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Glossary of Armed Forces and Groups in Eastern Congo
Summary
Recommendations: To the Congolese Government
To the Congolese Army
To All Armed Groups
To the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the Education Cluster, and UN Country Team
To Countries that Provide Military Training and Assistance to the Congolese Armed Forces, including Belgium, China, France, South Africa, and the United States
To Donor Governments and UN Agencies
Methodology
I. Background: Conflict in North and South Kivu 2012-2015: Fighting Between M23 Rebels and Congolese Army
Attacks on Civilians by Other Armed Groups
Education in North and South Kivu
II. Attacks on Students and Schools: Abduction of Children from School by Mai Mai Sheka
Recruitment of Children from Schools by the M23
Recruitment of Children from Schools by Other Armed Groups
Rape and Other Sexual Violence against Girls
Other Violent Attacks on Schools, Teachers, and Students
III. Military Use of Schools: Groups Using Schools for Military Purposes
Use of Schools as Military Bases and Temporary Accommodation: Duration of Military Use
Use of Schools for Military Training
Negative Consequences of Military Use of Schools: Girls' Experiences, Fear of Rape and Sexual Abuse
Forced Labor
Schools Damaged or Destroyed by Occupying Soldiers
Schools Damaged or Destroyed by Attacks Because of Military Presence
Ongoing Dangers After School Use
Harm to Education
Use of Schools for Extortion and Illegal "Tax" Collection
IV. International Examples of Good Military Practice Protecting Schools: Armed Forces and Non-State Armed Groups' Good Practice
International Guidelines for Protecting Schools from Military Use
V. Legal Protections for Schools, Children and Education: Congolese Domestic Law
Law of Armed Conflict (International Humanitarian Law): Protection of Schools
Prohibition on Use of Children in Armed Conflict
International Human Rights Law
Annex I: Safe Schools Declaration
Annex II: Guidelines: Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
Acknowledgments.
Summary
Recommendations: To the Congolese Government
To the Congolese Army
To All Armed Groups
To the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the Education Cluster, and UN Country Team
To Countries that Provide Military Training and Assistance to the Congolese Armed Forces, including Belgium, China, France, South Africa, and the United States
To Donor Governments and UN Agencies
Methodology
I. Background: Conflict in North and South Kivu 2012-2015: Fighting Between M23 Rebels and Congolese Army
Attacks on Civilians by Other Armed Groups
Education in North and South Kivu
II. Attacks on Students and Schools: Abduction of Children from School by Mai Mai Sheka
Recruitment of Children from Schools by the M23
Recruitment of Children from Schools by Other Armed Groups
Rape and Other Sexual Violence against Girls
Other Violent Attacks on Schools, Teachers, and Students
III. Military Use of Schools: Groups Using Schools for Military Purposes
Use of Schools as Military Bases and Temporary Accommodation: Duration of Military Use
Use of Schools for Military Training
Negative Consequences of Military Use of Schools: Girls' Experiences, Fear of Rape and Sexual Abuse
Forced Labor
Schools Damaged or Destroyed by Occupying Soldiers
Schools Damaged or Destroyed by Attacks Because of Military Presence
Ongoing Dangers After School Use
Harm to Education
Use of Schools for Extortion and Illegal "Tax" Collection
IV. International Examples of Good Military Practice Protecting Schools: Armed Forces and Non-State Armed Groups' Good Practice
International Guidelines for Protecting Schools from Military Use
V. Legal Protections for Schools, Children and Education: Congolese Domestic Law
Law of Armed Conflict (International Humanitarian Law): Protection of Schools
Prohibition on Use of Children in Armed Conflict
International Human Rights Law
Annex I: Safe Schools Declaration
Annex II: Guidelines: Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict
Acknowledgments.