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Items
Details
Author
Title
Patent law / Janice M. Mueller.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, [2013]
Copyright
©2013
Call Number
KF3114 .M84 2013
Edition
Fourth edition.
ISBN
9781454822448 (pbk.)
1454822449 (pbk.)
1454822449 (pbk.)
Description
xxiv, 763 pages : illustrations ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)808930440
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
xxiii
ch. 1
Foundations of the U.S. Patent System
1
A.
Introduction and Chapter Overview
1
B.
Why Study Patent Law?
2
1.
Rise of the Information-Based Economy
2
2.
Educational Prerequisites
7
C.
What Is a Patent?
8
1.
Patents as a Form of Intellectual Property
8
2.
The Appropriability Problem of Intellectual Property
8
3.
Public Goods
9
4.
Exception to the General Rule of Competition by Imitation
10
5.
The Patent Document and Its Components
11
6.
The Negative Right to Exclude
17
7.
The Patent Term
20
D.
Economic Considerations
24
1.
Is a Patent a Monopoly?
25
2.
Cost/Benefit Analysis for Patents
26
a.
Costs
27
b.
Benefits
30
E.
Philosophical Rationales for Patent Protection
32
1.
Natural Rights
33
2.
Reward for Services Rendered
34
3.
Monopoly Profits Incentive
34
4.
Exchange for Secrets
35
F.
Primary Sources of U.S. Patent Law
36
1.
The Constitution
36
2.
Federal Statutes and Regulations
38
3.
Case Law
40
G.
Adjudicatory Forums for Patent Matters
42
1.
U.S. District Courts
42
a.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction and Venue
42
b.
Civil Actions Against the USPTO Director in the Eastern District of Virginia
46
2.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
47
3.
USPTO Patent Trial and Appeal Board
50
4.
U.S. International Trade Commission
51
H.
Patent Prosecution Overview
52
1.
Introduction
52
2.
Filing the Application
53
3.
Examination by the USPTO
56
a.
Sample Office Action and Applicant's Response
60
4.
Publication of Pending Patent Applications
65
5.
Continuing Application Practice
66
6.
Double Patenting
71
ch. 2
Patent Claims
77
A.
Introduction
77
1.
Historical Development of Patent Claiming
77
2.
Definition of a Patent Claim
78
3.
A Key Reference Work
80
B.
Claim Definiteness Requirement (35 U.S.C. [§]112(b))
81
1.
Own Lexicographer Rule
81
2.
Definiteness Standards
82
3.
Antecedent Basis
89
C.
Anatomy of a Patent Claim
90
1.
Preamble
90
2.
Transition
92
a.
"Comprising" Transition
92
b.
"Consisting of" Transition
95
c.
"Consisting Essentially of" Transition
95
3.
Body
96
D.
Independent and Dependent Claims
98
E.
Specialized Claiming Formats
100
1.
Means-Plus-Function Claim Elements (35 U.S.C. [§]112(f))
101
a.
Introduction
101
b.
Interpreting the Scope of Means-Plus-Function Elements
102
c.
Distinguishing [§]112(f) Statutory Equivalents and the Doctrine of Equivalents
106
2.
Product-by-Process Claims
108
3.
Jepson Claims
112
4.
Markush Claims
114
ch. 3
Disclosure Requirements (35 U.S.C. [§]112(a))
117
A.
Introduction
117
1.
The Statutory Framework
117
2.
Disclosure as Quid Pro Quo
119
3.
Timing of Disclosure Compliance
120
B.
The Enablement Requirement
124
1.
Undue Experimentation
124
2.
Wands Factor: Predictable Versus Unpredictable Inventions
126
3.
Wands Factor: Scope of the Claims
128
4.
Wands Factor: Working Examples
130
5.
Nascent and After-Arising Technology
131
C.
The Best Mode Requirement
133
1.
Best Mode Scale-Back by America Invents Act of 2011
133
2.
Distinguishing Best Mode from Enablement
135
3.
Policy Rationale
136
4.
The Chemcast Analysis
138
a.
Step 1: Subjective Inquiry
138
b.
Step 2: Objective Inquiry
139
5.
Scope of the Best Mode Obligation
140
D.
The Written Description of the Invention Requirement
143
1.
Timing Mechanism
144
2.
How an Application Conveys Possession of an Invention
146
3.
Distinguishing Written Description from Enablement
150
4.
Typical Fact Scenarios Invoking Written Description Scrutiny
152
5.
Federal Circuit's Expansion of the Written Description Requirement
153
ch. 4
Novelty, Loss of Right, and Priority Pre- and Post-America Invents Act of 2011 (35 U.S.C. [§]102)
173
Guide to This Chapter
173
pt. I
General Principles of Anticipation
174
A.
The Meaning of Anticipation
174
B.
Burden of Proof
174
C.
The Strict Identity Rule of Anticipation
175
1.
In General
175
2.
The Special Case of Species/Genus Anticipation
176
D.
Anticipation by Inherency
178
E.
Enablement Standard for Anticipatory Prior Art
181
F.
What Is a Printed Publication?
182
pt. II
Novelty, Loss of Right, and Priority Pre-America Invents Act of 2011
188
G.
Introduction
188
1.
Statutory Basis
188
2.
Geographic Distinctions
191
3.
Who Is the Actor?
192
4.
Distinguishing Novelty from Loss of Right
193
H.
"Known or Used" Under 35 U.S.C. [§]102(a) (Pre-AIA)
194
I.
The Statutory Bars of 35 U.S.C. [§]102(b) (Pre-AIA)
197
1.
Introduction
197
2.
Grace Period
200
3.
Section 102(b) Public Use
201
4.
Section 102(b) on Sale Bar
206
5.
Experimental Use Negation of the [§]102(b) Bars
210
J.
Abandonment Under 35 U.S.C. [§]102(c) (Pre-AIA)
212
K.
Foreign Patenting Bar of 35 U.S.C. [§]102(d) (Pre-AIA)
213
L.
Description in Another's Earlier-Filed Patent or Published Patent Application Under 35 U.S.C. [§]102(e) (Pre-AIA)
215
M.
Derivation and Inventorship Under 35 U.S.C. [§]102(f) (Pre-AIA)
219
1.
Derivation
219
2.
Who Is an Inventor?
220
3.
Correction of Inventorship
221
4.
Joint Inventors
222
N.
Prior Invention Under 35 U.S.C. [§]102(g) (Pre-AIA)
223
1.
Introduction
223
2.
Interference Proceedings Under [§]102(g)(1)
223
3.
Anticipation Under [§]102(g)(2)
226
4.
Applying the Priority Rule of [§]102(g)
228
O.
Antedating (or "Swearing Behind") Prior Art (Pre-AIA)
231
pt. III
Novelty and Priority Post-America Invents Act of 2011
233
P.
Introduction
233
1.
Statutory Basis
236
2.
Sense of Congress and Legislative History
237
3.
Comparing Pre- and Post-AIA Frameworks
239
a.
What Section 3 of the AIA Retained
241
b.
What Section 3 of the AIA Changed
242
Q.
Presumptively Novelty-Destroying Events Under Post-AIA 35 U.S.C. [§]102(a)(1)
247
1.
Invention "Patented, Described in a Printed Publication, or in Public Use, [or] on Sale" Before Effective Filing Date
247
2.
Invention "Otherwise Available to the Public" Before Effective Filing Date
249
3.
Does the AIA Permit Secret Prior Art?
250
R.
Presumptively Novelty-Destroying Events Under Post-AIA 35 U.S.C. [§]102(a)(2)
252
S.
Novelty-Preserving Exceptions Under Post-AIA 35 U.S.C. [§]102(b)
256
1.
Introduction
256
2.
Post-AIA [§]102(b)(1): Shields Against Post-AIA [§]102(a)(1) Presumptively Novelty-Destroying Events
257
a.
(A)-Type Exceptions
257
b.
(B)-Type Exceptions
260
3.
Post-AIA [§]102(b)(2): Shields Against Post-AIA [§]102(a)(2) Presumptively Novelty-Destroying Events
262
a.
(A)-Type Exceptions
262
b.
(B)-Type Exceptions
264
T.
Effective Date for AIA [§]3 First-Inventor-to-File Amendments
264
U.
Common Ownership Under Joint Research Agreements
267
ch. 5
The Nonobviousness Requirement (35 U.S.C. [§]103)
271
A.
Introduction
271
B.
Historical Context: The Hotchkiss" Ordinary Mechanic" and the Requirement for "Invention"
273
C.
Enactment of [§]103 of the Patent Act of 1952, Incorporating the Requirement of Nonobviousness
276
D.
The Graham v. John Deere Framework for Analyzing Nonobviousness
277
1.
Constitutionality of 35 U.S.C. [§]103
278
2.
Graham's Analytical Framework for a [§]103 Analysis
279
E.
Graham Factor: Level of Ordinary Skill in the Art
279
F.
Graham Factor: Scope and Content of the Prior Art
284
1.
Terminology
284
2.
Sources of Prior Art
284
3.
Section 102/103 Overlap
285
4.
Analogous Art
293
G.
Graham Factor: Differences Between Claimed Invention and Prior Art
297
H.
Graham Factor: Secondary Considerations
297
1.
The Weight to Be Accorded Secondary Considerations Evidence
299
2.
The Nexus Requirement for Evidence of Commercial Success
301
I.
Combining the Disclosures of Prior Art References to Establish Obviousness
302
1.
Teaching, Suggestion, or Motivation to Combine
302
2.
KSR v. Teleflex: Combinations, Predictability, and "Common Sense"
304
3.
Teaching Away
310
4.
"Obvious to Try"
311
J.
The Prima Facie Case of Obviousness
312
K.
Federal Circuit Standards of Review in [§]103 Determinations
319
1.
USPTO
319
2.
Federal District Court
320
ch. 6
The Utility Requirement (35 U.S.C. [§]101)
321
A.
Introduction
321
B.
Practical Utility
322
C.
The Supreme Court View: Brenner v. Manson
325
D.
The Federal Circuit View
327
1.
Chemical Compounds
327
2.
Methods of Medical Treatment
328
3.
Genetic Inventions
330
E.
Inoperability
333
1.
Examples of Inoperable Inventions
334
2.
Inoperable Species Within a Genus
335
F.
Immoral or Deceptive Inventions
336
G.
Relationship Between Utility Requirement of [§]101 and How-to-Use Requirement of [§]112(a)
338
H.
Utility Requirement in Foreign Patent Systems
339
1.
Industrial Applicability
339
2.
Morality Criterion
340
ch. 7
Potentially Patentable Subject Matter (35 U.S.C. [§]101)
343
A.
Introduction
343
1.
The General Nature of [§]101
343
2.
The Statutory Categories of [§]101
345
3.
Claiming the Inventive Concept Within Different Statutory Categories
345
B.
Section 101 Processes
348
1.
Basic Principles
348
2.
Process Versus Product
349
3.
Computer-Implemented Processes
350
4.
Business Methods
352
5.
Methods of Medical Treatment
366
C.
Section 101 Machines
373
D.
Section 101 Compositions of Matter
375
1.
Structure Versus Properties
375
2.
Purified Forms of Natural Products
376
3.
Life Forms
381
E.
Section 101 Manufactures
383
F.
Nonpatentable Subject Matter
388
G.
Medical/Surgical Procedures
389
H.
Patentable Subject Matter Beyond [§]101: Plant Patents and Design Patents
390
1.
Plant Patents
390
2.
Design Patents
394
a.
Criteria for Obtaining Design Patents
394
b.
Establishing Infringement of Design Patents
397
ch. 8
Correcting and Challenging Issued Patents in the USPTO
401
A.
Introduction
401
B.
Certificates of Correction
402
C.
Reissue
404
1.
Overview
404
2.
Historical Development
405
3.
Statutory Basis
407
4.
Broadening Reissues
408
5.
Reissue Error
409
6.
The Recapture Rule
411
7.
Effect of Reissue: Intervening Rights
414
8.
Strategic Considerations for Reissue
418
D.
Reexamination
420
1.
Introduction
420
2.
Ex Parte Reexamination
422
a.
Who Can Request
422
b.
Statutory Grounds for Reexamination
423
c.
Substantial New Question of Patentability
423
d.
Legislative Changes in Response to Portola
425
e.
Reexamination Compared to Reissue
426
3.
Inter Partes Reexamination (Pre-AIA)
427
E.
AIA-Implemented Procedures for Challenging Issued Patents
430
1.
Inter Partes Review
432
2.
Post-Grant Review
434
ch. 9
Patent Infringement
439
A.
Introduction
439
1.
Statutory Framework
439
a.
Direct Versus Indirect Infringement Under [§]271
440
b.
Joint Direct Infringement by Multiple Parties Under [§]271(a)
442
2.
Two-Step Analysis for Patent Infringement
446
B.
Step One: Patent Claim Interpretation
447
1.
The Central Role of Claims
447
2.
Judge or Jury as Interpreter? The Markman Revolution
449
3.
Evidentiary Sources for Claim Interpretation
452
4.
The Phillips Debate: "Contextualist" Versus "Literalist" Approaches
454
5.
Markman Hearings
459
6.
Appellate Review of Claim Interpretation
460
7.
Claim Interpretation Canons
463
C.
Step Two: Comparing the Properly Interpreted Claims to the Accused Device
466
1.
Literal Infringement
466
2.
Infringement Under the Doctrine of Equivalents
468
a.
Historical Origins
468
b.
Policy Rationales
469
c.
Tension with the Notice Function of Claims
470
d.
All-Limitations Rule
471
e.
What Is a Limitation?
471
f.
Determining Technologic Equivalence
474
g.
Reverse Doctrine of Equivalents
476
D.
Legal Limitations on the Doctrine of Equivalents
477
1.
Overview
477
2.
Prosecution History Estoppel
478
a.
Definition
478
b.
Scope of Estoppel
481
c.
Presumption of Estoppel Under Warner-Jenkinson
482
d.
Federal Circuit's Complete Bar Rule of Festo I
482
e.
Supreme Court's Presumptive Bar Rule of Festo II
484
f.
Federal Circuit's Remand Decision in Festo III
486
g.
Federal Circuit Decisions Applying the Festo Rebuttal Criteria
489
3.
Prior Art (Hypothetical Claim Analysis)
493
4.
Dedication to the Public
495
5.
Vitiation of Claim Limitations
497
E.
Aspects of Infringement Beyond 35 U.S.C. [§]271(a)
499
1.
Inducing Infringement Under [§]271(b)
499
2.
Contributory Infringement Under [§]271(c)
505
3.
Drug Marketing Application Filings Under [§]271(e)
508
4.
Component Exports Under [§]271(f)
512
5.
Importation Under [§]271(g)
518
ch. 10
Defenses to Patent Infringement
521
A.
Introduction
521
B.
Noninfringement
522
C.
Absence of Liability for Infringement
523
1.
License
523
a.
Express License
523
b.
Implied License
524
2.
Prior User Rights
528
3.
Experimental Use
532
4.
Expiration of Damages Limitation Period of 35 U.S.C. [§]286
536
5.
Laches and Equitable Estoppel in Initiating Patent Infringement Litigation
537
a.
Introduction
537
b.
Laches
538
c.
Equitable Estoppel
540
6.
State Sovereign Immunity
541
7.
Temporary Presence Exemption
544
8.
Patent Exhaustion
546
9.
Plaintiff's Lack of Standing to Sue for Infringement
549
D.
Unenforceability
550
1.
Inequitable Conduct
551
a.
Materiality
552
b.
Intent to Deceive
562
c.
Balancing
565
d.
Burden of Proof and Standard of Review
566
2.
Patent Misuse
567
a.
Introduction
567
b.
Morton Salt
571
c.
Limitations on Patent Misuse: [§]271(d)
572
3.
Prosecution History Laches
576
E.
Invalidity
578
1.
Burden of Proof
578
2.
Collateral Estoppel Effect of Invalidity Adjudication
581
3.
Statutory Grounds for Invalidity
582
4.
Limits on Accused Infringer's Standing to Assert Invalidity: Licensee Repudiation and Assignor Estoppel
582
a.
Licensee Repudiation
583
b.
Assignor Estoppel
584
F.
Antitrust Counterclaims
587
1.
Market Power
588
2.
Anticompetitive Conduct
593
G.
Patent Declaratory Judgment Actions
599
1.
Federal Circuit's Pre-MedImmune "Reasonable Apprehension" Test
600
2.
Supreme Court's Decision in MedImmune
601
3.
Post-MedImmune Federal Circuit Decisions
604
ch. 11
Remedies for Patent Infringement
609
A.
Introduction
609
B.
Injunctions
610
1.
Permanent Injunctions
611
a.
The eBay v. MercExchange Standard
613
2.
Preliminary Injunctions
615
a.
Likelihood of Success on the Merits
617
b.
Irreparable Harm
618
c.
Balance of the Hardships Tipping in Movant's Favor
619
d.
Public Interest
620
e.
Appellate Standard of Review
620
C.
Ongoing Royalties for Future Infringements
621
D.
Damages for Past Infringements
624
1.
Introduction
624
2.
Compensatory Damages
625
a.
Lost Profits
626
(1).
The Panduit analysis
627
(i).
Demand for the patented product
627
(ii).
Absence of acceptable noninfringing substitutes
627
(iii).
Manufacturing and marketing capability
630
(iv).
Amount of profit
631
(2).
The Rite-Hite expansion
631
b.
Entire Market Value Rule/Convoyed Sales
633
c.
Reasonable Royalty
637
(1).
Hypothetical negotiation
637
(2).
Analytical approach
640
d.
Price Erosion
641
3.
Enhanced Damages and Willful Infringement
642
E.
Attorney Fees
649
F.
Prejudgment Interest
650
G.
Costs
652
H.
Patent Marking
653
I.
Provisional Compensation Remedy
656
ch. 12
International Patenting Issues
659
A.
Introduction
659
1.
Territorial Scope of Patents
659
2.
Obtaining Foreign Patent Protection Prior to the Paris Convention
661
B.
The Paris Convention
664
1.
Introduction
664
2.
National Treatment
665
3.
Right of Priority
666
4.
U.S. Implementation of the Paris Right of Priority: 35 U.S.C. [§]119
669
5.
The Hilmer Rule (Pre-America Invents Act of 2011)
672
6.
Limitations of the Paris Convention
675
C.
The Patent Cooperation Treaty
676
D.
The World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
678
E.
Patent Harmonization
683
1.
First-to-File Versus First-to-Invent
684
2.
Absolute Versus Qualified Novelty: Grace Period
688
F.
Gray Market Goods and the International Exhaustion Debate
689
1.
Domestic Exhaustion
690
2.
Regional (European Community-Wide) Exhaustion
691
3.
International Exhaustion
692
G.
Enforcement of Foreign Patents in U.S. Courts
693
Glossary
697
Table of Cases
713
Index
735