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Items
Details
Author
Title
Cross and Tapper on evidence / Colin Tapper.
Published
Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KD7499 .T37 2010
Edition
Twelfth edition.
ISBN
9780199574148 (pbk. : alk. paper)
0199574146 (pbk. : alk. paper)
0199574146 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Description
cxxxviii, 735 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)515463364
Summary
"The most authoritative and respected textbook in the field, Cross & Tapper on Evidence has, over successive editions, acquired a justly deserved reputation as a classic of legal literature. The twelfth edition reflects recent changes and developments in an extremely fast-moving and important subject. It continues to provide thorough coverage and analysis of the ongoing impact of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, with a particular focus in this edition on developments relating to evidence of character. The ways in which the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights continues to penetrate English law are also fully evaluated. The wide coverage of overseas materials from the principal common law jurisdictions is retained. This comparative material provides an excellent basis for the critical analysis and appraisal of English law. Cross & Tapper remains the most thorough text on the law of evidence available, and is suitable for use by students and practitioners alike"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
Cross & Tapper on evidence
Added Author
Table of Contents
Preface to the 12th edition
v
Extract from the preface to the first edition
vii
Guide to the Online Resource Centre
viii
Table of Cases
xxiii
Table of Statutes
cxxvii
I.
Introduction
1
Section 1
The development of the law of evidence
1
Section 2
Range of the law of evidence
5
Proceedings in courts
6
Different types of jurisdiction
6
Different types of court
9
Different stages of proceedings
10
Proceedings in other tribunals
21
Section 3
Purposes and categories of judicial evidence
29
Objects of proof
29
Facts in issue
29
Facts as evidence of other facts: circumstantial evidence
30
Examples of circumstantial evidence
31
Means of proof
53
Testimony
53
Hearsay
54
Documents
55
Things or real evidence
56
Section 4
Relevance, admissibility, and weight of evidence
64
The admissibility of relevant evidence
65
Definition of ̀relevance'
65
Exceptions
66
Multiple relevance and admissibility
67
The inadmissibility of irrelevant, and insufficiently relevant, evidence
68
Illustrations
68
Apparent exceptions
70
Relevance and admissibility
72
Stephen's terminology
73
The demand for more basic concepts
73
Admissibility and weight of evidence
74
II.
Matters not Requiring Proof and Judicial Findings as Evidence
75
Section 1
Judicial notice
76
Facts judicially noticed without inquiry
76
Facts judicially noticed after inquiry
77
Statutory provisions
79
Theoretical questions
80
Judicial notice and the reception of evidence
80
Rationale
84
Tacit applications
84
Section 2
Formal admissions
84
Section 3
Estoppel
85
Conclusive effect of judgments on the whole world---judgments in rem
86
Effect of judgments on parties to civil cases
87
Cause of action estoppel
87
Issue estoppel
92
Pleading
97
Effect of judgments on parties to criminal cases
98
Double jeopardy: autrefois acquit and autrefois convict
98
Exceptions
99
Issue estoppel in criminal cases and abuse of process
102
Section 4
Judicial findings as evidence of the facts upon which they were based
109
The Civil Evidence Act 1968, ss 11-13
110
Previous convictions in subsequent civil proceedings
110
Findings of adultery and paternity
112
Previous convictions in criminal cases
113
Acquittals
116
Other findings
117
Judicial findings
117
Inquisitions
118
III.
Burdens and Proof
119
Section 1
Nature of the burden
120
The two principal senses of burden
121
Persuasive burden
121
Evidential burden
122
Illustrations of confusion
123
Other senses and shifting of burden
124
The tactical burden
126
The ultimate burden
127
Section 2
Allocation of the burden
128
Unconditional allocation at common law
128
Evidential burden
128
Persuasive burden
130
The terminology of presumption
131
Conditional allocation at common law: presumptions
133
Allocation by statutory provision
136
Explicit allocation by statutory provision
136
Implicit allocation by statutory provision
138
Exceptions and provisos
139
Facts peculiarly within the knowledge of the accused
140
General statutory provision
141
Later developments
142
Impact of Human Rights Act 1998
143
Extent
144
Procedure
145
Evidential burden
145
Persuasive burden
146
Relevant factors
146
Conclusion
150
The interpretation of agreements affecting the burden of proof
150
Perils of the sea---The Glendarroch
150
Insurance exceptions
151
Section 3
Discharge of the burden
151
Discharge of evidential burden
151
Discharge of persuasive burden
154
IV.
The Functions of the Judge and Jury
173
Section 1
The general rule
174
Some special cases
174
Construction
174
Defamation
175
Exceptions
175
Reasonableness
175
Facts affecting the admissibility of evidence
176
Section 2
Judicial control of the jury
185
Withdrawal of an issue from the jury
185
Civil cases tried by a judge alone
188
Civil cases tried with a jury
189
Criminal cases tried with a jury
190
Magistrates
191
Discretion to exclude evidence
191
Nature of the discretion
192
Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in criminal proceedings
196
Discretion to exclude relevant evidence in civil proceedings
212
The summing-up
215
Appeals
219
Criminal cases
219
Civil cases
221
V.
Witnesses
223
Section 1
Standard case
223
Historical overview
223
Oaths
224
Procedure
225
Section 2
Special categories
234
Children
234
Compellability
235
Competence
236
Pre-trial procedure
237
Trial
241
Supporting evidence
243
Direction
244
Otherwise incapacitated witnesses
245
Competence
245
Hearsay
246
Direction
246
Spouses and others
247
Competence
247
Compellability
248
Application to spouse of co-accused
251
Ex-spouses
252
Other relationships
253
Offenders
253
Competence of the accused
253
Supporting evidence
256
Complainants of sexual offences
257
Testimony
258
Supporting evidence
258
Other witnesses and special situations
260
Statutory provision
260
Claims against the estates of deceased persons
262
The sovereign and diplomats
262
Experts
262
Bankers
263
Other possible cases
263
Section 3
The nature of supporting evidence
264
Support from the source requiring it
265
Support from the object against whom it is required
265
Admission of defendant or accused
266
Lies of defendant or accused
266
Failure to adduce evidence
268
Silence when charged
269
Failure to provide a sample of real evidence
270
Conduct on other occasions
271
Functions of judge and jury
271
VI.
The Course of Evidence
272
Section 1
Miscellaneous procedural matters
272
Evidence before trial
272
Civil cases
273
Criminal cases
280
The right to begin
289
The advocates' speeches
290
The calling of witnesses and the role of the judge
291
Section 2
Examination in chief
294
Leading questions
295
Refreshing memory
296
Out of court
296
In court
297
Previous consistent statements
299
Complaints
301
Previous consistent statements admitted to rebut suggestion of fabrication
303
Identification
305
Statements on arrest
305
Statements validated by scientific means
306
Unfavourable and hostile witnesses
307
The prohibition against impeaching a party's own witness
308
Unfavourable witnesses
309
Hostile witnesses
309
Statutory provision
311
Section 3
Cross-examination and re-examination
313
Previous inconsistent statements
317
Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 4
318
Criminal Procedure Act 1865, s 5
318
Cross-examination on documents generally
319
Finality of answers to collateral questions
320
The general rule
320
Exceptions to the general rule
322
Re-examination
322
VII.
Character in General
324
Section 1
The character of parties
325
Civil proceedings
325
Good character
326
Bad character
326
Criminal proceedings
329
Prosecutor
329
Accused
339
Co-accused
348
Section 2
The character of witnesses
352
Character of party's own witness
352
Civil proceedings
352
Criminal proceedings
354
Character of opponent's witness
355
Convictions
356
Discreditable acts
358
Bias
364
Corruption
365
Lack of veracity
366
Section 3
The character of third parties
369
Civil proceedings
369
Criminal proceedings
370
VIII.
Bad Character of the Accused
371
Section 1
Origins of the modern law
371
Nature of the problem
371
Attempts at reform
373
Common law
373
Statutory provision
374
Proposals for legislative reform
374
Dissatisfaction
376
Scope
377
Test
378
Procedure
378
Discretion
379
Consequences
380
Design
380
Section 2
Structure of the modern law
381
Framework
382
Concepts
383
Procedure
386
Leave and notice
387
Proof of bad character
388
Protection of the accused
392
Contamination
393
Unfairness
394
Direction
396
Appeal and review
397
Section 3
Gateways
400
Agreement of the parties
400
Choice of the defendant
400
Important explanatory evidence
401
Important issue between defendant and prosecution
401
Issue
404
Credibility
406
Section 4
Other statutory provision
410
Section 5
Appraisal
412
Consolidation
412
Clarification
413
Simplicity
413
Improvement
414
IX.
Privilege
415
Section 1
The privilege against self-incrimination
417
Scope of the rule
418
Range of application
418
Range of incrimination
424
Range of effects
426
Procedure
428
Statutory provision
430
Section 2
Legal professional privilege
435
Legal advice privilege
436
Rule of evidence
436
Legal adviser
438
Communication
439
Confidentiality and waiver
441
Legal advice in a relevant legal context
445
Privilege of client
446
Secondary evidence
449
Litigation privilege
451
The legal adviser's own work
452
Communications with third parties
453
Communications with opponent
456
Exceptions
458
Communications to facilitate crime or fraud
458
Information tending to establish innocence
460
Disputes between clients and legal advisers
461
Statutory exclusion
462
The claims of other relationships
463
Priest and penitent
465
Physician and patient
466
Conclusions
467
Identity of informant
467
Section 3
Statements made without prejudice
470
Scope
471
Effect
472
Section 4
Without-prejudice negotiations between estranged spouses
475
X.
Public Policy
476
Section 1
Matters of public interest
479
Vital interests of state
480
Reports of proceedings in parliament
486
Local government matters
487
Police materials
488
Civil proceedings
488
Criminal proceedings
491
Confidential matters
497
Section 2
Miscellaneous matters connected with previous litigation
501
Evidence of judges
501
Evidence of arbitrators
502
Evidence of mediators
502
Evidence of jurors
503
Evidence of advocates
504
Section 3
Improperly obtained evidence
504
Facts discovered in consequence of inadmissible confessions
505
Evidence procured by improper means
507
Improper searches
511
Perpetration of illegal acts
516
Improper interception or recording of communications
520
Deception
524
Conclusions
527
XI.
Opinion
529
Section 1
Rationale of the rule
529
Statement of the rule
529
Nature of opinion
530
Reasons for excluding evidence of opinion
531
Relation to the hearsay rule
532
Section 2
Operation of the rule
534
Lack of expertise
534
Unnecessary expertise
535
Ultimate issue
538
Procedure
540
Section 3
Exceptions to the rule
542
Expert opinion
542
Non-expert opinion
547
Section 4
Reform of the rule
549
XII.
Hearsay in General
551
Section 1
The nature of the rule
551
Statement
551
Rationale
553
Development
555
Reform of the rule
556
Strategic choices
557
Reform in civil proceedings
559
Reform in criminal proceedings
559
Reform elsewhere
559
Section 2
The scope of the rule
565
Statements as facts
565
Res gestae statements
569
Statements relating to a relevant event
570
Statements accompanying a relevant act
571
Statements of a relevant physical sensation or mental state
572
Previous statements by testifying witnesses
577
Previous inconsistent statements
578
Previous consistent statements
578
Admissions
580
Exculpatory third-party admissions
581
Vicarious admissions
581
XIII.
Hearsay in civil Proceedings
586
Section 1
The Civil Evidence Act 1995
587
Admissibility
587
Means of proof
588
Section 2
Other provisions
591
Public documents
591
Published works
591
Public documents
592
Records
595
Reputation
596
Pedigree
596
Public or general rights
597
Children
600
Company litigation
600
Affidavits
601
Inquests
601
XIV.
Hearsay in Criminal Proceedings
602
Section 1
The general position under the Criminal justice Act 2003
603
Policy
603
Definition
604
General exception
606
Conditions
606
Means of proof
610
Business documents
610
Previous statements of witnesses
614
Discretion
615
Authentication
618
Common law exceptions
619
Public information
619
Reputation
620
Res gestae
621
Admissions
621
Expertise
621
Statutory exceptions
622
Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1879
622
Criminal Justice Act 1967, s 9
622
Weight
623
European Convention on Human Rights
624
Section 2
Confessions, silence, and police questioning
626
Confessions
626
Development
626
Rationale
629
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
632
Conditions
638
Effect
645
Silence
646
Section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
647
Interviews
649
Nature of silence
649
Propriety of silence
652
Form of direction
653
Human rights
655
Questioning suspects
656
Development
656
Operation
657
Special cases
664
XV.
Documentary Evidence
667
Section 1
Proof of the contents of a document
667
Proof of statements in documents
668
Proof of business or public records
669
The Civil Procedure Rules
670
Public documents
671
Bankers' books
673
Section 2
Proof of the execution of private documents
674
Proof of handwriting
675
Testimonial evidence
675
Opinion
675
Comparison
676
Proof of attestation
677
Wills
677
Other attested documents
678
Presumptions relating to documents
678
Electronic signature
679
Section 3
Admissibility of extrinsic evidence
679
The conclusiveness of a document as evidence of the terms of the transaction it embodies
680
Statement and illustrations of the rule
680
Exceptions to, and cases falling outside, the rule
682
Extrinsic evidence in aid of interpretation
686
Standards of interpretation
686
Contracts
687
Wills
689
XVI.
Proof of Frequently Recurring Matters
691
Section 1
Foreign law
691
Judicial notice and previous decisions
692
Other statutory provisions
693
Expert witness
694
Section 2
Evidence of identity
695
Direct evidence
696
Special problems
696
Legal reaction
698
Different procedures for identification
700
Procedure
711
Circumstantial evidence of identity
715
Presumptive evidence of identity
715
Section 3
Birth, age, death, marriage, and legitimacy
716
Birth
716
Age
716
Direct evidence
716
Hearsay
717
Death
717
Marriage
717
Legitimacy
718
Section 4
Judgments and convictions
718
Civil cases
719
Criminal cases
719
Index
721