Rights of the unborn child in international law / Jude Ibegbu.
2000
JX4263.P3 Ib3 2000 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Rights of the unborn child in international law / Jude Ibegbu.
Published
Lewiston, N.Y. : E. Mellen Press, [2000-]
Copyright
©2000-
Call Number
JX4263.P3 Ib3 2000
ISBN
0773478329
Description
volumes ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)42597751
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 615-643) and index.
Record Appears in
Library Has
v.1
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
Abbreviations
Acknowledgment
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1
Clarification of Terms
1
Preamble
1
1.1
Unborn Child
1
1.2
Fertilization
4
1.3
Conception
4
1.4
Pregnancy
7
1.5
Zygote
8
1.6
Embryo
9
1.7
Fetus
11
1.8
Ovum
11
1.9
Concept of Abortion
13
Chapter 2
Obligation Erga Omnes of the Right to Life in Contemporary International Law
17
Preamble
17
2.1
General Principles as the Primary Source of Obligation Erga Omnes of Right to Life
17
Preamble
18
2.1.1.
Meaning of General Principles of Law
19
2.1.1.1.
Principles of Natural Law
19
2.1.1.2.
Hierarchical Status
27
2.1.1.3.
Generality not Universality
30
2.1.1.4.
Obligation Erga Omnes of General Principles of Law
33
2.1.1.5.
Recognition by National Laws
39
2.1.1.6.
Establishment by Comparative Method
42
2.1.2.
Obligation Erga Omnes of General Principle of Right to Life
43
Preamble
43
2.1.2.1.
Jurisprudence on Right to Life as a General Principle of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations
44
2.1.2.2.
Right to Life as a General Principle
46
Preamble
46
2.1.2.2.1.
Right to Life as a General Principle in Constitutions
46
2.1.2.2.2.
Right to Life as a General Principle of International Law
77
Conclusion
81
2.3
Right to Life as Jus Cogens
82
Preamble
82
2.3.1.
Meaning of Jus Cogens
82
2.3.2.
Nullifying Effects of Jus Cogens
87
2.3.3.
Relationship Between Jus Cogens and Obligation Erga Omnes
88
2.3.4.
Right to Life as Jus Cogens
90
2.4
Towards Abolition of Death Penalty in International Law
91
Conclusion
96
Chapter 3
Right to Life of The Unborn Child in Contemporary International Law
99
Preamble
99
3.1.
Doctrinal Views on The Legal Position of The Right to Life of The Unborn Child in Contemporary International Law
100
3.2.
International Human Rights Instruments on The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
111
3.2.1.
Article 6 (1) of ICCPR
111
3.2.2.
Protection of The Right to Life From Conception
113
3.2.3.
Prohibition of Carrying Out The Death Penalty on Pregnant Women: Article 6 Paragraph 5 of ICCPR
117
3.3.
Declaration of The Rights of The Child, 1959
123
3.3.1.
Paragraph 3 of The Preamble And Principle 4
123
3.3.2.
Discussion on The Third Paragraph in The Third Committee, 911th Meeting
124
3.3.3.
Six -Power Amendment to The Draft Declaration Proposal to Include a New Principle Safeguarding The Right to Life of The Unborn From The Moment of Conception
133
3.4.
Convention on The Rights of The Child 1989
139
3.4.1.
Ninth Preambular Paragraph
139
3.4.2.
Preambular Paragraph 9
142
3.4.3.
Article 1: Definition of Childhood
149
3.4.4.
Article 6
157
3.5.
Regional Human Rights Instruments
162
3.5.1.
European Convention on Human Rights
162
3.5.2.
Report on Birth Control And Family Planning in Council of Europe Member States: Towards Liberalization And Harmonization of Abortion Laws
166
3.5.3.
Recommendation 874 (1979) on a European Charter on The Rights of The Child
174
3.5.4.
Resolution on The Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy by The European Parliament
176
3.5.5.
Article 1 of ADRDM And Article 4 of ACHR
178
3.5.6.
Article 4 of ACHPR
183
Chapter 4
Population Control And Right to Life of The Unborn Child
185
Preamble
185
4.1.
Report of The United Nations World Population Conference, 1974 Bucharest, 19-30 August 1974
185
4.2.
Report of The International Conference on Population, 1984 Mexico City, 6-14 August 1984 And The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
186
4.3.
The International Conference on Population And Development Cairo 1994
188
4.4.
Fourth World Conference on Women Beijing, China
4.1.5
September 1995 Beijing Declaration And Platform For Action
199
Chapter 5
American Jurisprudence on The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
203
Preamble
203
5.1.
Roe V. Wade, 410 Us 113 (1973) - Facts of The Case
203
5.1.1.
Right of Privacy
205
5.1.2.
Personhood of The Fetus
210
5.1.3.
Beginning of Human Life
213
5.1.4.
Legal Personality of The Unborn
216
5.1.5.
Right to Life of The Unborn Child Begins Only at Viability
219
5.2.
William L. Webster, Attorney General of Missouri, Et. Al., Appellants V. Reproductive Health Services et Al., No. 88-605, 492 Us 490, 106 L.ed. 2d 410. (Argued April 26, 1989, Decided July 3, 1989)
226
5.2.1.
Facts of The Case
226
Chapter 6
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania, et al.
241
6.1.
Facts of The Case
241
6.2.
Evaluation of The Judgment
250
6.2.1.
Reaffirmation of Roe by The Supreme Court: Stare Decisis
250
6.2.2.
Meaning of Stare Decisis
250
6.3.
Judgement of The Court
251
6.3.1.
Adoption of Undue Burden Standard
282
6.3.1.1
Concept of "Undue Burden"
285
6.3.1.2.
Criticism of the "Undue Burden Standard"
288
6.3.1.3.
Rejection of Roe's Trimester Framework
292
Chapter 7
Resolution No. 23/81 Case 2141 (United States) March 6, 1981
295
Chapter 8
European Jurisprudence on The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
323
European Commission of Human Rights
323
8.1.
Application No. 867/60 X Against Norway Decision of 29th May 1961
323
8.2.
Application No. 8416/78 William Paton V. United Kingdom
328
8.3.
Application No. 7045/75 Martin Humer V. Austria
335
8.4.
Application No. 6959/75 Rose Marie Bruggemann and Adelheid V. Federal Republic of Germany
341
8.5.
European Court of Human Rights
354
8.5.1.
Case of Open Door And Dublin Well Woman V. Ireland
354
8.6.
Evaluation of European Jurisprudence on The Right to Life of The Unborn Child Vis -A-vis Article 2 of ECHR
372
Conclusion
375
Chapter 9
Right to Privacy Versus Right to Life
377
Preamble
377
9.1.
Right to Life of The Unborn Child Versus Right to Privacy: Pro Life V. Pro Choice
377
9.1.1.
Concept of Right to Privacy
380
9.1.2.
"Right to Abortion" as Part of the Right to Privacy (Freedom)
385
9.1.3.
"The Right to Abortion" as Exercise of the Right to Freedom
391
9.1.4.
Woman's Right to Control Her Body Versus Right to Life of The Unborn Child
394
Chapter 10
Right of The Unborn Child to a Legal Personality From Conception
403
Preamble
403
10.1.
The Unborn Child as a Human Person or Human Being From The Moment of Conception
404
10.1.1.
Unborn Child as a Human Person From Conception
406
10.1.1.1.
Concept of the Term "Person"
406
10.1.1.1.1.
Legal Personality of the Unborn Child in History
406
10.1.1.1.2.
Concept of "Person" in Law
410
10.1.1.1.3.
Distinction Between Human Being and Person
411
10.1.1.1.4.
Person as a Human Being
416
10.1.1.1.5.
Viability
416
10.1.1.1.6.
Birth Confers Personhood
422
10.1.1.1.7.
Actual Exercise of Rationality and Self-consciousness
425
10.1.1.1.8.
Recognition by the State
429
10.1.1.1.9.
Sociological Concept of Person
430
10.1.1.1.10.
Individuality as Criterion for Personhood
437
10.1.1.1.11.
Individuality and Rationality
440
Chapter 11
Right to Legal Personality of The Unborn Child Recognized in Civil Law
447
Preamble
447
11.1
Legal Personality of The Unborn Child as a General Principle Recognized by States
448
11.2.
Civil Rights of The Unborn Child Recognized by National Laws
454
11.2.1.
Prohibition of Abortion in Penal Codes of States: A Recognition of Right to Life of The Unborn Child
454
11.2.2.
Inheritance
465
11.2.3.
Succession From The Moment of Conception
468
11.2.4.
Representation in Law
470
11.2.5.
Right to Receive by Will
472
11.2.6.
Right to Receive Donation
473
11.2.7.
Prenatal Claims: a Recognition of The Personhood of The Unborn Child
476
Chapter 12
Right to Life Begins From Conception
485
Preamble
479
12.1.
Importance of Determining The Beginning of Human Life
486
12.2.
Theories on The Beginning of Human Life
488
12.2.1.
Post-conception Theory of The Beginning of Human Life
488
12.2.1.1.
Aristotle on the Beginning of Human Life
488
12.2.1.2.
Fourteen Days after Conception: Appearance of Primitive Streak
491
12.2.1.2.1.
Genetic Individuality Versus Ontological Individuality
494
12.2.1.2.2.
Possibility of Identical Twinning at Zygote Stage
497
12.2.1.2.3.
Zygote as a Human Individual in Potency and Not as Actual Human Being
501
12.2.1.2.4.
Zygote May Not Be Ontologically Identical with the Adult Individual
502
12.2.1.2.5.
Human Individual Begins to Exist with the Appearance of the Primitive Streak
504
12.2.1.2.6.
Human Life Versus Human Individual
506
12.3.
Conception as The Beginning of Human Life
508
12.3.1.
Board of Directors of The Sacred Heart University Rome
509
12.3.2.
Human Life Begins at Conception
510
12.3.3.
At Fertilization The New Human Cell Is a New Human Individual
514
12.3.4.
Rejection of The Beginning of Human Individual at The Appearance of The Primitive Streak
515
12.3.5.
Embryo as Not a Potential Human Being But an Actual Human Being
516
12.3.6.
Continuous Ontological Unity From Zygote Stage
518
12.3.7.
Respect For The Dignity of The Embryo
519
12.3.8.
"Person" Exists From The Beginning of Its Individual Life
520
12.4.
Potentiality Argument
527
12.5.
Abortion as a Right to Religious Freedom
529
Chapter 13
Evaluation of The Grounds For The Legalization of Abortion
533
13.1.
Question of Legalization of Abortion
533
13.2.
Grounds on Which Abortion Is Permitted
536
13.3.
Evaluation of The Grounds on Which Abortion Is Permitted
544
13.3.1.
Criteria For a Moral Evaluation
545
13.3.2.
Abortion Permitted to Protect The Life of The Pregnant Woman
548
13.3.2.1.
Moral Evaluation
549
13.3.2.2.
Legal Evaluation
556
13.3.3.
Permitting Abortion to Protect The Health of The Pregnant Woman
559
13.3.3.1.
Moral Evaluation
562
13.3.3.2.
Legal Evaluation
563
13.3.4.
Pregnancy Due to Rape: Juridical Grounds
564
13.3.4.1.
Moral Evaluation
564
13.3.4.2.
Legal Evaluation
567
13.4.
Abortion Permitted Due to Deformity of The Unborn Child: Eugenic Ground
568
13.4.1.
Moral Evaluation
569
13.4.2.
Legal Evaluation
574
13.5.
Economic And Social Reasons
576
13.5.1.
Moral Evaluation
577
13.5.2.
Legal Evaluation
577
13.6.
Available Upon Request: Permitted on All Grounds
578
13.6.1.
Moral Evaluation
578
13.6.2.
Legal Evaluation
580
13.7.
Contraceptives That Are Abortifacient
580
Chapter 14
Evangelium Vitae And The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
589
Preamble
589
14.1.
Teachings of The Magisterium Prior to Evangelium Vitae on The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
589
14.2.
Prohibition of Use of Abortion as Method of Population Control
600
14.3.
Evangelium Vitae on The Right to Life of The Unborn Child
606
Proposals
613
Bibliography
615
Index
645