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Items
Details
Author
Title
Media freedom as a fundamental right / Jan Oster.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Call Number
K3255 .O88 2015
ISBN
9781107098954 hardcover
1107098955 hardcover
1107098955 hardcover
Description
xlii, 292 pages ; 24 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)894491901
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Gift
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Gift
The Arthur W. Diamond Law Library
Purchased from the income of the Soll Fund
Table of Contents
Preface and acknowledgements
ix
Table of cases
x
Treaties, Conventions, Declarations and Statutes
xxxii
Reports and other documentary sources
xxxvi
Introduction: aim, scope and method
1
Part I: The theoretical foundations of media freedom
11
1.
The rationales for freedom of expression
13
1.1.
Why is speech protected?
13
1.2.
How is speech protected?
21
2.
Theory of media freedom
24
2.1.
General objections
24
2.2.
Public discourse theory as the rationale for media freedom
28
2.2.1.
The media's significance for public discourse
29
2.2.2.
Rules of civility as limitations to media freedom
33
2.2.3.
The media's contribution to public discourse
36
2.2.3.1.
The extent to which a publication pertains to a matter of public concern
37
2.2.3.2.
The media's conduct
44
2.2.3.3.
The media's good faith
45
2.3.
The relationship between media freedom and freedom of expression
48
2.3.1.
Media freedom as a derivative right: the 'media speech privilege'
48
2.3.2.
Media freedom as an independent right: the institutional protection of the media
51
2.4.
Freedom of the media as a fundamental right
52
Part II: General rules on media freedom
55
3.
Beneficiaries of media freedom: who is 'the media'?
57
3.1.
The media as 'authors' of information and ideas
57
3.2.
The media as mass media
60
3.3.
Media freedom as journalistic freedom
61
3.4.
Conclusion
66
4.
The content of media freedom: media speech privileges and institutional protection of the media
69
4.1.
The protection of 'media speech'
69
4.1.1.
Freedom to hold opinions
70
4.1.2.
Right to impart information and ideas
71
4.1.3.
Means and form of expression
76
4.1.4.
The right not to publish
79
4.1.4.1.
Obligation to publish a reply or an apology
79
4.1.4.2.
Obligation of speech intermediaries to grant access to media infrastructure
81
4.1.5.
The right to receive information and ideas
82
4.2.
Media freedom beyond 'media speech': the institutional protection of the media
84
4.2.1.
Defensive rights
85
4.2.1.1.
Independence of the media
85
4.2.1.2.
Protection of journalistic research and investigation
86
4.2.1.3.
Protection of journalistic sources
87
4.2.1.4.
Protection against interception of communication, surveillance, search and seizure and arrests
91
4.2.2.
Entitlements of the media
92
4.2.3.
Right of access to information?
95
4.2.4.
Non-discrimination
101
5.
The notion of an 'interference' with media freedom
102
5.1.
The obligated addressee of media freedom
102
5.2.
Manifestation of an interference
103
5.2.1.
Interference with media freedom as a defensive right (status negativus)
103
5.2.2.
Interference with media freedom as an entitlement (status positivus)
105
5.2.3.
Horizontal effect of media freedom: the constitutionalisation of privacy and defamation law
105
6.
Justification of an interference with media freedom
110
6.1.
The requirements for a justification
112
6.1.1.
Prescribed, or provided, by law (principle of legality)
112
6.1.2.
The pursuit of a legitimate aim (principle of legitimacy)
115
6.1.3.
The principle of proportionality
117
6.2.
The determination of the width of the margin of appreciation and the scope of judicial review
118
6.3.
The application of the principle of proportionality
123
6.3.1.
Suitability to achieve the aim
124
6.3.2.
No less intrusive means available: necessity or 'pressing social need'
124
6.3.3.
Balancing the conflicting rights and interests: 'proportionality sensu stricto' or 'proportionality in a narrower sense'
125
6.3.3.1.
Per se disproportionate interferences
128
6.3.3.1.1.
Prior restraints
129
6.3.3.1.2.
Licensing and regulation of journalists and media companies
131
6.3.3.1.3.
Criminal sanctions
138
6.3.3.2.
Determination of the competing principles in relative terms
139
6.3.3.2.1.
The weight attached to the legitimate aim pursued
140
6.3.3.2.2.
The weight attached to the exercise of media freedom: the media's contribution to public discourse
141
6.3.3.3.
Reconciliation of the conflicting interests through alternative means
142
6.3.3.3.1.
Alternative ways of publication
143
6.3.3.3.2.
Alternative ways of interference
144
Part III: Specific limitations to media freedom
145
7.
Personality rights and intellectual property as 'rights of others'
147
7.1.
The taxonomy of 'personality rights'
147
7.2.
Scope of the margin of appreciation
152
7.3.
Principles of the balancing exercise between media freedom and personality rights
153
7.3.1.
The position of the person or institution making the statement
154
7.3.2.
The position of the victim of the statement and their activities
155
7.3.2.1.
'Public figures'
155
7.3.2.2.
Judges and the judiciary
161
7.3.2.3.
Private persons
163
7.3.3.
The prior conduct of the person concerned
163
7.3.3.1.
Shielding private lives from public attention
163
7.3.3.2.
Entering the public scene
164
7.3.4.
Subject-matter, form and veracity of the publication
165
7.3.4.1.
Factual statements
167
7.3.4.1.1.
True statements of fact: the conflict between media freedom and the right to privacy
168
7.3.4.1.2.
Knowingly false statements of fact
180
7.3.4.1.3.
Statements that turn out to be untrue or cannot be proven to be true
180
7.3.4.2.
Value judgments
186
7.3.4.3.
No right to prior notification
188
7.3.5.
Summary
189
7.4.
Intellectual property and other exclusive rights
189
8.
Threats to public order interests: national security, territorial integrity, public safety and prevention of disorder and crime
193
8.1.
The notion of 'public order'
194
8.2.
Legal framework
196
8.3.
Principles
198
8.3.1.
Publication of third-party statements
199
8.3.2.
Alleged advocacy of illegal action by the media itself
200
8.3.3.
Disclosure of state secrets
203
8.3.3.1.
Protection of the media
203
8.3.3.2.
Protection of whistle-blowers
210
9.
The protection of health and morals
212
9.1.
'Health'
212
9.2.
'Morals'
213
10.
Maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary
219
10.1.
The concepts of 'authority' and 'impartiality' of the judiciary
219
10.2.
In particular: restrictions on court reporting
220
11.
Incitement to hatred
223
11.1.
The legal framework
224
11.2.
Rationales for suppressing 'hate speech' in the media
227
11.3.
Doctrinal approaches to hate speech by international adjudicators
230
11.3.1.
Exclusionary approach
230
11.3.2.
Justification approach
233
12.
Religiously offensive publications
241
12.1.
Limitations to religiously offensive publications
242
12.2.
Margin of appreciation
244
12.3.
Balancing freedom of the media and religious interests
246
13.
Restrictions on commercial publications
249
13.1.
When are publications 'commercial'?
250
13.2.
Restrictions on advertisements
252
13.3.
Restrictions of publications critical of products and competitors
255
14.
Media pluralism
256
14.1.
The relationship between media freedom and media pluralism
257
14.2.
Policy areas of media pluralism
260
14.2.1.
Competition policy
260
14.2.2.
Public broadcasting and media subsidies
265
14.2.3.
Internal pluralism
266
Conclusion: tenets of a Media Freedom Principle
268
Bibliography
271
Index
284