Intellectual property law of Canada / Stuart McCormack, editor.
2010
KE2779 .S75 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Intellectual property law of Canada / Stuart McCormack, editor.
Published
Huntington, N.Y. : Juris Pub., [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KE2779 .S75 2010
ISBN
9781578232642
1578232643
1578232643
Description
xxv, 726 pages ; 24 cm + CD-ROM.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)666874247
Note
No longer updated.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Library Has
Main work (updated through 2015 supplement)
Added Author
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
xxiii
About the Editor
xxv
ch. 1
Introduction / Stuart C. McCormack
1
1.01.
General Description of Intellectual Property
3
[1].
Introduction
3
[2].
The Subject of Intellectual Property
4
[3].
The Significance of Intellectual Property
8
1.02.
Sources of Law
8
[1].
General
8
[2].
Reception
10
[3].
Persuasive Authority
12
1.03.
Constitutional Framework
14
[1].
General
14
[2].
The Nature of Legislative Power regarding Patents and Copyrights
14
[a].
Patents
14
[b].
Copyright
14
[3].
The Nature of Legislative Power regarding Trade-marks, Unfair Competition and Industrial Designs
15
[a].
Trade-marks
15
[b].
Unfair Competition
18
[i].
Subsection 7(e)
21
[ii].
Subsection 7(b)
23
[c].
Industrial Designs
23
[4].
The Nature of Legislative Power regarding Confidential Information and Personality Rights
24
[a].
Confidential Information
24
[b].
Personality Rights
25
1.04.
Interfaces between Intellectual Property Systems
26
[1].
Doctrines of Election and Exclusivity
26
[2].
Problem Areas
27
[a].
Designs
27
[i].
Industrial Design and Copyright
27
[aa].
Works Created before June 8, 1988
30
[bb].
Works Created after June 8, 1988
35
[ii].
Industrial Design and Patent
36
[iii].
Industrial Design and Trade-mark
37
[iv].
Copyright and Patent
39
[b].
Computer Programs
43
[i].
Patent
44
[ii].
Copyright
45
[iii].
Trade Secrets
46
[c].
Marketing and Merchandising
47
[i].
Patent and Trade-mark
50
[ii].
Copyright and Trade-mark
51
[iii].
Trade-mark and Unfair Competition
54
[aa].
False or Misleading Statements
55
[bb].
Passing Off: Confusion as to Wares, Services or Business
55
[cc].
Passing Off: Substitution
56
[dd].
False Description
57
[ee].
Acts Contrary to Honest Usage
57
[iv].
Protection of Personality and Intellectual Property Rights
57
ch. 2
Trade-Marks / Stuart C. McCormack
63
2.01.
Introduction
66
2.02.
Historical Development of Trade-marks Law
69
[1].
Background
69
[a].
Guild Marks
69
[b].
Proprietary Marks
70
[c].
Clothiers' Seals
70
[d].
Printers' and Publishers' Marks
71
[e].
Cutlers' Marks
71
[2].
Legislative History
73
[3].
Newfoundland Trade-marks
74
[4].
International Conventions
75
[5].
Other Statutes Affecting Trade-marks
76
[a].
Precious Metals Marking Act
76
[b].
Timber Marketing Act
77
[c].
Tobacco Act
77
[d].
Olympic and Paralympic Marks Act
78
2.03.
Requirements for Protection
78
[1].
Definition of Trade-mark
78
[2].
Types of Trade-marks and Related Concepts
80
[a].
Traditional Trade-mark
81
[b].
Service Mark
81
[c].
Certification Mark
83
[d].
Export Mark
84
[e].
Proposed Trade-mark
85
[f].
Trade-name
85
[g].
Geographical Indications
86
[3].
Subject Matter
87
[a].
Word Mark
88
[b].
Design Mark
88
[c].
Distinguishing Guise
89
[d].
Prohibited Marks
90
[e] Section 9
Prohibitions
90
[f] Section 10
Prohibitions
96
[4].
Fraudulent and Misleading Marks
96
[5].
Distinctiveness
97
2.04.
Acquisition of Rights
102
[1].
Person Entitled to Secure Registration
102
[a].
Adoption and Use
103
[b].
Making Known
117
[c].
Registration and Use-Abroad
119
[d].
Proposed Use
120
[e].
Certification Marks
120
[2].
Registrable Trade-marks
121
[a].
Prima facie Non-Distinctive Marks
121
[b].
Names of Wares or Services
136
[c].
Marks Not without Distinctive Character
137
[d].
Distinguishing Guises
139
[e].
Confusing with Registered Trade-marks
140
2.05.
Confusing Trade-marks and Trade-names
142
[1].
General
142
[2].
Statutory Criteria
146
[a].
Inherent Distinctiveness
146
[b].
Length of Time in Use
149
[c].
Nature of the Wares, Services or Business
149
[d].
Nature of Trade
151
[e].
Degree of Resemblance between the Trade-marks or Trade-names in Appearance or Sound or in the Ideas Suggested by Them
153
2.06.
The Registration Process
157
[1].
Overview
157
[a].
Administrative Responsibility
157
[b].
Fee Structure
158
[2].
Application
158
[a].
Applicant
159
[b].
Form of Application
159
[c].
Disclaimer
161
[d].
Effect of Foreign Application or Registration
162
[3].
Examination
163
[a].
As to Form
163
[b].
As to Substance
163
[4].
Opposition Proceedings
164
[a].
Advertisement for Opposition Purposes
164
[b].
Grounds of Opposition
164
[c].
Procedure
166
[5].
Allowance and Registration
169
[6].
Certificate of Registration
169
[a].
Term and Renewal
170
[b].
Content
170
[c].
Certificate as Evidence
171
[d].
Amendment
171
[7].
Expungement
173
[a].
Expungement by the Registrar
173
[b].
Expungement by the Federal Court
181
[8].
Appeal from Registrar's Decisions
186
[a].
Which Decisions May Be Appealed
186
[b].
Procedure
187
[c].
Scope of Appeal
188
2.07.
Trade-mark Rights
189
[1].
Exclusivity of Use
189
[a].
Territorial Restriction
190
[b].
Concurrent Use by Another
190
[c].
Exhaustion of Rights
190
[2].
Protection of Goodwill
191
[3].
Parallel Importation
192
[4].
Warranty of Lawful Use
192
2.08.
Transfer of Trade-mark Rights
193
[1].
Assignment
194
[2].
Licensing
196
[a].
General Considerations
196
ch. 3
Copyright / Marisia Campbell
199
3.01.
Introduction
201
3.02.
Copyright and the Copyright Act
203
3.03.
Who May Obtain Copyright Protection in Canada
207
3.04.
Subject Matter of Copyright
208
[1].
Originality
208
[2].
Literary Work
218
[a].
Generally
218
[b].
Computer Programs
220
[c].
Literary Merit
223
[3].
Dramatic Work
225
[4].
Musical Works
226
[5].
Artistic Works
227
[a].
Copyright in Works Created on or after June 8, 1988
229
[b].
Copyright in Works Created Prior to June 8, 1988
231
[6].
Fixation
232
[7].
Neighbouring Rights: Performer's Performances, Sound Recordings and Communications Signals
234
[a].
Generally
234
[b].
Sound Recordings
234
[c].
Performer's Rights
235
[d].
Broadcasting Rights
236
3.05.
Term of Copyright
238
3.06.
Ownership of Copyright
240
[1].
General Rule
240
[2].
Exceptions to the General Rule
242
[a].
Work Made in the Course of Employment
242
[b].
Works for Newspapers
244
[c].
Engraving, Photograph or Portrait
245
[d].
Corporations
246
[3].
Performer's Performances, Sound Recordings and Broadcaster's Communications Signals
246
3.07.
Assignment and Licence
247
[1].
Generally
247
[2].
Assignment by Operation of Law
250
3.08.
Registration of Copyright
251
3.09.
Infringement of Copyright, Moral Rights and Neighbouring Rights
253
[1].
Infringement of Copyright
253
[a].
Direct Infringement
253
[b].
Authorizing Infringement
259
[c].
Indirect Infringement
263
[d].
Infringement of Particular Types of Works
270
[2].
Infringement of Moral Rights
272
[3].
Infringement of Neighbouring Rights
275
3.10.
Defences to Infringement
276
3.11.
Remedies for Infringement
286
[1].
Time Limit for Action
286
[2].
Who May Bring Action
287
[3].
Criminal Remedies
287
[4].
Civil Remedies
289
3.12.
International Conventions and Proclamations
295
3.13.
Compulsory Licensing and Copyright Collectives
296
3.14.
Private Copying
301
3.15.
Ephemeral Recordings
304
3.16.
Interface between Copyright and Competition Law
304
ch. 4
Patents / Eugene F. Derenyi
307
4.01.
Introduction
310
[1].
Historical Perspective
310
[2].
Conventions and Protocols
311
4.02.
Duration
312
[1].
Maintenance Fees
313
4.03.
Applicant
314
4.04.
Requirements for Patentability
315
[1].
Inventiveness
315
[a].
Applications Filed Prior to October 1, 1996
315
[b].
Applications Filed after October 1, 1996
318
[i].
Claim Date
318
[ii].
Statutory Requirement for Inventiveness
318
[2].
Novelty
320
[a].
Old Act and Transitional Patents
321
[i].
Co-pending Applications
321
[ii].
Public Disclosure
322
[iii].
Prior Use
322
[b].
New Act Patents
323
[3].
Utility
326
4.05.
Prima Facie Validity
327
[1].
Grounds for Attacking the Validity of One or More Claims (Old Act)
329
[a].
Statutory Grounds
329
[i].
Prior Invention and Disclosure
329
[ii].
Prior Use
329
[iii].
Fraud
330
[b].
Non-Statutory Grounds
332
[2].
Grounds for Attacking the Validity of One or More Claims (New Act)
332
[a].
New Act, October 1, 1989-October 1, 1996
332
[i].
Prior Invention and Disclosure
333
[ii].
Prior Disclosure by Inventor
333
[b].
New Act, Post-October 1, 1996
333
[i].
Prior Disclosure by Inventor
333
[ii].
Prior Disclosure by Another Person
333
[iii].
Obviousness
334
[c].
Non-Statutory Grounds
334
[3].
Incorrect Maintenance Fee Payment
334
[4].
Insufficiency of Disclosure
335
4.06.
Patentable Subject Matter
336
[1].
General
336
[2].
Inventions versus Discoveries
337
[3].
Methods of Medical Treatment
338
[4].
Computer Software
339
[a].
Business Methods
340
[5].
Biotechnology
342
[a].
Biological Sequences and Other Non-Living Matter
342
[b].
Living Matter
343
[i].
Lower Life Forms
343
[ii].
Higher Life Forms
344
[aa].
Plants
344
[bb].
Animals
346
[6].
New Use-Known Compound
346
[7].
Selection of Alternative Materials
347
[8].
Combination versus Aggregation
347
4.07.
Interpreting the Patent
348
[1].
General
348
[2].
The Specification
349
[3].
"File Wrapper" Evidence
350
4.08.
Infringement
350
[1].
The Concept of Infringement
350
[2].
Test for Infringement
352
[3].
Doctrine of Equivalence
353
[4].
Inducement (Contributory Infringement)
354
[5].
Parties to an Infringement Action
356
[a].
General
356
[b].
Liability of Directors
356
[6].
Defenses to Infringement
357
[a].
General
357
[b].
Bona Fide Experimentation
357
[c].
Acquisition of Intervening Rights
357
[d].
Acquiescence and Laches
359
4.09.
Rights Accorded under a Patent
360
[1].
General
360
[2].
Compulsory Licensing
360
[a].
Government Use of Patented Inventions
361
[i].
General
361
[ii].
Atomic Energy
361
[iii].
Instruments and Munitions of War
361
[b].
Abuse of Patent Rights
362
4.10.
Patented Medicines
364
[1].
Compulsory Licensing
364
[2].
Patented Medicines (Notice of Compliance) Regulations
365
[3].
The Patented Medicine Prices Review Board
370
[4].
The Patented Medicine Price Review Process
371
[a].
Disclosure Generally
372
[b].
Disclosure Where Price Increases Exceed Increase in the Consumer Price Index
373
[c].
Disclosure Where Board Determines That Excessive Pricing Is Taking Place
374
[d].
Penalties and Powers of the Board
375
[5].
Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Trends and Investment
375
4.11.
The Competition Act
377
4.12.
Integrated Circuit Topography Act
378
[1].
Introduction
378
[2].
What Is Protected: The Topography
379
[3].
Who May Be Protected
380
[4].
The Nature of the Protection Granted
380
[5].
Infringement and Statutory Exceptions Thereto
381
[a].
Reverse Engineering
381
[b].
Fair Use
381
[c].
Innocent Infringement
382
[d].
Exhaustion of Rights
382
ch. 5
Industrial Design Law / Stuart C. McCormack
383
5.01.
Introduction
386
5.02.
Historical Development of Industrial Design Law
387
[1].
Background
387
[2].
Legislative History
388
5.03.
Registrability
389
[1].
Subject Matter
389
[a].
Definition
389
[b].
Shape, Configuration, Pattern or Ornament
390
[c].
Applied to an Article
391
[d].
Appeal to the Eye
393
[i].
Visibility
394
[ii].
Aesthetic Quality
394
[e].
Not a Method or Principle of Manufacture or Construction
395
[f].
Not Dictated Solely by Utilitarian Function
397
[g].
Colour
398
[h].
Reading Matter
398
[2].
Originality
399
[a].
Novelty and Originality
399
[b].
Test
400
[i].
Originality Is in Application
401
[ii].
Originality Must Be Substantial
402
[iii].
Originality Is a Question of Fact
403
[c].
Date of Test
405
[3].
Time Constraint
405
[a].
Limitation
406
[b].
Publication
406
[i].
Disclosure in Confidence
408
[ii].
Disclosure in Anticipation of Commercial Distribution
409
5.04.
The Registration Process
410
[1].
Overview
410
[a].
Administrative Responsibility
410
[b].
Fee Structure
410
[2].
Authorized Applicant
410
[3].
The Application
411
[a].
Form
411
[b].
Description
412
[c].
Unity of Subject Matter
412
[d].
Examination
413
[e].
Amendment of Application
413
[f].
Appeal of Refusal to Register
413
[g].
Effect of Foreign Application
414
[4].
Registration
414
[a].
Certificate of Registration
414
[b].
Amendments to Registered Design
414
[c].
Expunging or Varying Registration
415
5.05.
Industrial Design Rights
416
[1].
Exclusive Right
416
[2].
Certificate as Evidence
416
[3].
Duration
417
[a].
Basic Term
417
[b].
Extended Term
417
[c].
Maintenance Fees
417
[4].
Marking
417
[a].
Marking Requirements
417
[b].
Marking Method
418
[c].
Failure to Mark
418
[i].
Compliance
418
[ii].
Sanction
418
5.06.
Infringement
419
[1].
What Constitutes Infringement
419
[a].
Definition
419
[b].
Copying and Imitation
420
[i].
Copying
420
[ii].
Imitation
420
[iii].
Fraudulent Imitation
420
[2].
Test
421
[a].
The Threefold Test
422
[b].
The Side by Side Test
423
[c].
The Distance Test
423
[3].
Jurisdiction
424
[4].
Effect of Intention
425
[5].
Effect of Opposing Registration
425
[6].
Defences
426
[a].
Delay in Filing Suit
426
[b].
Invalidity of Registration
426
[c].
Failure to Mark
426
[d].
Personal or Experimental Use
426
[e].
Lack of Knowledge of Non-Consent
426
[7].
Summary Offences and Penalties
427
5.07.
Ownership and Transfer
427
[1].
Proprietorship
427
[a].
Author
427
[b].
Executor for Good and Valuable Consideration
428
[2].
Assignment
429
[3].
License
429
ch. 6
Confidential Information / Simon Kupi
431
6.01.
Introduction
433
6.02.
Historical Development
434
[1].
Common Law
434
[2].
Civil Law
436
6.03.
Definition and Related Issues
440
[1].
Definition
440
[2].
Issues Related to Definitions---Secret-Oriented versus Relationship-Oriented Protection
443
[3].
Special Categories
444
[a].
Government Secrets
444
[b].
Protection of Privacy
447
[c].
Privileged Communication
453
6.04.
Bases for Protection
457
[1].
General
457
[2].
Common Law
459
[a].
Property
459
[b].
Contract
467
[i].
Express Covenants
468
[aa].
Employment Contracts
469
[bb].
Sale of Business
474
[cc].
Others
476
[ii].
Implied Covenants
477
[c].
Tort
479
[i].
Inducement of Breach of Contract
479
[ii].
Unfair Competition
479
[d].
Equity
481
[i].
Duty of Confidence
481
[ii].
Fiduciary Duty
484
[iii].
Unjust Enrichment
489
[3].
Civil Law
490
[a].
Property
490
[b].
Contract
491
[c].
Delict
493
[d].
Duty of Loyalty
494
[e].
Unjust Enrichment
495
[4].
Criminal Law
496
6.05.
Requirements for Protection
499
[1].
General
499
[2].
The Information Must Be Secret and Confidential
502
[3].
The Information Must Be Imparted in Confidence
508
[4].
The Information Must Be Used or Disclosed without Authorization
511
6.06.
Duration and Loss of Protection
511
[1].
Independent Discovery and Reverse Engineering
511
[2].
Public Disclosure
512
[3].
Disclosure to Government Agencies
513
[4].
Disclosure in Judicial Proceedings
518
6.07.
Breach of Confidence---Misappropriation
519
[1].
General
519
[2].
Defences
522
[a].
Requirements for Protection Not Met
522
[b].
Public Interest
522
[3].
"Springboard" Principle
527
[4].
Remedies against Third Parties
531
6.08.
Ownership and Transfer
535
[1].
Employee Ideas and Creations
535
[2].
Assignment
539
[3].
Licensing
540
ch. 7
Personality Rights / Kathryn Chalmers
541
7.01.
Introduction
543
7.02.
Provincial and Federal Jurisdiction
543
7.03.
Distinguishing between Privacy and Publicity Rights
543
7.04.
The Common Law
544
[1].
Defamation
544
[2].
Passing Off
546
[3].
Appropriation of Personality
547
[a].
The Requirements for an Action Based on the Appropriation of Personality Tort
547
[i].
Wrongful Use of the Plaintiff's Personality by the Defendant
547
[ii].
Identifiable Element of the Plaintiff's Personality Is Required
550
[iii].
Lack of Consent
552
[iv].
Proof of Injury and Damages
553
[v].
The Public Interest
554
[b].
Application of the Tort to Non-Famous Individuals
557
[c].
Application of the Tort to Non-Traditional Situations
557
[d].
Duration of the Appropriation of Personality Action
558
[e].
Remedial Options
560
[i].
Interlocutory and Permanent Injunctions
560
[ii].
Common Law Damages
561
[iii].
Unjust Enrichment
561
7.05.
Statutory Protection
563
[1].
Statutory Appropriation of Personality Actions
563
[a].
Introduction
563
[b].
The Requirements for Statutory Appropriation of Personality Actions
563
[i].
Subject-Matter
563
[ii].
Identity
564
[iii].
Deemed Wrongful Use
564
[iv].
Intent
565
[v].
Proof of Damage
566
[vi].
Defences
566
[aa].
Consent
566
[bb].
Public Interest
566
[c].
Duration of the Statutory Right
567
[d].
Preemption of the Common Law Appropriation of Personality Tort
567
[e].
Statutory Remedies
568
[2].
Quebec Civil Law
568
[a].
Introduction to the Right to Privacy in Quebec
568
[b].
Scope of the Right to Control One's Image or Likeness
569
[c].
Remedies
570
[3].
Other Potential Actions
571
[a].
Trade-mark Act
571
[b].
Copyright
573
[c].
Misleading Advertising
573
7.06.
Licences
573
7.07.
Note on Fictitious Characters
574
ch. 8
Unfair Competition / Justine Whitehead
575
8.01.
Introduction to the Canadian Law of Passing Off and Unfair Competition
576
8.02.
Passing Off
577
[1].
Provincial and Federal Jurisdiction
577
[2].
The Cause of Action for Passing Off
579
[a].
At Common Law
579
[b].
In the Province of Quebec
588
[3].
Section 7 of the Trade Marks Act
588
[a].
The Constitutional Validity of Section 7
588
[b].
Subsection 7(a)
592
[c].
Subsections 7(b) and 7(c)
593
[d].
Subsection 7(d)
593
8.03.
Grey Marketing
593
8.04.
Ambush Marketing
605
8.05.
Comparative Advertising
610
[1].
Introduction to Comparative Advertising---The Clairol Decision
610
[2].
More Recent Decisions
615
[a].
Infringement of the Trade Marks Act and the Copyright Act
615
[i].
The Trade Marks Act
615
[aa].
Section 19
616
[bb].
Section 20
617
[cc].
Section 22
618
[ii].
The Copyright Act
620
[b].
Misleading Advertising under the Competition Act
621
[c].
Tort of Injurious Falsehood
625
[d].
Tort of Interference with Economic Relations
626
ch. 9
Litigation / Nicholas McHaffie
627
9.01.
Introduction
629
9.02.
Professional Representation
629
[1].
Patent Agents
630
[2].
Trade-mark Agents
630
[3].
Lawyers and Others
631
9.03.
The Court System
632
[1].
Introduction
632
[2].
Jurisdiction of the Federal Court
633
[3].
Jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Appeal
636
[4].
Jurisdiction of the Provincial Superior Courts
636
[5].
Jurisdiction of the Provincial Courts of Appeal
638
[6].
Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Canada
639
[7].
Jurisdiction respecting Non-Resident Parties
639
[8].
Consideration regarding Selection of Forum
641
9.04.
Practice and Procedure
642
[1].
Venue
642
[a].
Federal Court
642
[b].
Provincial Courts
643
[2].
Commencing Proceedings
644
[a].
Federal Court
644
[b].
Provincial Courts
646
[3].
Simplified Procedure
647
[4].
Service
647
[5].
Subsequent Pleadings
647
[6].
Costs and Security for Costs
649
[7].
Jury Notice
650
[8].
Discovery
651
[a].
Documentary Discovery
651
[b].
Examination for Discovery
652
[c].
Discovery of Third Parties
653
[d].
Admissions
653
[9].
Settlement
654
[10].
Setting Down for Hearing
655
[11].
Conduct of Hearing
656
[12].
References after Trial
657
9.05.
Legal Actions
657
[1].
Actions for Infringement
657
[a].
Patents
658
[b].
Trade-marks
658
[c].
Copyright
659
[d].
Other Statutes
660
[2].
Actions to Impeach, Expunge or Amend the Register
660
[3].
Actions for Declaration of Non-Infringement
661
[4].
Additional Statutory Causes of Action
662
[5].
Common Law Causes of Action
663
9.06.
Remedies
663
[1].
Pre-judgment Remedies
664
[a].
Interim and Interlocutory Injunctions
664
[b].
Anton Piller Orders
669
[c].
Mareva Injunctions
671
[d].
Replevin
672
[e].
Seizure before Judgment
673
[f].
Interim Custody
674
[2].
Judgment Remedies
675
[a].
Permanent Injunctions
675
[b].
Monetary Recovery
677
[i].
Damages
679
[ii].
Accounting for Profits
681
[iii].
Punitive Damages
683
[iv].
Statutory Damages
684
[v].
Pre- and Post-Judgment Interest
685
[vi].
Legal Costs
686
[c].
The "Springboard" Principle
686
[d].
Delivery Up
687
9.07.
Arbitration
688
9.08.
Criminal Offences
689
[1].
Copyright Act
689
[2].
Criminal Code
690
[3].
Competition Act
692
Index
693