Maṣlaḥa and the purpose of the law : Islamic discourse on legal change from the 4th/10th to 8th/14th century / by Felicitas Opwis.
2010
KBP456 .O69 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Maṣlaḥa and the purpose of the law : Islamic discourse on legal change from the 4th/10th to 8th/14th century / by Felicitas Opwis.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2010.
Call Number
KBP456 .O69 2010
Former Call Number
Islam 919 Op8 2010
ISBN
9789004184169 (hardback : alk. paper)
9004184163 (hardback : alk. paper)
9004184163 (hardback : alk. paper)
Description
xiv, 370 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)503596225
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Variant Title
Islamic discourse on legal change from the 4th/10th to 8th/14th century
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Diagrams
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
Introduction
1
ch. One
The Emergence of Maslaha as a Legal Concept
9
I.
Maslaha and Istislah and their Relationship to Juristic Preference (Istihsan)
9
II.
Maslaha and Istislah in Legal Writings Prior to the 5th/11th Century
14
1.
Ibn al-Muqaffa
14
2.
Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Khwarazmi
15
3.
Abu Bakr al-Jassas
16
3.1.
Ratio Legis and Analogy
18
3.2.
The Relationship of Maslaha to Rulings
19
3.3.
Ijtihad
21
III.
The Intellectual Background of the Discourse on Maslaha in Legal Theory
27
1.
Moral Knowledge: Revealed or Rational?
28
2.
Two Models of the Ratio Legis
33
IV.
Abu l-Husayn al-Basri
34
1.
The Epistemology of Maslaha
35
2.
The Ratio Legis as an Aspect (Wajh) of Maslaha
38
V.
Imam al-Haramayn al-Juwayni
41
1.
The All-Encompassing Religious Law
43
2.
Considerations of Maslaha in the Procedure of Legal Analogy
46
3.
Five Categories of Rationes Legis and Their Ability to Extend the Law
49
ch. Two
Integrating Maslaha into Legal Analogy (Qiyas)
59
I.
Formal and Substantive Rationality in Incorporating Maslaha into Legal Theory
59
II.
Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali
65
1.
Introduction
65
2.
The Purpose of the Sharia
67
3.
Verifying the Ratio Legis by its Suitability
80
III.
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
88
1.
Defining Analogy (Qiyas) in Terms of Logic
90
2.
Identifying the Ratio Legis of Rulings by Suitability
96
2.1.
Defining Suitability
97
2.2.
Determining Suitability
98
2.2.1.
Being a Real Maslaha
99
2.2.2.
The Law's Consideration
101
2.2.3.
Relevance
105
2.2.4.
No Countervailing Factors
107
2.3.
Giving Preference in Case of Multiple Suitable Characteristics
108
3.
Is There Causality in God's Law?
113
3.1.
Arguments by the Proponents of Causality
114
3.2.
Arguments by the Opponents of Causality
118
4.
Including the Unattested Maslaha into Analogy
121
ch. Three
Applying Maslaha in Legal Precepts (Qawaìd)
133
I.
Shihab al-Din Ahmad b. Idris al-Qarafi
133
1.
Introduction
133
2.
Maslaha as a Legal Precept
138
2.1.
Legal License Based on Maslaha
143
2.2.
Giving Priority to Analogy (Qiyas) over the Singular Tradition Based on Maslaha
148
2.3.
Justifying the Elimination of Pretexts (Sadd al-Dhara ì') on Account of Maslaha
151
3.
Maslaha as Element of Legal Analogy
156
3.1.
The Criteria of Necessity, Need, and Complementarity
157
3.2.
The Criterion of the Law's Consideration
161
3.3.
The Criteria of General (Àmm) and Specific (Khass)
163
3.4.
Maslaha Mursala
165
ch. Four
Using Substantive Legal Reasoning to Integrate Maslaha into the Law
175
I.
A Shift in Epistemology
175
II.
Ibn Taymiyya
181
1.
Introduction
181
2.
Maslaha in Law-Finding
184
3.
The Unattested Maslaha
186
4.
The Intellect's Ability to Know Good (Hasan) and Bad (Qabih)
190
III.
Najm al-Din al-Tufi
200
1.
Introduction
200
2.
The Hadith "la darar wa-la dirar"
202
3.
Maslaha as the Strongest Legal Indicant
204
3.1.
The Meaning of Maslaha and its Importance in the Law
205
3.2.
The Legal Strength of Consensus Versus Maslaha
209
4.
Giving Priority to Maslaha in the Law-Finding Process
216
4.1.
Rulings Concerning Acts of Worship and Fixed Ordinances
220
4.2.
Rulings Concerning Civil Transactions and Customs
225
5.
The Relationship between Specification (Takhsis) and Legal License (Rukhsa)
236
ch. Five
A Comprehensive Theory of Maslaha
247
I.
Ibrahim b. Musa al-Shatibi
247
1.
Introduction
247
2.
The Epistemology of Maslaha: Certainty and Universality
251
3.
The Purposes of the Sharià
257
3.1.
The Certainty of Causality in God's Law
257
3.2.
The Purposes of the Sharià
259
3.3.
The Purposes of the Divine Law and the Maslaha of Humankind
264
3.3.1.
Mundane and Legal Maslahas
264
3.3.2.
The Nature of Religious Accountability (Taklif)
267
4.
How to Know God's Intentions
273
4.1.
The Intelligibility of God's Law: Acts of Worship and Customs
273
4.2.
Knowing God's Intentions
279
4.3.
Judging the Legality of Acts by the Intention of the Actor
286
5.
The Law-Finding Process
293
5.1.
The Relationship between Universal and Particular Legal Indicants
294
5.2.
Identifying Legal Indicants
300
5.2.1.
Textual Indicants
302
5.2.2.
Al-Shatibi's Typology of Textual Indicants
304
5.3.
Independent Reasoning Based on Non-Textual Indicants
312
5.4.
Establishing Priority Among Contradictory Indicants
320
Conclusions
335
References
355
Index
363