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Principles of direct and superior responsibility in international humanitarian law / Ilias Bantekas.
Bantekas, Ilias.
2002
JX5136 B228 2002 (Map It)
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Author
Bantekas, Ilias.
Title
Principles of direct and superior responsibility in international humanitarian law / Ilias Bantekas.
Published
Manchester : Manchester University Press : New York : Juris Pub., 2002.
Call Number
JX5136 B228 2002
ISBN
1929446187
Description
xxxv, 162 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)49394499
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 151-157) and index.
Series
Melland Schill studies in international law.
Record Appears in
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Foreword
Preface and acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Table of cases
Table of treaties
Table of legislation
1
Punishment in warfare and the application of law
1
Brief historical survey
1
Post-Westphalian developments
5
Early attempts at international codification
7
Efforts to enforce penal sanctions in international humanitarian law
9
Fundamental principles of the Jus in bello
12
The derivation of customary humanitarian law
14
Individuals and national criminal prosecutions
18
Individual liability in contemporary humanitarian law
21
General principles as a source of law before international tribunals
24
Law applied by post-World War II military tribunals
30
The role of the Security Council
33
2
Forms of direct criminal responsibility
38
War crimes
38
Crimes against humanity
41
Liability for the planning of international humanitarian law violations
43
Conspiracy under international law
45
Liability for issuing criminal orders
50
The crime of 'incitement' in national and international law
53
Liability for hate propaganda
57
Complicity in international humanitarian law violations
62
3
Ascertainment of superior status in international humanitarian law
67
Historical survey of superior responsibility
67
Moral and political considerations pertaining to the doctrine
70
Discerning command from control
73
The sources of de jure command
74
United Nations and allied command structures
76
Establishing a superior-subordinate relationship
79
De facto command and the concept of control
80
Civilians as superiors
82
Evidence of de facto command
87
Capacity to influence
87
Capacity to issue orders
88
Evidence from the distribution of tasks
90
Concurrence of de jure and de facto command in the same person
92
4
The substantive law of superior responsibility
94
Legal nature of the doctrine of superior responsibility
94
Sources of command duties
96
Types of command and extent of liability
99
Operational commanders
99
Executive commanders
102
Persons entrusted with the care of prisoners
104
Applicable standards of knowledge
108
The duty to act
115
The duty to prevent
116
The duty to punish
118
Causation
121
The duty to control
122
5
Individual responsibility in internal armed conflicts
125
Classification of armed conflicts
125
Insurgency and belligerency
127
Common Article 3 and the 1977 Geneva Protocol II
128
The effects of external intervention in internal conflicts
130
Individual responsibility in non-international armed conflicts
132
Non-penal elements of humanitarian law in internal conflicts
134
When does international law establish criminal liability?
138
Criminalisation of internal conflict offenses at the interstate level
140
International criminalisation at the domestic level
143
Retributive or restorative justice?
148
Bibliography
151
Index
159

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