Towards corporate liability in International criminal law / Desislava Stoitchkova.
2010
K1329.5 .S76 2010 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Towards corporate liability in International criminal law / Desislava Stoitchkova.
Published
Antwerp ; Portland : Intersentia, [2010]
Copyright
©2010
Call Number
K1329.5 .S76 2010
ISBN
9789400000247
9400000243
9400000243
Language Note
Text in English with a summary in Dutch.
Description
xii, 240 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)505421200
Note
Originally presented as author's thesis (doctoral)--Utrecht University, 2010.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-222) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of abbreviations
xi
1.
Introduction
1
I.
Corporations, conflicts and human rights
1
II.
The rise of corporate social responsibility
5
III.
Regulation at the domestic level
7
III.1.
Criminal liability
7
III.2.
Liability through civil courts
9
III.3.
Non-mandatory mechanisms
11
IV.
International regulation
12
IV.1.
S̀oft-law' initiatives
12
IV.2.
The International Criminal Court
13
IV.3.
Some post-Rome developments
17
V.
Central question
18
VI.
Method and structure
20
2.
Criminal Responsibility and the Corporate Entity
23
I.
Introduction
23
II.
The criminology of international corporate crime
24
II.1.
Conceptualising corporate crime
24
II.2.
Corporate crime in international context
27
III.
The morality paradigm and corporate liability
28
III.1.
Can corporations be regarded as persons?
29
III.2.
Moral agency and moral responsibility
30
III.3.
Legal personhood and moral responsibility
32
IV.
Guilt and punishment of collectives
33
IV.1.
The moral guilt contention
35
IV.2.
Collective legal guilt and the position of the individual
36
IV.3.
Accountability, culpability and due process
38
V.
Conclusion
41
3.
Corporate Accountability A La Nuremberg
43
I.
Introduction
43
II.
The Nuremberg ̀collective criminality' model
44
II.1.
The doctrine of conspiracy
44
II.2.
The concept of criminal organisations
46
II.3.
A missed opportunity vis-a-vis corporate accountability?
50
III.
The Nuremberg prosecution of industrialists
53
III.1.
An overview of domestic military trials
53
III.2.
Synthesising the Nuremberg principles of individual criminal responsibility in relation to corporate officials
56
III.3.
The implicit denunciation of corporations as accessories to Nazi crimes
58
IV.
The legacy of Nuremberg
61
V.
Conclusion
63
4.
Collective Criminality and the Rome Statute
65
I.
Introduction
65
II.
The ̀common purpose' doctrine
67
II.1.
Joint criminal enterprise: doctrinal overview
67
II.1.1.
The elements of joint criminal enterprise as a mode of liability
68
II.1.2.
Jurisprudential attempts at counteracting the drawbacks of the JCE doctrine
70
II.1.2a.
The customary law origins of JCE
70
II.1.2b.
The inherent complexities of extended JCE
72
II.1.2c.
Critical appraisal of the ad hoc tribunals' approach to JCE
74
II.2.
The ̀common purpose' concept in the Rome Statute
76
II.2.1.
The divergent nature of Article 25(3)(d) RS
78
II.2.2.
A redundant provision?
79
III.
The concept of superior responsibility
82
III.1.
Brief historical survey of the development of the doctrine
82
III.2.
Superior responsibility under the Rome Statute
83
III.2.1.
The components of superior responsibility as a mode of liability
84
III.2.1a.
The existence of a superior - subordinate relationship
85
III.2.1b.
The cognitive requirement for superior responsibility
87
III.2.1c.
Activities within the effective responsibility and control of superiors
89
III.2.1d.
The duty of superiors to act
91
IV.
Conclusion
93
5.
The Criminal Liability of Corporationswithin the Rome Statute Framework
95
I.
Introduction
95
II.
The ambit of actus reus and mens rea in the Rome Statute
96
II.
Acts and omissions
96
II.2.
The dolus directus facet of Article 30 RS
97
II.3.
Dolus eventualis as a form of volition?
98
II.4.
Culpa-type liability under the Rome Statute
101
III.
Utilising the current Rome Statute provisions
102
III.1.
Indirectly implicating MNCs on the basis of individual convictions
102
III.2.
The notion of complicity as an avenue for corporate liability
103
IV.
Direct corporate criminal liability sui generis
108
IV.1.
The criminal responsibility of corporations ìn the draft'
108
IV.1.1.
Declarations of criminality
109
IV.1.2.
Liability along vicarious lines
110
IV.2.
Domestic approaches to corporate criminal liability
113
IV.2.1.
The principle of aggregation
113
IV.2.2.
Proactive and reactive fault
115
IV.2.3.
The corporate ethos approach
117
IV.2.4.
Constructive corporate fault
118
IV.3.
The constructive method and international crimes
121
IV.3.1.
Setting the subjective threshold of corporate liability
121
IV.3.1a.
The dolus eventualis standard of corporate misconduct
122
IV.3.1b.
Culpa as a benchmark for corporate criminal responsibility
125
IV.3.1c.
A word on dolus specialis
133
IV.3.2.
The scope of the objective element
134
V.
Conclusion
137
6.
Culpability beyond the Confines of the Corporate Form
139
I.
Introduction
139
II.
Direct parent liability
140
II.1.
The intrinsic protections of the corporate form
140
II.2.
Justifying the attribution of criminal responsibility to parent companies
142
II.3.
The criteria for ascribing direct liability to parent corporations
143
II.3.1.
The duty to intervene
146
II.3.1a.
Authority
147
II.3.1b.
Awareness
148
II.3.2.
The power to intervene
149
II.3.2a.
Control
150
II.3.2b.
Causality
155
III.
Direct criminal responsibility and supply chain dynamics
156
IV.
The superior responsibility of corporate officials
159
IV.1.
Superior - subordinate relationships and the èffective responsibility and control' test
161
IV.2.
The cognitive requirement and the corresponding failure to act
163
V.
Conclusion
165
7.
Conclusion
167
I.
Overview
167
II.
Prospects along the regulatory continuum
169
II.1.
The complementarity contention pertaining to ìnaction' and ìnability'
170
11.2.
Alternatives to corporate criminal liability and the implications for the principle of complementarity
171
II.3.
Non-criminal regulation - a viable option for the ICC?
173
III.
The pitfalls of collective criminality
174
III.1.
The imperative of aligning accountability with due process
176
III.2.
Collective punishment: effects on the ìnnocent' bystander?
179
IV.
Liability of MNCs in international criminal law: from aspiration to reality
182
V.
Corporate accountability and the goals of international criminal justice
184
V.1.
The ̀problem' of plea bargaining
186
V.2.
Deterrence, retribution and the expressive function of (international) criminal law
187
Summary
191
Samenvatting
197
Selected legal provisions
205
Bibliography
211
Table of cases
223
Table of UN and other documents
229
Index
231
Curriculum vitae
235