Humanitarian assistance and state sovereignty in international law : towards a comprehensive framework / Emilie Ellen Kuijt.
2015
KZ6471 .K85 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Title
Humanitarian assistance and state sovereignty in international law : towards a comprehensive framework / Emilie Ellen Kuijt.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Intersentia, [2015?]
Call Number
KZ6471 .K85 2015
ISBN
9781780683669 (pbk.)
1780683669 (pbk.)
1780683669 (pbk.)
Description
xix, 625 pages ; 24 cm.
Other Standard Identifiers
9781780683669
System Control No.
(OCoLC)931544450
Note
Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral--Leiden University, 2015).
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 569-616) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
vii
List of Abbreviations
xvii
Part I. Setting The Framework
ch. 1
Introduction
3
1.
Introduction
3
1.1.
Introduction
3
1.2.
Aim of the Research and Research Questions
8
1.2.1.
Aim of the Research
8
1.2.2.
General Research Questions and Boundaries
10
1.3.
Research Structure
12
1.4.
Methodology
14
1.4.1.
Primary Sources
16
1.4.2.
Secondary Sources
18
1.4.3.
Character of the Research
20
ch. 2
Defining Humanitarian Assistance, the Principles for Its Provision and Determining the Relevant Actors
23
2.1.
Introduction
23
2.2.
The Concept of Humanitarian Assistance
24
2.1.1.
Historical Development
24
2.2.1.1.
The Role of the UN in the Development of Humanitarian Assistance
28
2.2.1.2.
The Role of the ICRC and IFRC in the Development of Humanitarian Assistance
30
2.2.2.
Defining Humanitarian Assistance
32
2.2.3.
The Principles for the Delivery of Assistance
38
2.2.3.1.
The Principle of Humanity
40
2.2.3.2.
The Principle of Impartiality
42
2.2.3.3.
The Principle of Neutrality
45
2.2.3.4.
An Alternative: The UN Principles Regarding Humanitarian Assistance
47
2.2.3.5.
Other Perspectives on the Principles for Providing Humanitarian Assistance
51
2.3.
Actors Involved in Humanitarian Assistance
54
2.3.1.
Recipients of Humanitarian Assistance
54
2.3.2.
Providers of Humanitarian Assistance
59
2.3.2.1.
The Affected State
59
2.3.2.2.
International Organisations
63
2.3.2.3.
Third States
66
2.4.
Conclusion
68
ch. 3
Humanitarian Assistance: Its Scope of Application and the Applicable Law
71
3.1.
Introduction
71
3.2.
The Circumstances that may Require Humanitarian Assistance
72
3.2.1.
Defining an Armed Conflict
72
3.2.2.
Armed Conflicts and the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
78
3.2.3.
Defining Occupation
79
3.2.4.
Occupation and the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
82
3.2.5.
Defining a (Natural) Disaster
84
3.2.6.
Disasters and the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
87
3.3.
Providing Assistance: Establishing the Existence of a Humanitarian Crisis
89
3.3.1.
An Over-Arching Approach to the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
90
3.3.2.
The Material Scope of Application
91
3.3.3.
Defining a Humanitarian Crisis
97
3.4.
Scope of Application: The Relationship between Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law
99
3.4.1.
Development of the Interaction between both Fields of Law
100
3.4.2.
Applicability of Human Rights in Armed Conflict and Occupation
106
3.4.2.1.
Relevance of Continued Applicability and Acceptance Thereof
106
3.4.2.2.
The Potential Extraterritorial Scope of Application of Human Rights Treaties
108
3.4.3.
Hierarchy or Convergence of International Legal Norms?
113
3.5.
Conclusion
120
ch. 4
State Sovereignty as a Contextual Concept regarding Humanitarian Assistance
123
4.1.
Introduction
123
4.2.
Sovereignty as a Concept in International Law
124
4.2.1.
Historical Context and Relevant Principles in Relation to Humanitarian Assistance
125
4.2.1.1.
The Principle of Non-Intervention
126
4.2.1.2.
The Principle of Consent
129
4.2.1.3.
The Principle of Domestic Jurisdiction
131
4.2.2.
Reconceptualising Sovereignty?
133
4.2.2.1.
The Post-World War II Era
135
4.2.2.2.
Humanitarian Interventions and Humanitarian Assistance
137
4.2.3.
The Responsibility to Protect, the UN and Humanitarian Assistance
142
4.2.3.1.
UN Endorsement of the Responsibility to Protect
144
4.2.3.2.
Humanitarian Assistance and the Development of RtoP in Practice
147
4.2.3.3.
Towards a new Definition of Sovereignty
153
4.3.
Conclusion
155
Part II. Primary Rights And Duties In Humanitarian Crises
ch. 5
The Potential Human Right to Receive Humanitarian Assistance
161
5.1.
Introduction
161
5.2.
The Development of Human Rights Relevant to Humanitarian Assistance
163
5.2.1.
'Generations' of Human Rights in Relation to Humanitarian Assistance
166
5.2.2.
Derogability, Human Rights and the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
168
5.2.3.
Progressive Realisation in the ICESCR
170
5.3.
A Human Right to Receive Humanitarian Assistance in International Law?
172
5.3.1.
Humanitarian Assistance as a Potential Human Right in International Treaty Law
174
5.3.2.
Humanitarian Assistance as a Potential Human Right in Customary International Law
177
5.3.3.
Humanitarian Assistance and Collective Human Rights: Rights-holders and Duty-bearers
181
5.3.4.
Preliminary Conclusion
184
5.4.
Humanitarian Assistance Within the Context of Existing Human Rights
186
5.4.1.
The Right to Life
186
5.4.2.
Humanitarian Assistance and the Right to Life
190
5.4.3.
The Right to Adequate Food
191
5.4.4.
Humanitarian Assistance and the Right to Food
198
5.4.5.
The Right to Health
200
5.4.6.
Humanitarian Assistance and the Right to Health
206
5.4.7.
The Right to Water
207
5.4.8.
Humanitarian Assistance and the Right to Water
213
5.5.
Conclusion
214
5.5.1.
Humanitarian Assistance as an Independent Human Right
214
5.5.2.
Humanitarian Assistance as a Vehicle in the Fulfilment of Existing Human Rights
217
ch. 6
The Duty of the Affected State to Provide, and the Right of Persons to Receive Humanitarian Assistance
221
6.1.
Introduction
221
6.2.
Duties and Rights under General International Law
222
6.2.1.
State Sovereignty and the Duty to Provide Humanitarian Assistance
222
6.2.2.
State Sovereignty and the Right to Receive Humanitarian Assistance
226
6.3.
Duties and Rights under Human Rights Law
227
6.3.1.
Duties of the Affected State and Non-State Actor under Human Rights Law
228
6.3.2.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance under Human Rights Law
233
6.4.
Duties and Rights under the UN Framework: the Security Council and General Assembly
236
6.4.1.
Duties of the Affected State and Non-State Actor under Security Council Resolutions
237
6.4.2.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance under Security Council Resolutions
245
6.4.3.
Duties of the Affected State under General Assembly Resolutions
246
6.4.4.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance under General Assembly Resolutions
250
6.5.
Duties and Rights in Specific Circumstances under International Law
251
6.5.1.
Duties of the Affected State and Non-State Actor in Times of Conflict
252
6.5.1.1.
Duties of the Affected State in Times of an International Armed Conflict
252
6.5.1.2.
Duties of the Affected State and Non-State Actor in Times of a Non-International Armed Conflict
255
6.5.2.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance in Times of Conflict
258
6.5.2.1.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance in Times of an International Armed Conflict
259
6.5.2.2.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance in Times of a Non-International Armed Conflict
260
6.5.3.
Duties of the Affected State (Occupying Power) in Times of Occupation
261
6.5.4.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance in Times of Occupation
265
6.5.5.
Duties of the Affected State in Times of (Natural) Disaster
266
6.5.5.1.
The Potential Application of the ILC Study: Protection of persons in the event of disaster
268
6.5.5.2.
The Potential Application of the IDRL Guidelines and Model Act
270
6.5.6.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance in Times of (Natural) Disaster
272
6.5.6.1.
The Potential Application of the ILC Study: Protection of persons in the event of disaster
273
6.5.6.2.
The Potential Application of the IDRL Guidelines and Model Act
273
6.5.7.
Duties of the Affected State under Refugee Law
274
6.5.8.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance under Refugee Law
276
6.5.9.
Duties of the Affected State under the (Potential) IDP Framework
277
6.5.10.
Rights of Persons to Receive Assistance under the (Potential) IDP Framework
282
6.6.
Ascertaining the Legal Framework in a Humanitarian Crisis
284
6.6.1.
The Applicable Lex Specialis in Armed Conflict
284
6.6.2.
The Applicable Lex Specialis in Occupation
286
6.6.3.
The Applicable Lex Specialis in Times of (Natural) Disaster
287
6.6.4.
Determining the Problems and Gaps in the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
287
6.7.
Conclusion
289
Part III. Third Party Action When Provision Is Lacking
ch. 7
Third Parties and the Provision of Assistance: The Right to Offer Assistance and the Related (Potential) Right to Access
307
7.1.
Introduction
307
7.2.
The Provision of Humanitarian Assistance by Third Parties under General International Law
309
7.2.1.
State Sovereignty and the Right to Offer Assistance
309
7.2.2.
State Sovereignty and the Right to Access
311
7.3.
The Provision of Humanitarian Assistance by Third Parties Under Human Rights Law
312
7.3.1.
Human Rights Law and the Right to Offer Assistance
313
7.3.2.
Human Rights Law and the Right to Access
317
7.4.
The Provision of Humanitarian Assistance by Third Parties Under the UN Framework: the Security Council and General Assembly
320
7.4.1.
Security Council Resolutions and the Right to Offer Assistance
321
7.4.2.
Security Council Resolutions and the Right to Access
326
7.4.3.
General Assembly Resolutions and the Right to Offer Assistance
335
7.4.4.
General Assembly Resolutions and the Right to Access
339
7.5.
The Provision of Humanitarian Assistance by Third Parties Under Specific Circumstances in International Law
343
7.5.1.
The Right to Provide Assistance in Times of Conflict
344
7.5.1.1.
The Right to Provide Assistance in Times of International Armed Conflict
344
7.5.1.2.
The Right to Provide Assistance in Times of Non- International Armed Conflict
346
7.5.2.
The Potential Right to Access in Times of Conflict
350
7.5.2.1.
The Potential Right to Access in Times of International Armed Conflict
350
7.5.2.2.
The Potential Right to Access in Times of Non-International Armed Conflict
354
7.5.3.
The Right to Provide Assistance and the Law of Occupation
357
7.5.4.
The Potential Right to Access and the Law of Occupation
359
7.5.5.
The Right to Provide Assistance in Times of (Natural) Disaster
361
7.5.5.1.
The Potential Application of the ILC Study: Protection of persons in the event of disaster
364
7.5.5.2.
The Potential Application of the IDRL Guidelines and Model Act
366
7.5.6.
The Potential Right to Access in Times of (Natural) Disaster
367
7.5.6.1.
The Potential Application of the ILC Study: Protection of persons in the event of disaster
368
7.5.6.2.
The Potential Application of the IDRL Guidelines and Model Act
370
7.5.7.
The Right to Provide Assistance under Refugee Law
372
7.5.8.
The Potential Right to Access under Refugee Law
372
7.5.9.
The Right to Provide Assistance under the (Potential) IDP Framework
373
7.5.10.
The Potential Right to Access under the (Potential) IDP Framework
375
7.6.
Ascertaining the Legal Framework in a Humanitarian Crisis
379
7.6.1.
The Applicable Lex Specialis in Armed Conflict
380
7.6.2.
The Applicable Lex Specialis in Occupation
383
7.6.3.
The Applicable Lex Specialis in Times of (Natural) Disaster
385
7.6.4.
Determining the Problems and Gaps in the Provision of Humanitarian Assistance
386
7.7.
Conclusion
390
ch. 8
Legal Consequences of the Denial of Humanitarian Assistance: Methods of Enforcement
411
8.1.
Introduction
411
8.2.
The Law of State Responsibility and Enforcement of Humanitarian Assistance
413
8.2.1.
State Responsibility, the ARSIWA and Humanitarian Assistance
414
8.2.2.
The ARSIWA, Peremptory Norms and the Denial of Humanitarian Assistance
419
8.2.3.
State Responsibility and the Potential Duty to Cooperate in the Event of a Breach
426
8.2.4.
State Responsibility, Humanitarian Assistance and Legal Developments
432
8.3.
Acts Constituting Denial or Obstruction of Humanitarian Assistance
434
8.3.1.
Circumstances of Denial or Obstruction: Determining a Humanitarian Crisis
435
8.3.2.
The Refusal of Consent: Arbitrariness and Enforcement
436
8.3.3.
The Denial or Obstruction of Assistance: a Violation of International Law
441
8.4.
Enforcement through the Use of Force
443
8.4.1.
Security Council Action: Enforcement through the UN system and the Responsibility to Protect
446
8.4.2.
The Beginning of Security Council Action
450
8.4.3.
Security Council Action since the UN embracement of the Responsibility to Protect
461
8.5.
Enforcement through Human Rights Law
473
8.5.1.
Enforcement through Human Rights Treaty Mechanisms
474
8.5.2.
Human Rights Enforcement through the UN Charter-Based System
480
8.6.
Methods of Enforcement through Individual (Criminal) Responsibility
483
8.6.1.
Enforcement through Targeted Sanctions
484
8.6.2.
Enforcement through International Criminal Law
486
8.6.2.1.
War Crimes and Humanitarian Assistance
490
8.6.2.2.
Crimes Against Humanity and Humanitarian Assistance
498
8.7.
The Enforcement of Humanitarian Assistance and the Absence of a Sovereign
502
8.8.
Conclusion
508
ch. 9
Conclusions and Recommendations
517
9.1.
Conclusions Pertaining to the Existing Legal Framework
517
9.2.
Recommendations for Improvement of the Legal Framework Concerning Humanitarian Assistance
539
9.2.1.
The Basic Existing Legal Framework and Problems with Fragmentation
539
9.2.2.
Fixing the Problems and Gaps in the Law
542
Dutch Summary
551
Bibliography
565
Index
613
Curriculum Vitae
619
School of Human Rights Research Series
621