Comparative labour law and industrial relations in industrialized market economies.
2010
K1705 .C65 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Comparative labour law and industrial relations in industrialized market economies.
Published
Alphen aan den Rijn ; London : Kluwer Law International, 2010.
Call Number
K1705 .C65 2010
Edition
Tenth and revised edition / editor, R. Blanpain.
ISBN
9789041133489 (hbk.)
9041133488 (hbk.)
9041133488 (hbk.)
Description
xxxvi, 806 pages ; 25 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)664327670
Note
Previous edition: 2007.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Added Author
Table of Contents
Notes on Contributors
xxix
Editor's Preface
xxxiii
List of Abbreviations
xxxv
METHODOLOGY
1
ch. 1
Comparativism in Labour Law and Industrial Relations / R. Blanpain
3
I.
In Search of a Definition
4
II.
Uses of the Comparative Method
5
A.
Better Insight into One's Own National System
5
B.
International Private Labour Law
6
C.
Multinational Enterprises and International Unions: Globalization
6
D.
Forecast of Further Developments
7
E.
To Guide or Promote Social Change at Home: Assistance
8
F.
As an Instrument in the Formulation and the Application of International Labour Standards: Horizontal and Vertical Comparison
8
1.
The International Labour Organization
9
2.
The Council of Europe and the European Union
10
III.
What and How to Compare?
12
A.
Comparison of Functions Rather Than Institutions
12
B.
Comparison of What is ̀Going On'
13
C.
Looking for ̀Models'
13
D.
An Integrated and Global Approach
14
E.
Group Collaboration
15
F.
Educational Visits
16
IV.
The Traps
16
A.
Language and Terminology
16
B.
Parochialism and Ideological Hangovers
17
V.
The Transplantability Issue
18
VI.
The Status of the Àcademic Art'
20
VII.
De Comparatione Ferenda: Guidelines
21
A.
Teaching
21
B.
Research
21
VIII.
Conclusions
22
Selected Bibliography
22
ch. 2
Comparative Labour Law: Sources and Documentation / M. Colucci
25
I.
Introduction
25
A.
International Sources
25
1.
ILO Publications
25
2.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
28
B.
Regional Sources
29
1.
The European Union
29
2.
APEC
30
3.
Africa and South America
31
C.
Private Collections
31
D.
Books
32
E.
Bulletins
32
F.
Academic Journals
33
G.
E-Journals
34
H.
International Societies and Meetings
35
I.
Research Websites
35
1.
International, Comparative, and Foreign Law
35
2.
United States Government Sites
36
3.
ILO Publications
37
4.
International Institute for Labour Studies
37
5.
European Union
38
6.
Private Collections
38
7.
Books
38
8.
Journals
38
ACTORS
41
ch. 3
National, Regional and International Employers' Organizations / J. Dejardin
43
I.
Introduction: Definition
43
II.
Historical Development: From Guilds to Employers' Organizations
44
III.
Functions of Employers' Organizations
46
A.
Promoting Business Interests
46
B.
Representative Function in the Political Structure
47
C.
Representative Function in the Industrial Relations System
48
D.
Internal Functions of Employers' Organizations
51
E.
Speaking for All Business
52
F.
Technical Assistance
52
IV.
Structure of Employers' Organizations
53
A.
Unity of the Central Organization at National Level
53
1.
Coverage of the Central Organization
53
2.
Parallel Organizations
54
B.
Membership of Employers' Organizations
54
1.
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
54
2.
Public-Sector Enterprises
56
C.
Employers' Organizations at the Sectoral and Regional Levels
57
D.
Means and Resources
58
E.
Mergers and Changing Structures
58
V.
Regional Employers' Organizations
59
VI.
International Employers' Organizations
61
A.
Historical Development
61
B.
International Employers' Organizations at the Global Level
62
C.
The International Organisation of Employers (IOE)
62
VII.
Future Challenges for Employer Organizations
65
A.
Service Delivery
66
B.
Collective Interests versus Individual
66
C.
Role of Business in Society
66
D.
Changing Trends in Trade Unions
67
E.
Explaining Change
68
Selected Bibliography
69
ILO Labour Relations Series
69
ch. 4
The International Trade Union Movement / J. Baker
71
I.
Historical Overview
71
A.
To 1914
71
B.
From 1914 to 1939
72
C.
After 1939
73
II.
The International Trade Union Confederation
74
A.
Aims and Activities
75
1.
Overall Goals
75
2.
Representational and Organizational Work
76
B.
Structure and Government
77
1.
Membership and Finances
77
2.
Governing Bodies and Secretariat
78
3.
Regional Organizations
78
III.
The World Federation of Trade Unions
78
A.
Aims and Activities
79
B.
Structure and Government
80
1.
Membership and Finances
80
2.
Governing Bodies and Secretariat
80
3.
Trade Union Internationals
81
IV.
Other International, Regional or Sub-regional Organizations
81
A.
The Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC-OECD)
81
B.
The European Trade Union Confederation
82
C.
The Organization of African Trade Union Unity
84
D.
The International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions
85
E.
Sub-regional Bodies
85
V.
Global Union Federations
86
A.
Organization and Structure
86
1.
Relations with Global Internationals
86
2.
Membership and Finances
87
3.
Governing Bodies and Sector Groups
88
B.
Aims and Activities
88
1.
Solidarity and Organizational Work
89
2.
Information and Research
89
VI.
Conclusions
90
Selected Bibliography
93
List of International Union Websites
94
ch. 5
Human Resource Management in Context / I. Tarique
97
I.
Introduction
97
II.
What is Human Resource Management and How Does It Operate?
98
A.
What Are the Activities that HR Entails?
98
1.
Strategic Analysis
98
2.
Strategic Implementation
99
a.
Four-Task Model for HR
99
b.
Environmental Improvements
102
c.
Empowerment/Engagement
102
3.
A Link-to-the-Organization Role
102
B.
Staffing the HR Management Department
103
1.
Specialists versus Generalists
103
2.
Centralization versus Decentralization
104
C.
Partnership in HR
105
D.
HR Management Reflects Changing Context
107
1.
Globalization of Industry and Globalization of the Workforce
107
2.
Organizational Changes
108
a.
Layoffs and Job Eliminiation
108
b.
Mergers and Acquisitions
108
c.
Innovation in Technology
109
d.
Innovation of Practices
109
e.
Teams
110
3.
Outsourcing and Offshoring
110
4.
Legal Issues
111
E.
Forces Impacting HR Management
112
1.
Pressures for Social Responsibility
112
2.
Elements of the Stakeholder Model
113
a.
The Organization as Stakeholders
113
b.
Employees as Stakeholders
113
c.
Customers as Stakeholders
114
d.
Investors as Stakeholders
114
e.
Strategic Partners as Stakeholders
115
f.
Society as Stakeholder
115
F.
Strategic Human Resource Management
116
G.
Strategic International Human Resource Management
117
H.
Cross-Border Alliances: International Mergers and Acquisitions and International Joint Ventures
120
III.
What are Some of the Theoretical Frameworks that are Applicable in Studying the Human Resource Management Field?
120
A.
Resource-Based View
120
B.
Institutionalist Theory
121
C.
Agency Theory
122
D.
General Systems Theory
122
E.
Human Capital Theory
123
F.
Life-Cycle Theory
124
G.
Role Behaviour Theory
124
H.
Transactions Cost Theory
125
I.
Strategic Contingency Theory
125
J.
Organizational Learning Theory
126
K.
Information Processing Perspective
126
IV.
What are Some of the Key Issues Relevant to the Practice of Human Resource Management that are Likely to be Prevalent in the Twenty-First Century?
127
A.
Leadership
127
B.
Performance Management and Pay for Performance
127
C.
Effectiveness of Human Resource Management Using Multiple Stakeholders
129
D.
Technology and Knowledge Transfer
130
E.
Flexible Work Arrangements
130
F.
Managing Human Resource in Knowledge-Intensive Environments
131
G.
No One Best Way: Context is Critical
132
H.
A Differentiated Treatment of the Workforce?
133
V.
Conclusion
134
Selected Bibliography
134
SOURCES OF REGULATION
139
ch. 6
International Labour Law / L. Swepston
141
I.
Introduction
141
A.
Definition
141
B.
Historical Development
141
C.
The Purposes of International Labour Law
142
II.
The Sources of International Labour Law
143
A.
ILO Sources
143
1.
The Constitution of the ILO
143
2.
Conventions and Recommendations
143
3.
Declarations
145
4.
Other Instruments
146
5.
Interpretation
147
6.
Case Law
147
7.
Instruments Adopted at Special Conferences
148
B.
United Nations Instruments
148
C.
European Instruments
148
1.
Council of Europe Instruments
148
2.
European Communities Standards
149
D.
Instruments in the American Region
149
E.
Instruments in the African Region
150
F.
Instruments in the Arab Region
150
G.
Bilateral Treaties
150
H.
Generalized Systems of Preference and Other Trade Questions
150
I.
Relation Between Sources
151
III.
The Content of International Labour Law
151
A.
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize
151
B.
Forced Labour
152
C.
Discrimination in Employment and Occupation
153
D.
Child Labour
154
E.
Employment
154
F.
Wages
155
G.
General Conditions of Work
155
H.
Occupational Safety and Health
156
I.
Social Security
157
J.
Social Policy
157
K.
Industrial Relations
157
L.
Employment of Women
158
M.
Older Workers
158
N.
Migrant Workers
159
O.
Other Special Categories of Workers
159
P.
Labour Administration and Governance
161
IV.
The Implementation of International Labour Standards
161
A.
Obligations in Respect of Standards
161
B.
Ratification of Conventions
162
C.
Reports on Ratified Conventions
162
D.
The Incorporation of International Conventions in National Law as a Result of Ratification
162
V.
The Supervisory Machinery of the ILO
163
A.
Procedures Based on the Examination of Periodic Reports
163
B.
Procedures Based on the Examination of Complaints
164
C.
Special Machinery in the Field of Freedom of Association
165
D.
Special Studies and Inquiries, Promotional Measures, Technical Cooperation
165
VI.
Supervisory Machinery Established by Other Organizations
166
Selected Bibliography
166
ch. 7
The European Union and Employment Law / R. Blanpain
169
I.
Introductory Remarks
169
II.
Competences Regarding Labour and Employment Matters
171
A.
Legislative Competence
171
1.
Qualified Majority
171
2.
Unanimous Voting
171
3.
Excluded Matters
172
B.
Guidelines and Peer Pressure: Employment Policies
172
C.
The European Social Fund
172
III.
The Role of Social Partners: Consultation and Collective Bargaining
174
IV.
The Àcquis Communautaire'
175
A.
In General
175
B.
Free Movement of Workers
176
C.
Equal Treatment: A General Framework-Irrespective of Race or Ethnic Origin
178
D.
Equal Treatment for Men and Women
180
E.
Temporary Agency Work
183
F.
Restructuring of Enterprises
184
1.
Collective Redundancies
185
2.
Transfer of Undertakings and Acquired Rights
185
V.
The Social Dialogue
188
A.
In General
188
B.
The Sectoral Social Dialogue
192
C.
The European Company Statute (SE)
192
VI.
Conclusions
193
Selected Bibliography
194
ch. 8
Multinational Enterprises and Codes of Conduct: The OECD Guidelines for MNEs in Perspective / R. Blanpain
195
I.
Introduction
195
II.
The Employment and Industrial Relations Chapter
198
A.
Content of the Chapter
198
1.
Freedom of Association (Paragraphs 1a and 7)
198
2.
Child Labour (Paragraph 1b)
199
3.
Forced Labour (Paragraph 1c)
199
4.
Discrimination (Paragraph 1d)
199
5.
Collective Bargaining (Paragraph 1, 2 and 8)
199
6.
Provision of Information-Consultation (Paragraphs 2c and 3)
200
7.
Health and Safety (Paragraph 4b)
200
8.
Observance of Employment Standards (Paragraph 4)
200
9.
Skills and Training (Paragraph 5)
200
10.
Reasonable Notice and Cooperation in Case of Major Changes (Paragraph 6)
200
11.
Access to Decision Makers (Paragraph 8)
201
B.
The Clarification Process
201
III.
Development in Other International Organizations
205
A.
International Labour Office
206
1.
The ILO Tripartite Declaration of 1977
206
2.
The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Its Follow-Up (1998)
206
a.
The ILO Declaration
206
b.
The Follow-Up to the Declaration
208
3.
NAFTA: The Labor Side Agreement
208
IV.
Corporate Codes of Conduct
209
V.
Implementation Procedures
212
A.
Procedural Guidance for National Contact Points (NCPs)
212
1.
Core Criteria for Functional Equivalence in the Activities of NCPs
212
2.
Institutional Arrangements
213
3.
Information and Promotion
213
4.
Implementation in Specific Instances
214
5.
Reporting
216
B.
Procedural Guidance for the CIME
216
VI.
Conclusions
217
ch. 9
Conflicts of Laws in Employment Contracts and Industrial Relations / M. Franzen
221
I.
Introduction
221
II.
Sources
223
A.
International Sources
223
B.
National Sources
224
III.
The Proper Law of the Employment Contract
225
A.
Autonomy of the Parties
225
B.
Lex Loci Laboris
229
C.
Article 6 of the EC-Convention, Article 8 of the Rome I-Regulation
231
IV.
The Sphere of Application of the Protective Norms with Public Law Character
234
V.
The Scope of the Proper Law
236
VI.
Collective Labour Law: Industrial Relations
239
Selected Bibliography
241
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES
243
ch. 10
Protection of Migrant Workers in an Era of Globalization: The Role of International Instruments / Piyasiri Wickramasekara
245
I.
Migrants and Migrant Workers
246
II.
Trends in International Migration
247
III.
Challenges of Globalization for Protection of Migrant Workers
249
A.
Growing Global Disparities and Rising Migration Pressures
250
B.
Divergence between Labour Market Needs and Immigration Policies in Developed Countries
252
C.
Changing Employment Relationships
253
D.
Exploitation and Abuse of Migrant Workers
255
E.
Post-9/11 Security Concerns and ̀Crimmigration'
258
IV.
International Instruments for the Protection of Migrant Workers
259
A.
Conventions Dealing with Fundamental/Universal Rights of Migrant Workers
260
1.
Universal Human Rights Instruments of the United Nations
262
B.
Migrant-Specific and Other Applicable Conventions
263
1.
United Nations: International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990
263
2.
Other Relevant UN Conventions
265
3.
ILO Migrant Worker Conventions
266
4.
Other ILO Conventions
270
C.
Recent Developments Concerning ILO Approaches to Migrant Worker Rights and Instruments
271
1.
The Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Future ILO Activities in the Field of Migration and Guidelines for Some Vulnerable Categories of Migrant Workers
271
2.
ILO General Survey/Review of Migrant Worker Instruments
272
3.
The General Discussion on Migrant Workers at the 92nd Session of the International Labour Conference, June 2004
274
4.
The ILO Multilateral Framework on Labour Migration
276
V.
Evolving Approaches and the Way Forward
279
ch. 11
Freedom of Association / B. Creighton
285
I.
The Concept of Freedom of Association
285
II.
International Recognition of Freedom of Association
286
A.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
286
B.
The 1966 Covenants
287
C.
Regional Standards Relating to Freedom of Association
289
D.
Freedom of Association and the ILO
291
E.
Conventions Nos. 87 and 98
299
III.
Application of the Principles of Freedom of Association
301
A.
The Supervisory Bodies
301
B.
The Principles as Developed
325
C.
Choice of Union
325
D.
Union Representation and Bargaining in Good Faith
327
E.
Interference with Bargaining Outcomes
329
F.
Interference with the Right to Strike
331
IV.
Evaluation and Future Directions
335
Selected Bibliography
337
ch. 12
Subordinate Employees or Self-Employed Workers? / Chris Engels
339
I.
Introduction
339
II.
The Importance of the Distinction
340
III.
The Tests Developed to make the Distinction Between Employees and Self-Employed
344
A.
The Absence of a Full Definition
344
B.
The Freedom of Choice
345
C.
Performance by a Physical Person, Not a Legal Entity
347
D.
The Different Tests That Were Developed
349
E.
European Labour Law
351
F.
The International Labour Organization
355
IV.
The Extension of the Traditional Scope of Labour and Employment Law
356
A.
ILO Unsuccessful Effort: Draft Convention and Recommendation on Contract Labour
356
B.
Coverage of Economically Dependent Workers
358
V.
Conclusion
359
ch. 13
Working Conditions and Globalization / Jean-Michel Servais
361
I.
Persistent Social Malaise
362
A.
Countless Social Fracture Lines
362
B.
The Labour Scene Diversifies
365
C.
The New Social Question
367
II.
Questions about the New Policies
367
A.
Three Categories of Standards
368
B.
The Cost of Labour Standards
373
C.
Autonomous Standards, Heteronymous Standards, and Alternatives to Social Regulation
374
III.
A Quest for Innovative Formula for Work Protection
378
A.
Individual Freedoms and Working Conditions
378
B.
̀Flexicurity'
382
C.
Old Techniques, New Protections
383
Selected Bibliography
386
ch. 14
Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination in Employment / P. Foubert
393
I.
Legal Theories of Equality/Difference and Discrimination
393
A.
Legal Theories of Equality and Difference
393
1.
Equality, Difference and Comparability
394
a.
The Influence of Society
394
b.
The Purpose of the Law
395
c.
The Importance of a Comparator/Standard
396
2.
Different Approaches to Equality and Difference
396
a.
Formal Equality
396
b.
Substantive Equality
398
i.
Benign/Reverse/Positive Discrimination as an Instrument of Affirmative/Positive Action
399
ii.
Unequal Treatment of Factually and Legally Unequal Situations
402
B.
Discrimination Sensu Lato
402
1.
Different Forms of Discrimination Sensu Lato
404
a.
Overt/Direct Discrimination
405
b.
Covert/Indirect Discrimination
405
i.
Neutral Practices that Disadvantage a Subordinated Group
406
ii.
Discrimination Through Like Treatment of Legally Unlike Cases
407
C.
Justifying Discrimination
407
a.
Justification of Overt/Direct Discrimination
407
b.
Justification of Covert/Indirect Discrimination
409
c.
The Limits of Justification
409
II.
International Legal Rules on Equality and Prohibition of Discrimination (EPD) in Employment
410
A.
Sources of the International Labour Standard of EPD
410
1.
In General
410
2.
Examples
411
B.
Grounds of Prohibited Discrimination
413
1.
In General
413
2.
Race (Colour, National Extraction, Social Origin)
414
3.
Sex (Civil or Marital Status, Family Responsibilities, Pregnancy and Confinement, Sexual Harassment, Sexual Orientation)
415
4.
Ideological Freedoms and Beliefs (Political Opinion, Religion, Trade Union Membership)
417
5.
Other Grounds (Family Responsibilities, Disablement, Health, Private Life, Age)
418
C.
Justifications
420
1.
Inherent Requirements of a Particular Job
420
2.
Security of the State
421
3.
Special Measure of Protection/Affirmative or Positive Action
421
D.
Field of Application
422
1.
The Pre-employment Stage
422
2.
General Terms and Conditions of Employment
424
E.
Remedies
426
1.
Severance
426
2.
Extension
427
3.
Affirmative Action
428
a.
Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value
428
b.
Special Rights
428
4.
Implementation
429
F.
Future Outlook
429
1.
The Dynamics of Equality
430
2.
Final Remarks
432
Selected Bibliography
432
ch. 15
Employment Privacy / F. Hendrickx
437
I.
Introduction
437
II.
General Principles of Employment Privacy Law
439
A.
The Right to Privacy as a Human Right
439
B.
The Employment Environment
442
III.
International Regulation
442
1.
Council of Europe Conventions and Recommendations
442
2.
European Directive 95/46/EC
444
3.
Working Party Opinion 8/2001
445
4.
International Labour Organisation
447
IV.
European Comparative Overview
448
V.
Conclusion
456
Selected Bibliography
457
ch. 16
Security of Employment and Employability / Jacques Rojot
459
I.
Introduction
459
II.
The Notion of Employment Security
460
III.
The Tensions on Employment Security
461
IV.
Dismissal for Cause and Dismissal for Economic Reasons
469
V.
Company Level Provisions in Order to Reduce the Level of Dismissals
470
VI.
Legal and Contractual Limits to Economic Dismissals
474
VII.
Legal and Contractual Limits to Dismissal for Cause
475
VIII.
Government Active Manpower Policies
478
IX.
Conclusion
478
ch. 17
National Trade Union Movements / T. Treu
481
I.
Introduction
481
II.
Trade Union Structure
482
A.
Craft-Occupational Unions
482
B.
White-Collar Unions
482
C.
Industrial Unions
483
D.
General Unions
484
E.
Territorial Structures
485
F.
Enterprise Unionism
486
III.
Membership and Internal Government
487
A.
Membership
487
B.
Government
488
IV.
Unions and Workplace Organizations
490
V.
Forms of Trade Union Action and Objectives
492
A.
Collective Bargaining and Political Action
492
B.
Collective Bargaining and Participation
494
1.
Collective Bargaining
494
2.
Self-Management
495
3.
Institutional Participation
496
4.
Works Councils
496
VI.
Politics and Relation with Political Parties
496
A.
No Stable Relationship
497
B.
Dependence
497
C.
Interdependence
498
VII.
Unions and State Intervention in Industrial Relations
498
A.
Repression
499
B.
Tolerance
499
C.
Intervention
500
D.
Neo-corporatism
502
VIII.
Models of National Trade Union Movements
502
IX.
Trade Unions at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century
507
A.
Trade Union Structure
510
B.
Membership and Internal Government
511
C.
Unions and Workplace Organizations
514
D.
Forms of Trade Union Actions and Objectives
515
E.
Politics and Relations with Political Parties
518
F.
Unions and State Intervention in Industrial Relations
519
Selected Bibliography
521
ch. 18
Forms of Employee Representational Participation / M. Tiraboschi
523
I.
Introduction
523
II.
Forms of Employees General Representation at the Workplace: A Structural Analysis
525
A.
Bodies Directly Linked with Trade Unions in Single-Channel Systems of Representation
525
B.
Bodies Directly Linked with Trade Unions in Dual-Channel Systems of Representation
532
C.
Elected Unitary Bodies
537
D.
Joint Bodies
546
III.
Forms of General Representation of Employees at the Workplace: A Functional Analysis
549
A.
The Right to Share Information
549
B.
The Right to Be Consulted
551
C.
The Right to Decide Jointly
557
D.
Collective Bargaining
559
E.
Industrial Conflict
562
IV.
S̀pecialized' Forms of Workplace Employee Representation: Health and Safety at Work
564
V.
Forms of Board-Level Employee Representation
567
VI.
Concluding Remarks
572
Selected Bibliography
574
ch. 19
Transnational Information and Consultation: The Recast European Works Council Directive / C. Engels
577
I.
Introduction
577
A.
Territorial Coverage
579
B.
Basic Structure
580
II.
General Provisions
580
A.
Scope
580
B.
The Notion of Controlling Undertaking
582
C.
A Positive Obligation to Provide Information
584
D.
Concepts of Information and Consultation
588
E.
National and Transnational Issues for implementation
589
III.
Pre-Existing Agreements: Article 13 Agreements Original Directive
591
IV.
Establishment of EWC or Employee Information and Consultation Procedure: Article 6 Agreements
594
A.
Central Management and a Representative Agent
595
B.
Special Negotiating Body
596
C.
Content of the Agreement
598
V.
Subsidiary Requirements
599
A.
Applicability
599
B.
Content
599
1.
Competence
600
2.
Composition
600
3.
Re-evaluation
601
4.
Meetings
601
5.
Costs and Experts
602
VI.
Miscellaneous Provisions
602
A.
Confidential and/or Harmful Information
602
B.
Operation of EWC: Spirit of Cooperation
603
C.
Role and Protection of Employee Representatives
603
D.
Relationship between Obligations under the European Works Council Directive and Other Legal Provisions
604
E.
Agreements in Force
605
F.
Structural Change: Adaptation
606
G.
Implementation and Review by the Commission
607
ch. 20
Collective Bargaining: International Developments and Challenges / Bernard Gan
609
I.
What is Collective bargaining?
610
II.
Historical Background
615
III.
Levels of Bargaining
618
IV.
The Parties to Collective Bargaining
623
V.
Bargaining Units and the Recognition of Bargaining Agents
624
VI.
Bargaining Processes
626
VII.
The Functions of Collective Bargaining
632
VIII.
Coverage of Bargaining
634
IX.
Content of Agreements
642
X.
Duration of Agreements
646
XI.
Administration of the Agreements
647
XII.
Collective Bargaining and Economic Problems and Policies
647
XIII.
Conclusions
651
Selected Bibliography
656
ch. 21
The Law of Strikes and Lockouts / A.T.J.M. Jacobs
659
I.
Introduction
659
A.
From Crime to Fundamental Right
659
B.
Crystallization into Distinctive ̀Models'
663
II.
The Limits of the Right to Strike
664
A.
Ways of Delimiting the Right to Strike
664
B.
Official Strikes versus Wildcat Strikes
667
C.
The Peace Obligation
670
D.
Disputes of Rights and Disputes of Interests
672
E.
Other Limitations as Regards the Aim of the Strike
674
F.
Procedural Restrictions
678
G.
Principles of Proportionality, Fairness and So Forth
682
H.
Other Collective Actions of Workers
685
I.
Picketing
686
J.
Public Service and Essential Services
687
III.
The Effects of an (Un)lawful Strike
694
A.
Liability of Trade Unions
694
B.
The Wages of the Striking Worker
696
C.
Disciplinary Actions against Striking Workers
698
D.
The Impact of Strikes on Non-striking Workers
704
IV.
The Employers' Defence and Retaliation
705
A.
The Employers' Right to Keep His Business Operating
705
B.
The Lockout
707
V.
Litigation
709
VI.
Evaluation and Conclusions
713
Selected Bibliography
719
ch. 22
Settlement of Disputes over Rights / A. Gladstone
721
I.
Classification and Categories of Disputes and of Systems for Their Resolution
722
II.
Ordinary Courts
725
A.
In General
725
B.
Specific Countries
727
1.
Italy
727
2.
The Netherlands
728
3.
Japan
728
III.
Labour Courts and Similar Institutions
730
A.
In General
730
B.
Specific Countries
732
1.
France
732
2.
Germany
733
3.
Sweden
735
IV.
Highly Specialized tribunals and Boards
737
A.
In General
737
B.
Specific Countries
737
1.
Great Britain
737
2.
United States
739
3.
Canada and Japan
740
V.
Arbitration
740
VI.
Remedies in Rights Disputes: Two Examples
746
A.
Remedies for Wrongful Termination of Employment
746
B.
Remedial Measures for Illegal or Unlawful Strikes
747
Selected Bibliography
749
ch. 23
Settlement of Disputes over Interests / A. Goldman
751
I.
Overview of Models for Interests Disputes Settlement
751
A.
Acquiescence in Unilateral Action
752
B.
Governmental Fiat
752
C.
Alliance Discipline
753
D.
Adjudication
753
E.
Voting
754
F.
Negotiation
754
G.
Conciliated Negotiation
755
H.
Prestigious Exhortation
755
II.
Acquiescence in Unilateral Action
755
III.
Governmental Fiat
761
IV.
Alliance Discipline
764
V.
Adjudication
766
VI.
Voting
771
VII.
Negotiation
773
VIII.
Conciliated Negotiation
775
IX.
Prestigious Exhortation
779
X.
Role of, and Impact Upon, Culture
782
Selected Bibliography
783
Index
785