Prisoners' self-help litigation manual / John Boston and Daniel E. Manville.
2010
KF9731 .M36 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Prisoners' self-help litigation manual / John Boston and Daniel E. Manville.
Published
New York : Oceana, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KF9731 .M36 2010
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9780195374407 ((pbk.) : alk. paper)
0195374401 ((pbk.) : alk. paper)
0195374401 ((pbk.) : alk. paper)
Description
xv, 928 pages ; 28 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)236333668
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Added Author
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Edith L. Fisch Fund
Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments
xv
ch. 1
Introduction: Using This Manual and Using the Courts
1
A.
The State of the Law
1
B.
How to Use this Manual
2
C.
Before You Go to Court
3
D.
Getting a Lawyer
5
pt. I
THE RIGHTS OF PRISONERS
ch. 2
Conditions of Confinement
7
A.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment
8
1.
The Objective Component: Cruel Conditions
8
2.
The Subjective Component: Deliberate Indifference
13
3.
Other Legal Limits on Prison Conditions
17
B.
Shelter
19
1.
Crowding
19
2.
Furnishings
22
3.
Ventilation and Heating
22
4.
Lighting
23
5.
Noise
24
c.
Sanitation and Personal Hygiene
24
D.
Food
29
E.
Clothing
34
F.
Medical Care
36
1.
The Deliberate Indifference Standard
38
a.
Suing the Right Defendants
51
b.
Remedies for Deliberate Indifference
54
2.
Serious Medical Needs
54
3.
The Medical Care System
58
a.
Communication of Medical Needs
59
b.
Medical Examinations
60
c.
Medical Staff
60
d.
Access to Outside Care
62
e.
Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies
63
f.
Medical Records
63
4.
Particular Medical Issues
64
a.
Mental Health Care
64
b.
Sex Offender Programs
73
c.
Dental Care
78
d.
Infectious Diseases
79
1).
Tuberculosis
79
2).
HIV and AIDS
80
3).
Hepatitis C
82
4).
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylo coccus Aureus (MRSA)
83
e.
Medical Diets
83
f.
Pregnancy, Childbirth, Abortion, and Reproduction
84
g.
Drug Dependency Treatment
86
h.
Prisoners with Disabilities
88
1).
Constitutional Protections
88
2).
The Federal Disability Statutes
90
i.
Prison Assignments and Regulations
100
j.
Medical Privacy
101
k.
The Right to Refuse Treatment
102
5.
Negligence and Malpractice
104
G.
Personal Safety
108
1.
Protection from Inmate Assault
108
a.
The Deliberate Indifference Standard
108
b.
Risks to a Particular Prisoner
112
c.
Group Risks
115
d.
Sexual Assault
120
e.
Causation and Suing the Right Defendants
120
f.
Tort Claims for Inmate Assault
122
2.
Use of Force by Staff
127
a.
The Constitutional Standards
128
1).
Convicts
128
2).
Pretrial Detainees
128
3).
Arrestees and Others "Seized" By The Police
129
b.
Applying the Standards
130
1).
Amount of force
130
2).
Injury
132
3).
Malice
134
4).
Justifications for use of Force
135
c.
Types of Force
136
1).
Weapons
136
2).
Chemical Agents
137
3).
Restraints
139
4).
Sexual Abuse By Staff
143
5).
Verbal Abuse
146
d.
Liability for Force: Bystanders, Supervisors, and Municipalities
147
e.
Tort Claims for Excessive Force
149
3.
Hazardous Conditions
151
a.
Fire Safety
151
b.
Environmental Hazards
152
c.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
154
d.
Risks of Injury
157
H.
Classification
159
I.
Activities
161
1.
Program Activities
161
2.
Work
163
3.
Recreation and Exercise
166
J.
Segregation: Punitive, Administrative, Protective, and "Supermax"
169
K.
Emergencies and Lockdowns
176
ch. 3
Civil Liberties in Prison
179
A.
The Reasonable Relationship Standard
180
B.
Freedom of Expression
188
1.
Correspondence
188
a.
General Correspondence
188
b.
Privileged Correspondence
192
c.
Procedural Protections in Restricting Correspondence
194
d.
Other Rules Governing Prisoner Correspondence
194
2.
Publications
196
a.
What Can Be Censored
196
b.
Censorship Procedures
203
c.
Non-Content-Based Restrictions on Publications
204
3.
Access to Non-Print Media
206
4.
Communication with Media and Writing for Publication
207
5.
Organizations, Protests, Grievances, and Complaints
209
6.
Retaliation for Speech
214
7.
Visiting
219
8.
Telephones
223
9.
Voting
227
c.
Access to the Courts
228
1.
Types of Court Access Claims
230
a.
The Right to Assistance in Bringing Legal Claims
230
1).
The "Actual Injury" Requirement
230
2).
The Non-Frivolous Claim Requirement
232
3).
The criminal Sentence/Conditions of Confinement Requirement
232
4).
The Requirement to plead the "frustrated or Impeded" Claim
233
5).
Does the Right to Court Access Stop when you file A Complaint?
233
6).
The Reasonable Relationship Standard
234
7).
Prisoners with Pending Criminal Cases
234
b.
The Right to Be Free from Interference with Court Access
235
c.
The Right to Be Free from Retaliation for Using the Court System
237
2.
Specific Issues in Court Access Cases
238
a.
Law Libraries and Legal Assistance
238
b.
Postage, Materials, and Services
243
c.
"Jailhouse Lawyers"
245
3.
Legal Communication and Privacy
247
D.
Religious Freedom
251
1.
Free Exercise of Religion
251
a.
What Beliefs Are Protected?
251
b.
Standards for Religious Freedom Claims
255
1).
RFRA, RLUIPA, The first Amendment, And State law
255
2).
"Substantial Burdens" on Religious Rights
257
3).
RFRA/RLUIPA And The First Amendment Standard Compared
259
4).
Remedies and Defendants Under RFRA/RLUIPA
262
2.
Particular Religious Practices and Issues
264
a.
Contact with Clergy and Religious Advisors
264
b.
Religious Services and Groups
264
c.
Religious Dress, Hair, and Beards
269
d.
Diet
270
e.
Religious Objects
272
f.
Names
273
g.
Religious Literature
274
h.
Other Religious Issues
274
3.
Equal Treatment of Religions
275
4.
Establishment of Religion
277
E.
Searches, Seizures, and Privacy
279
1.
Searches of Living Quarters
279
2.
Body Searches and Bodily Privacy
280
3.
Other Privacy Issues
288
F.
Personal Property
290
G.
Family Life
292
1.
Marriage
293
2.
Divorce
294
3.
Children
295
ch. 4
Procedural Due Process
305
A.
What Liberty Means for Prisoners
308
1.
Rights Independently Protected by the Constitution
308
2.
Actions that Make the Prisoner Spend More Time in Prison
308
3.
Actions that Impose "Atypical and Significant Hardship on the Inmate in Relation to the Ordinary Incidents of Prison Life"
309
B.
State-Created Liberty Interests
310
1.
The Pre-Sandin Liberty Interest Analysis
310
2.
State-Created Liberty Interests Where Sandin Applies
312
C.
Due Process for Pretrial Detainees and the Civilly Committed
313
D.
What Due Process of Law Means
314
E.
Post-Deprivation Remedies
314
F.
When Is Segregated Confinement a Liberty Deprivation?
317
1.
What Does "Atypical" Mean?
319
2.
What Does "Significant" Mean?
319
3.
Significant Hardship for Everybody? Or Just the Plaintiff?
320
4.
Atypical and Significant Compared to What?
321
5.
Does Duration Matter?
321
6.
Does the Prisoner's Criminal Sentence Matter?
322
7.
Segregated Confinement and the Atypical and Significant Standard, Circuit by Circuit
322
G.
Additional Punishments for Segregated Prisoners
330
H.
Particular Due Process Issues
331
1.
Disciplinary Proceedings
331
a.
Notice
333
b.
Hearings: The Right to Hear and Be Heard
334
c.
Witnesses
336
d.
Confrontation and Cross-Examination
340
e.
Documentary and Physical Evidence
341
f.
Assistance with a Defense
343
g.
Prompt Hearing and Pre-Hearing Segregation
344
h.
Impartial Decision-Maker
346
i.
Standards of Proof
347
j.
Urinalysis, Polygraphy, and Other Scientific Tests
352
k.
Written Disposition
355
1.
Appeal
356
m.
Confidential Informants
358
n.
False Charges
360
o.
Discipline and Mental Health
361
p.
Punishment
362
q.
Disciplinary Rules
363
r.
Remedies for Unlawful Disciplinary Proceedings
365
1.
New Hearing
366
2.
Release from Disciplinary Confinement
367
3.
Restoration of Good Time
367
4.
Damages
368
5.
Expungement of Conviction
370
6.
Injunction
371
s.
Disciplinary Proceedings and Criminal Prosecution
371
2.
Administrative Segregation
374
3.
Restraints
378
4.
Transfers
379
5.
Programs, Work, and Classification
383
a.
Gangs and "Security Threat Groups"
383
b.
Sex Offender Programs
384
6.
Parole and Temporary Release
385
a.
Parole Release
386
b.
Parole Rescission
391
c.
Parole Revocation
392
d.
Temporary Release
394
7.
Correcting Your File
397
8.
Property
399
a.
Authorized Deprivations and Established Procedures
401
b.
Substantive Constitutional Rights
402
c.
Tort and State Law Remedies
402
d.
Money
404
9.
Excessive Confinement
407
10.
Clemency and Pardons
410
ch. 5
Equal Protection of the Law
413
ch. 6
Pretrial Detainees' Rights
421
pt. II
ENFORCING YOUR RIGHTS
ch. 7
The Legal System
427
A.
The Federal Courts
427
1.
United States District Courts
427
2.
United States Courts of Appeals
428
3.
United States Supreme Court
429
B.
The State Courts
429
C.
Administrative Agencies
429
D.
Relationship Between State and Federal Courts
430
ch. 8
Actions, Defenses, and Relief
431
A.
Introduction
432
B.
Civil Rights Actions
432
1.
42 U.S.C. [§] 1983: Civil Rights Actions Against State and Local Officials and Private Contractors
433
a.
Rights, Privileges, or Immunities Secured by Federal Law
433
b.
Persons
433
c.
Color of State Law and Suing Private Contractors
434
2.
"Federal Question," Administrative Procedures Act, and Bivens Damages Actions Against Federal Officials and Contractors
437
a.
Injunctive Actions
437
b.
Administrative Procedures Act and Mandamus
438
c.
Bivens Claims: Damages Actions Against Federal Personnel
440
d.
Bivens Claims and Private Defendants
441
3.
Other Civil Rights Statutes
442
a.
42 U.S.C. [§][§] 1981 and 1982: Racial Discrimination claims
442
b.
42 U.S.C. [§][§] 1985, 1986: Civil Rights Conspiracy Claims
442
c.
Title VII, Federal Civil Rights Act: Employment Discrimination Claims
443
d.
42 U.S.C. [§] 1997: Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA)
443
e.
Rehabilitation Act and Americans with Disabilities Act
443
f.
Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA)
443
g.
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA)
443
h.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
443
i.
Privacy Act
444
4.
Suing the Right Defendants in Civil Rights Actions
444
a.
Individual Defendants: Causation and Personal Involvement
444
1.
Direct Participation
446
2.
Indirect Participation
446
3.
Failure to Act
448
4.
Injunctive Claims
454
5.
Pleading Personal Involvement
454
b.
Suing Local Governments: The "Policy" Requirement
455
c.
Capacity
460
C.
Tort Actions
460
1.
State Court Tort Actions
462
2.
Federal Tort Claims Act
463
a.
Liability Under the FTCA
463
b.
Procedures Under the FTCA
467
D.
Other State Court Remedies
469
1.
State Habeas Corpus or Post-Conviction Remedies
470
2.
Judicial Review of Administrative Action
470
E.
Workers' Compensation
472
1.
State Workers' Compensation Laws
472
2.
Compensation for Federal Prisoners and Pretrial Detainees
473
F.
Bringing State Law Claims in Federal Court
474
1.
Supplemental or Pendent Jurisdiction
474
2.
Diversity Jurisdiction
477
G.
Rights Based on Court Orders
478
H.
Choosing a Remedy
480
1.
Civil Rights and Other Civil Actions vs. Federal Habeas Corpus, Appeal, and Post-Conviction Remedies
480
a.
State Prisoners and the Preiser/Heck Rule
480
b.
Federal Prisoners
485
2.
Civil Rights Actions vs. Tort Actions
486
a.
State Prisoners: [§] 1983 vs. State Court Tort Actions
486
b.
Federal Prisoners: Federal Question (Bivens) Actions vs. the Federal Tort Claims Act
487
3.
Civil Rights Actions vs. Other State Court Remedies
488
1.
Justiciability
488
1.
Standing
489
2.
Mootness
491
3.
Ripeness
493
J.
Class Actions
494
1.
Bringing a Class Action
495
2.
Your Rights as a Class Member
499
K.
Exhaustion of Remedies
501
L.
Immunities
502
1.
The Eleventh Amendment and Sovereign Immunity
502
a.
Immunity of State Governments and Agencies in Federal Court
502
b.
Federal Government Sovereign Immunity
504
2.
Absolute Immunity of Judges, Prosecutors, Witness, and Legislators
504
3.
Immunity of Federal Officials for Common-Law Torts
507
4.
Qualified Immunity
507
5.
State Tort Law Immunities
513
M.
Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel
516
N.
Statutes of Limitations
521
O.
Relief
527
1.
Damages
527
a.
Compensatory Damages
527
b.
Nominal Damages
530
c.
Punitive Damages
531
d.
Amounts of Damages
532
2.
Injunctions
535
a.
Preliminary Injunctions and Temporary Restraining Orders
536
b.
Papers to File When Seeking a Preliminary Injunction or TRO
538
3.
Declaratory Judgments
539
ch. 9
The Prison Litigation Reform Act
541
A.
Filing Fees
546
B.
The "Three Strikes" Provision
550
1.
What is a Strike?
551
2.
The "Imminent Danger of Serious Physical Injury" Exception
556
3.
Constitutional Challenges to the Three Strikes Provision
559
C.
Screening and Dismissal of Prisoner Cases
560
D.
Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
562
1.
What is Exhaustion?
566
2.
What are Prison Conditions?
571
3.
What are "Available" Remedies?
573
4.
What Must You Put in Your Grievance or Administrative Appeal?
587
5.
Doing it Right: The "Proper Exhaustion" Rule
595
a.
What if Procedural Requirements are Not Clear?
597
b.
What if the Prisoner Is Misled or His Exhaustion Efforts Obstructed By Prison Staff?
600
c.
What if the Prisoner Is Threatened or Intimidated by Prison Staff into Not Following the Grievance Procedure?
600
d.
Is There Any Limit to the Procedural Rules That Can Be Enforced by a "Proper Exhaustion" Rule?
600
e.
Can Federal Courts Overrule a Grievance System's Procedural Rejection of a Grievance?
603
f.
What if the Prisoner Fails to Comply with Directions from Prison Staff with Respect to a Particular Grievance?
604
6.
Time Limits
605
7.
"Total Exhaustion"
610
8.
How Exhaustion Is Litigated
610
9.
Exhaustion and Statutes of Limitations
617
E.
Mental or Emotional Injury
619
1.
What Does the Statute Do?
620
2.
What Is Mental or Emotional Injury?
621
3.
What is Physical Injury?
625
F.
Attorneys' Fees
631
G.
Waiver of Reply
633
H.
Hearings by Telecommunication and at Prisons
633
I.
Revocation of Earned Release Credit
634
J.
Diversion of Damage Awards
634
K.
Injunctions
635
1.
Entry of Prospective Relief
635
2.
Preliminary Injunctions
636
3.
Prisoner Release Orders
636
4.
Termination of Judgments
637
5.
Automatic Stay
637
6.
Settlements
637
7.
Special Masters
638
ch. 10
How to Litigate
639
A.
How a Lawsuit Works
641
B.
The Complaint: Stating a Claim
642
1.
Requirements of a Complaint
643
2.
Joinder: Multiple Claims, Defendants or Plaintiffs
648
C.
Starting Your Lawsuit
649
1.
Filing the Complaint
649
2.
Venue
650
3.
Proceeding In Forma Pauperis
652
a.
Establishing Indigency
653
b.
Dismissal as Frivolous, Malicious, or Failing to State a Claim
654
c.
Payment of Filing Fees
655
d.
Appeals and Other Relief from IFP Decisions
656
4.
Serving the Summons and Complaint
657
a.
Procedures for Service
658
b.
Practical Problems in Serving Process
661
5.
Appointment of Counsel
662
D.
Answer
667
E.
Default Judgment
668
F.
Motion Practice
669
G.
Serving Papers and Writing to the Court
671
H.
Calculating Time Deadlines
671
I.
Motion to Dismiss or for Judgment on the Pleadings
673
J.
Amending the Complaint
675
K.
Preparing Your Factual Case
677
1.
Gathering Evidence
677
2.
Discovery
678
a.
Scope of Discovery: Relevance and Burden
680
b.
Privileges
681
c.
Practical Issues in Discovery
684
d.
Depositions
685
I.
Oral Depositions
686
2.
Written Depositions
690
e.
Interrogatories
691
f.
Request for Production of Documents, Electronically Stored Information, or Tangible Things
692
g.
Request for Admission
693
h.
Compelling Discovery and Sanctions
694
i.
Responding to Discovery Requests
696
3.
Expert Witnesses
698
3.
Summary Judgment
700
1.
Moving for Summary Judgment
703
2.
Responding to a Summary Judgment Motion
704
a.
Disputing the Facts
704
b.
Conceding the Facts and Arguing the Law
705
c.
Attacking the Defendants' Factual Presentation
706
d.
Requesting More Time and Discovery
706
3.
Appeals from Summary Judgment Decisions
707
M.
Preliminary Injunctions and Temporary Restraining Orders
707
N.
Magistrate Judges
707
1.
Decision of Nondispositive Matters
708
2.
Proposed Findings and Recommendations on Dispositive Motions and Prisoner Cases
708
3.
Decision by Consent
709
O.
Pretrial Conferences and Proceedings
709
P.
Preparation for Trial
711
Q.
Getting Yourself and Your Witnesses to Court
711
R.
Trials
715
1.
What Happens at a Trial
715
2.
The Right to Trial by Jury
716
3.
Selecting a Jury
717
4.
Starting the Trial
719
5.
Opening Statements
719
6.
Plaintiff's Evidence
720
7.
Offer of Proof
721
8.
Motions After the Plaintiff's Evidence
721
9.
Defendants' Evidence
722
10.
Rebuttal and Surrebuttal
722
11.
Motions After the Evidence Is Closed
722
12.
Closing Arguments
722
13.
Jury Instructions and Special Verdicts
725
14.
Verdict or Decision
726
15.
Motions After the Verdict or Decision
727
a.
Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law
727
b.
Motion for a New Trial
727
c.
Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment
727
S.
Evidence
728
1.
Basic Concepts
728
a.
Direct and Circumstantial Evidence
728
b.
Relevance and Materiality
728
c.
Inferences and Presumptions
729
d.
Judicial Notice
729
e.
Opinion and Expert Testimony
730
f.
Burden of Proof and Prima Facie Case
731
2.
Hearsay and Admissions
731
3.
Testimonial Evidence
733
a.
Competency
733
b.
Direct Examination
733
c.
Cross-Examination
734
d.
Redirect Examination
736
4.
Documentary Evidence
736
a.
The Authenticity of Documents
736
b.
Hearsay Problems with Documents
737
c.
Depositions and Prior Testimony
740
d.
Handling Documentary Evidence
740
5.
Prior Records of Plaintiff and Prison Personnel
741
a.
Criminal Convictions
741
b.
Prior Bad Acts
743
c.
Character Evidence
745
6.
Pretrial Rulings on Evidence: Motions In Limine
746
T.
Procedures After a Decision
746
1.
Relief from Judgment or Order
746
2.
Enforcement and Modification of Judgments
747
a.
Collecting a Money Judgment
747
b.
Enforcing or Modifying an Injuncrive Order
749
1.
Contempt
749
2.
Further Felief and Modification of Judgments
751
c.
Declaratory Relief
752
U.
Appeals
752
1.
Court of Appeals
752
a.
What Appeals Courts Do
752
b.
What Appeals Courts Will Consider
753
c.
What Can Be Appealed
754
d.
Notice of Appeal
756
1.
Timing of the Notice of Appeal
756
2.
Contents Of the Notice of Appeal
758
e.
In Forma Pauperis
759
f.
Transmission of the District Court's Record
761
g.
Appellate Briefs
761
h.
Oral Argument
763
i.
Decisions on Appeal
763
j.
Rehearing or Rehearing En Banc
764
k.
Appointment of Counsel
764
2.
Supreme Court
764
a.
Jurisdiction and Role of the Supreme Court
764
b.
Petition for Writ of Certiorari
765
c.
In Forma Pauperis
766
d.
Counsel
766
V.
Costs
766
W.
Sanctions
767
X.
Restrictions on Pro Se Litigants
769
Y.
Attorneys' Fees
770
ch. 11
Legal Research
773
A.
Marshalling the Facts
774
B.
Reading Cases
776
1.
"Reports" and "Reporters"
776
2.
Citations
777
3.
Research Aids from a Case
778
4.
Reading and Briefing the Case
779
a.
Facts
779
b.
Judicial History
779
c.
Issue
779
d.
Result/Holding
779
e.
Reasoning/Rationale
779
f.
Subsequent Judicial History
779
C.
Methods of Research
780
1.
Using This Manual and Other Treatises
780
2.
Using the Digests
780
3.
Researching a Case
781
4.
Shepardizing
781
5.
Researching a Statute
782
6.
Researching by Word
783
7.
What If There Is No Law Library?
783
a.
Computerized Legal Research
783
b.
Paging Systems
783
c.
Legal Assistance Systems
784
8.
List of Digest Headings
784
ch. 12
Writing Legal Documents
789
A.
Caption
790
B.
Complaint
790
C.
Affidavit or Declaration
794
D.
Motions
794
E.
Brief or Memorandum of Law
795
1.
Contents of a Brief
795
2.
Writing a Brief
796
Appendix A
United States Federal Courts Directory
801
Appendix B
Prisoners'Assistance Organizations
807
Appendix C
Forms and Sample Papers for Civil Rights Cases
857
Appendix D
Other Publications of Interest
913
Index
919