International law for humankind : towards a new jus gentium / by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.
2010
KZ3410 .T78 2010 (Map It)
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Title
International law for humankind : towards a new jus gentium / by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
KZ3410 .T78 2010
ISBN
9789004184282 (hardback : alk. paper)
9004184287 (hardback : alk. paper)
9004184287 (hardback : alk. paper)
Description
xix, 726 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)505913486
Note
At head of title: The Hague Academy of International Law.
"Updated and revised version of the General Course on Public International Law delivered by the author at the Hague Academy of International Law in 2005"--P. [4] of cover.
"Updated and revised version of the General Course on Public International Law delivered by the author at the Hague Academy of International Law in 2005"--P. [4] of cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages [647]-691) and index.
Record Appears in
Added Corporate Author
Table of Contents
Glossary of Abbreviations
xvii
Introduction: Preliminary Considerations
1
pt. I
Prolegomena
7
ch. I
The Evolution towards a New Jus Gentium: The International Law for Humankind
9
I.
The Historical Emergence of Jus Gentium
9
II.
The Legacy of the Evolving Jus Gentium: Recta Ratio and the Pursuit of the Common Good
11
III.
The Fragmentation of Jus Gentium into Jus inter Gentes
14
IV.
The Fallacy of Voluntarist Positivism
16
V.
International Law-Making and the Reconstruction of Jus Gentium
20
VI.
International Law, Pluralism and Universalism
22
VII.
The Identification of the Basic Feature of the New Jus Gentium
24
VIII.
The Universalist Conception of International Law
27
ch. II
Time and Law Revisited: International Law and the Temporal Dimension
31
I.
Introduction
31
II.
Time and Law: Some Precisions and Lessons
31
III.
The Incidence of the Temporal Dimension in International Law
34
IV.
Time and International Law in Face of New Needs of Protection
36
V.
The Presence of the Preventive Dimension in Domains of Protection
39
VI.
The Expansion of Provisional Measures of Protection
41
VII.
The Myopia of Political "Realism"
47
VIII.
Concluding Observations
50
pt. II
Foundations of International Law
53
ch. III
Foundations of International Law: The Role and Importance of Its Basic Principles
55
I.
Introduction
55
II.
The Position and Role of the General Principles of Law
56
III.
The Fundamental Principles as Substratum of the Legal Order Itself
59
IV.
The Acknowledgement of General Principles of Law by the Statute of the Hague Court (PCIJ and ICJ)
62
1.
General Principles of Law and the Quest for Justice
62
2.
Principles of International Law as Pillars of the International Legal System
63
V.
The 1970 U.N. Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States Revisited
65
1.
General Consideration in Historical Perspective
65
2.
The Formulation of the Principles of International Law
68
3.
The 1970 Declaration of Principles as a Contribution to the Identification of the Opinio Juris Communis
74
VI.
Concluding Observations
77
1.
The Sustained Validity of the Principles of International Law
77
2.
The Projection in Time of the Evolving Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples
81
3.
Principles of International Law, the Quest for Justice and the Universality of International Law
84
ch. IV
The Primacy of International Law over Force
87
I.
Introduction
87
II.
The Crystallization and Continuing Validity of the Principle of Non-Use of Force
87
III.
The Primacy of Law over Force as a Cornerstone of Contemporary International Law
93
IV.
The Emerging Right to Humanitarian Assistance
97
V.
The Decivilizing Effects of Unwarranted Use of Force
101
VI.
Final Observations: The Primacy of Law over Force as an Imperative of Jus Cogens
106
pt. III
Formation of International Law
111
ch. V
Contemporary International Law-making: A Reassessment of the Theory of Formal "Sources" of International Law
113
I.
Introduction
113
II.
General Considerations on the Foramal "Sources" of International Law
114
III.
The Formal "Sources" Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute
116
1.
International Custom
116
2.
Treaties
119
3.
General Principles of Law
121
4.
Judicial and Arbitral Decisions
123
5.
Doctrine
125
6.
Equity
127
IV.
The Formal "Sources" Not Enumerated in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute
128
1.
Unilateral Juridical Acts of States
128
2.
Resolutions of International Organizations
129
V.
The Process of Formation of Contemporary International Law: From Consent to Consensus
132
VI.
Opinio Juris beyond Custom: Its Wide Scope and Role in the Formation of Contemporary International Law
134
ch. VI
The Material Source of International Law: Manifestations of the Universal Juridical Conscience
139
I.
Introduction: Insufficiencies of the Formal "Sources" and the Relevance of the Material "Source" of International Law
139
II.
Human Conscience, Recta Ratio, and the Universality of International Law
141
III.
The Material Source of International Law Beyond State Legal Positivism
145
IV.
Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Treaties
147
V.
Universal Juridical Conscience: The Historical Significance of the Martens Clause
150
VI.
Invocation of Juridical Conscience in Judicial Proceedings and International Case-Law
152
VII.
Invocation and Assertion of Juridical Conscience in International Legal Doctrine
153
VIII.
Final Observations: The Achievements of International Law and the Universal Juridical Conscience
156
pt. IV
Subjects of International Law
163
ch. VII
States as Subjects of International Law and the Expansion of International Legal Personality
165
I.
Introduction: International Legal Personality Expanded
165
II.
Statehood and Recognition
165
III.
Rights and Duties of States
167
IV.
Sates and the Expansion of International Law
170
V.
The Erosion of the Domestic Jurisdiction of States
172
VI.
Final Observations: States and the New Horizons of International Legal Personality
177
ch. VIII
International Organizations as Subjects of International Law
181
I.
Introduction: International Organizations and the Modification of the Structure of the International Legal Order
181
II.
International Organizations and the Ideal of the Realization of Justice
182
III.
International Organizations and the Expansion of International Legal Personality and Responsibility
185
IV.
The Expansion of International Law Itself by the of International Organizations
190
1.
International Organizations and the Ascertainment of Opinio Juris
191
2.
International Organizations and Treaty-Making Capacity
193
3.
Composition of International Organizations: Evolving Issues
194
4.
The Growth of Multilateralism and International Cooperation
196
V.
The Projected Reforms of the International Organizations, Particularly of the United Nations
200
VI.
Concluding Observations: The Contribution of International Organizations to the Progressive Development of International Law
206
1.
International Organizations: Contents and Legal Effects of Resolutions
206
2.
Responses to New Needs and Aspirations of the International Community
208
ch. IX
The Legal Personality of the Individual as Subject of International Law
213
I.
Introduction
213
II.
The Individual as Subject of the Emerging Law of Nations
213
III.
The Attempted Exclusion of the Individual from the International Legal Order
217
IV.
The Individual's Presence and Participation in the International Legal Order
220
V.
The Rescue of the Individual as Subject of International Law
224
VI.
The Legal Personality of the Individual as a Response to a Need of the International Community
232
VII.
The Attribution of Duties to the Individual Directly by International Law
234
VIII.
Personality and Capacity: The Individual's Access to Justice at International Level
236
IX.
Final Observations: The Historical Significance of the International Subjectivity of the Individual
239
ch. X
The Legal Capacity of the Individual as Subject of International Law
243
I.
Introduction
243
II.
The International Legal Capacity of the Individual: Legal Foundations, Nature and Scope
243
1.
Legal Foundations of the Access of the Human Being to International Tribunals
243
2.
Juridical Nature and Scope of the Right of International Individual Petition
247
III.
The Emancipation of the Individual from His Own State
251
IV.
The Locus Standi of Individuals in the Procedures before International Human Rights Tribunals
255
1.
Developments in the European System of Protection
256
2.
Developments in the Inter-American System of Protection
261
V.
The Individual Right of Direct Access (Jus Standi) to International Human Rights Tribunals
264
1.
Antecedents of Domestic Law: The Subjective Right, and the Direct Access (Jus Standi) to National Tribunals
266
2.
Developments in International Law: The Direct Access (Jus Standi) to International Human Rights Tribunals
267
VI.
The Right of Access Lato Sensu of Individuals to International Justice
268
VII.
Concluding Observations
271
ch. XI
Humankind as a Subject of International Law
275
I.
The Perception and Awareness of Common and Superior Interests of Humankind as Such
275
II.
The Fundamental Principle of Humanity
276
III.
Humankind and Considerations of Humanity: A Conceptual Precision
280
IV.
The Emergence of Humankind as a Subject of International Law
281
V.
Legal Consequences of the Acknowledgement of Humankind as Subject of International Law
286
1.
The Relevance of the Human Rights Framework
286
2.
The Question of the Capacity to Act and Legal Representation
286
pt. V
Construction of the International Law for Humankind
289
ch. XII
Conceptual Constructions: Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes
291
I.
Introduction: Fundamental Values of the International Community
291
II.
International Jus Cogens (Peremptory Norms of General International Law)
292
1.
Emergence and Content of Jus Cogens
292
2.
Evolving Scope of Jus Cogens
295
3.
The Gradual Expansion of the Material Content of Jus Cogens
299
4.
Jus Cogens as a Pillar of the New Jus Gentium, the International Law for Humankind
310
III.
Obligations Erga Omnes of Protection
312
1.
Emergence and Scope of the Obligations
312
2.
Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of the Obligations
317
IV.
Obligations Erga Omnes and the Emergence of Actio Popularis
320
V.
Concluding Observations
322
ch. XIII
Conceptual Constructions: Common Heritage of Mankind and Common Concern of Mankind
327
I.
Introduction
327
II.
The Content and Significance of the Concept of Common Heritage of Mankind
327
1.
In the Domain of the International Law of Outer Space
329
2.
In the Domain of the Law of the Sea
331
3.
In the Domain of the International Law of Bioethics
336
4.
In the Domain of International Environmental Law
339
III.
The Content and Significance of the Concept of Common Concern of Mankind
344
1.
The Emergence of the New Concept
344
2.
The Contribution of the New Concept
346
3.
The Co-existence between Common Heritage and Common Concern of Mankind, and Their Legacy to International Law
348
IV.
Concluding Observations
350
ch. XIV
Conceptual Constructions: The Right to Peace and the Right to Development
353
I.
The Formulation of the Right to Peace in International Law
353
1.
Elements of the Right to Peace in International Law
353
2.
Recent Developments in the Formulation of the Right to Peace
355
II.
The Formulation of the Right to Development in International Law
357
1.
Elements of the Right to Development in International Law
357
2.
Crystallization of the Right to Development as a Human Right
360
3.
The Conceptual Construction of Human Development
361
4.
Lessons from the Crystallization of the Right to Development
364
ch. XV
Conceptual Constructions: Responsibility for International Crimes and Universal Jurisdiction
367
I.
Introduction
367
II.
The International Responsibility of the State and of the Individual: Recent Developments
367
III.
State Responsibility, the Criminalization of Grave Violations of Human Rights and the Realization of Justice
369
IV.
Complementarity between the International Responsibility of States and the International Criminal Responsibility of Individuals
372
V.
Some Considerations on the Crime of State Revisited
1.
Configuration of the Crime of State
374
2.
The Crime of State in Relation to the Fundamental or Superior Interests of the International Community
377
VI.
Juridical Consequences of the Crime of State
379
VII.
The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction
383
VIII.
Concluding Observations
389
pt. VI
Humanization of International Law
391
ch. XVI
Basic Considerations of Humanity in the Corpus Juris of International Law
393
I.
Introduction: The Relevance of Basic Considerations of Humanity
393
II.
The Omnipresence of Basic Considerations of Humanity
395
1.
Illustrations of International Case-Law
395
2.
Illustrations of International Legal Doctrine
398
III.
Concluding Observations
399
ch. XVII
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to Disarmament
401
I.
Introduction
401
II.
The Search for Peace: The Creation of Zones of Peace
401
1.
The Attainment of Peace and Human Security: A Permanent Goal
401
2.
The Initiative of Zones of Peace
404
III.
The Establishment of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones
405
IV.
The Endeavours towards General and Complete Disarmament
410
V.
The Illegality of Nuclear Weapons
413
VI.
Final Observations
423
ch. XVIII
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to the Law of Treaties
429
I.
Introduction
429
II.
Considerations on the Interpretation of Treaties
429
1.
General Remarks
429
2.
Procedural Issues
433
3.
Substantive Law
434
III.
Considerations on the Reservations to Treaties
435
IV.
Considerations on the Denunciation of Treaties
445
V.
Considerations on the Termination and Suspension of the Operation of Treaties
448
VI.
Concluding Observations
449
ch. XIX
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to State Responsibility
453
I.
State Responsibility and the General Interests of the International Community
453
II.
The Birth of the International Responsibility of States
456
III.
The Implementation of the International Responsibility of States
462
IV.
Serious Breaches of Obligations under Peremptory Norms of International Law
464
V.
Concluding Observations
467
ch. XX
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to State Succession
469
I.
Distinct Moments and Contexts of State Succession
469
II.
State Succession and the General Interests of the International Community
471
III.
State Succession and Continuity of Conventional Obligations Concerning Human Rights
472
IV.
Concluding Observations
476
ch. XXI
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to Territory
479
I.
Prerequisites of Statehood Revisited
479
II.
Non-Self-Governing Territories
482
III.
Non-Militarization and Peaceful Uses of Antarctica
484
IV.
Territory and Zonal Initiatives for Peace
486
V.
Transitional Administration of Territory on Behalf of the International Community
486
1.
The Case of Kosovo
487
2.
The Case of East Timor
489
3.
The Centrality of Protection of the Populations
490
ch. XXII
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to Diplomatic and Consular Law
493
I.
Introduction: Diplomatic and Consular Law beyond the Inter-State Outlook
493
II.
Diplomatic and Consular Law and Universal International Law
495
III.
The Right to Information on Consular Assistance in the Framework of the Guarantees of the Due Process of Law
497
IV.
The Humanization of Consular Law in Contemporary International Practice
501
V.
Concluding Observations
507
ch. XXIII
Basic Considerations of Humanity in Relation to the Convergences of Regimes of Protection of the Human Person
511
I.
The Consolidated Convergences between the Regimes of Protection of the Human Person
511
II.
The Intensified Convergences between the Regimes of Protecion of the Human Person
514
III.
The Contemporary Phenomenon of Uprootedness as a Problem Pertaining to the Rights of the Human Person
518
IV.
The Character of Jus Cogens of the Principle of Non-Refoulement
520
V.
Concluding Observations
525
pt. VII
Settlement of Disputes
529
ch. XXIV
Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes: Current State and Perspectives
531
I.
Introduction: The Basic Problem of Compulsory Jurisdiction
531
II.
Interaction or Complementarity of Means of Peaceful Settlement
533
III.
Settlement of Disputes in Multilateral Treaties
541
IV.
Current Developments: Fact-Finding and the Search for Justice and the Prevalence of the Rule of Law
544
V.
The Search for ad hoc Solutions
547
1.
The Experience of Contadora
549
2.
The Experience of Guarantor States
550
VI.
Endeavours of Systematization
552
VII.
Peaceful Settlement and the Renunciation of the Use of Force in International Relations
555
VIII.
Peaceful Settlement beyond State Voluntarism: Some New Trends
556
IX.
Peaceful Settlement and the General Interests of the International Community
559
X.
Concluding Observations
562
ch. XXV
International Rule of Law: The Need and Quest for International Compulsory Jurisdiction
567
I.
International Rule of Law Beyond Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
567
II.
International Rule of Law: The Saga of the Optional Clause of Compulsory Jurisdiction
568
1.
From the Professed Ideal to a Distorted Practice
568
2.
International Compulsory Jurisdiction: Reflections Lex Lata
572
3.
International Compulsory Jurisdiction: Reflections De Lege Ferenda
579
III.
The Recurring Need and Quest for Compulsory Jurisdiction
582
IV.
International Rule of Law: The Growth of International Jurisdiction
586
pt. VIII
Perspectives
593
ch. XXVI
The Legacy of the Recent Cycle of World Conferences of the United Nations
595
I.
Preliminary Observations: The International Legal Order in a World of Profound Contradictions
595
1.
A Transformation of Epoch
596
2.
The Spirit of Our Epoch
597
3.
Universalism and Cultural Diversity
598
II.
The Legacy of the Cycle of U.N. World Conferences: Conditions of Life as a Matter of International Concern
599
1.
U.N. Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992)
600
2.
II World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna, 1993)
601
3.
International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994)
602
4.
World Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995)
603
5.
IV World Conference on Women (Beijing, 1995)
605
6.
U.N. Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat-II, Istanbul, 1996)
606
7.
U.N. Conference on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (Rome, 1998)
607
8.
World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (Durban, 2001)
609
9.
U.N. Millenium Summit (2000) and World Summit Outcome (2005)
610
III.
The United Nations and the Rule of Law at National and International Levels
614
IV.
Concluding Observations
619
ch. XXVII
Codification and Progressive Development of a Universal International Law
623
I.
Introduction
623
II.
Codification and Progressive Development in Historical Perspective
623
III.
Codification and Progressive Development: Lessons and Projections
626
IV.
Concluding Observations: Codification and Progressive Development Moved by the Universal Juridical Conscience
628
ch. XXVIII
Conclusions: International Law for Humankind - Towards a New Jus Gentium
635
I.
The Process of Gradual Humanization of Public International Law
635
II.
The New Jus Gentium: International Law for Humankind
637
1.
Foundations
637
2.
Subjects
639
3.
Conceptual Constructions
640
4.
Basic Considerations of Humanity
642
5.
International Rule of Law
644
III.
Epilogue: A Message of Confidence
645
Select Bibliography
647
Table of Cases
693
Index
707