Future: Climate Change Litigation
105
ch. Four
CERCLA Liability
110
A.
Introduction
110
B.
Enforcement Scheme
111
C.
Liability
113
D.
Potentially Responsible Parties
118
1.
Current Owners and Operators
118
2.
Former Owners and Operators
122
3.
Arrangers for Disposal
124
4.
Transporters
128
E.
Defenses
129
1.
Third-Party Defense
130
2.
Innocent Landowner Defense
132
F.
Private Party Actions and Contribution Claims
135
G.
Settlement
138
H.
Savings Clause
141
I.
Citizens Suits
141
ch. Five
Liability of Employers
145
A.
Workers' Compensation
145
1.
Historical Perspective
145
2.
Occupational Disease Statutes
147
3.
Exclusivity of Remedy
151
4.
Exceptions to Exclusivity
153
a.
Intentional Misconduct of Employer
154
b.
Aggravation of Injury
158
c.
Dual Capacity
160
B.
Injunctive Relief for Unsafe Working Conditions
161
C.
Regulation Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act
162
1.
Administrative Structure
163
2.
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
164
a.
Contents of the Standards
164
b.
Example: Bloodborne Pathogens Rule
166
3.
General Duty Clause
167
4.
Hazard Communication Standard
168
5.
OSHA Enforcement
172
D.
State Criminal Enforcement of Workplace Safety
173
E.
Employment Discrimination
175
ch. Six
Other Special Defendants
180
A.
Governmental Entities
180
1.
Sovereign Immunity Generally
180
2.
State Tort Claims Acts
181
3.
Federal Tort Claims Act
186
a.
Discretionary Function Exception
187
b.
Feres Doctrine and Military Service
193
B.
Government Contractors
195
C.
Successors and Predecessors
199
1.
Successor Corporations
199
2.
Predecessors in Title
202
D.
Insurers
203
1.
Coverage Questions
204
a.
Occurrence
204
b.
Latent Illness
206
c.
Property Damage
209
2.
Payments for Multiple Occurrences
211
3.
Pollution Exclusion Clauses
212
E.
Indeterminate Defendants
215
1.
Alternative Liability
218
2.
Concerted Action and Civil Conspiracy
219
3.
Enterprise Liability
220
4.
Market Share Liability
221
5.
Market Share Beyond DES Cases
224
6.
"Commingled Product" Market Share Liability
231
ch. Seven
Defenses
234
A.
Preemption
234
1.
Federal Environmental Cases
236
2.
Product Liability: Express Preemption
237
a.
Cipollone and the Cigarette Labeling Acts
238
b.
Medical Devices: Lohr and Riegel
243
i.
Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr
245
ii.
Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.
247
c.
Bates and Pesticide Cases
249
3.
Product Liability: Implied Preemption
250
a.
Wyeth v. Levine
251
b.
Fraud-on-the-FDA Claims
253
B.
Statutes of Limitations
255
1.
Traditional Exposure Rule
255
2.
Judicial Discovery Rule
256
3.
Statutory Discovery Rule
257
4.
Time of Discovery
260
5.
Property Damage Claims
267
C.
Statutes of Repose
269
D.
Res Judicata
273
E.
Plaintiff's Culpable Conduct
279
ch. Eight
Causation
282
A.
The Toxic Causation Problem
282
1.
Introduction
282
2.
General Causation and Specific Causation
284
3.
Frequency, Regularity, and Proximity
287
4.
Probabilistic Evidence
291
5.
Legal Certainty Versus Scientific Certainty
293
6.
"Lone Pine" Orders
294
B.
Scientific Evidence
295
1.
Procedural Approach
298
2.
Epidemiological Studies
299
a.
Cohort Studies
300
b.
Case-Control Studies
301
c.
Other Drawbacks of Epidemiological Studies
303
3.
Toxicological Studies
303
a.
Animal Studies
304
b.
Short[–]Term Tests
306
c.
Biomonitoring Studies
307
d.
Genetic Studies
309
C.
Admissibility of Scientific Evidence in the Courts
310
1.
Traditional Admissibility Standard
310
a.
The Frye Doctrine
310
b.
Federal Rules of Evidence
312
2.
The Rule of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
314
a.
The Bendectin Litigation
314
b.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
316
c.
Refinement of the Daubert Doctrine
318
d.
Impact of Daubert
321
e.
Novel Scientific Evidence
324
f.
Clinical Medical Evidence of Causation
326
D.
The Problem of Indeterminate Plaintiffs
330
ch. Nine
Injuries and Damages
335
A.
Emotional Distress
335
1.
Outrageous Conduct
336
2.
Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
338
a.
Physical Injury Requirement
338
b.
Bodily Presence of a Toxin as Physical Injury
342
c.
Relinquishment of Physical Injury Requirement
343
d.
Fear of HIV/AIDS
345
B.
Increased Risk of Disease
348
1.
The Challenge to Traditional Doctrines
349
2.
Cases Relying on Present Injury
351
3.
Claims Based Upon Risk Only
353
4.
What Constitutes "Reasonable Certainty" of Risk?
355
C.
Medical Monitoring
356
1.
Courts Requiring Present Physical Injury
357
2.
Courts Not Requiring Present Physical Injury
359
3.
Subcellular Changes as Present Injury
361
4.
Medical Monitoring Payments
364
5.
CERCLA Issues
364
D.
Intergenerational Torts
366
E.
"Toxic Trespass" Claims
370
F.
Quality of Life
372
G.
Stigma Damages
373
H.
Punitive Damages
375
1.
Due Process Standards for Punitive Damages Awards
376
a.
Procedural Due Process and Judicial Review
376
b.
Substantive Due Process: Amount of Award
377
2.
Multiple Punitive Awards for the Same Conduct
381
3.
Legislative Punitive Damages Reform
384
ch. Ten
Mass Toxic Torts
388
A.
The Problem of Mass Toxic Torts
388
B.
Class Actions
392
1.
Certification Requirement
394
2.
Prerequisites to a Class Action
395
a.
Identifying the Class
395
b.
Numerosity
397
c.
Commonality
398
d.
Typicality
398
e.
Adequacy of Representation
399
3.
Types of Class Actions
400
a.
General Provisions
401
b.
Rule 23(b)(1)(A) Class Actions
402
c.
Rule 23(b)(1)(B) Class Actions
403
d.
Rule 23(b)(2) Class Actions
407
e.
Rule 23(b)(3) Class Actions
408
f.
Notice in 23(b)(3) Class Actions
413
4.
Settlement of Class Actions
414
5.
Class Counsel and Attorney Fee Awards
416
C.
Class Action Fairness Act of 2005
417
D.
Other Aggregative Procedures
420
1.
Multidistrict Litigation Transfer
420
2.
Consolidation
422
E.
Trial Management
425
F.
Settlement
428
1.
Settlement Class Actions
429
2.
Medical Monitoring
431
3.
Bankruptcy Option
433
4.
Tobacco Solution
436
5.
World Trade Center Solution
437
6.
Contribution Claims
439
7.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
443
a.
Mediation
444
b.
Summary Jury Trials
444
c.
Mini-Trials
446
G.
Other Procedural Issues
447
1.
Collateral Estoppel
447
a.
Basic Concepts
447
b.
Application to Toxic Torts
450
2.
Choice of Law
455
Index
461