Human rights acts : the mechanisms compared / Kris Gledhill.
2015
K3240 .G538 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Human rights acts : the mechanisms compared / Kris Gledhill.
Published
Oxford, United Kingdom ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing, 2015.
Copyright
©2015
Call Number
K3240 .G538 2015
ISBN
9781849460965 (paperback)
1849460965 (paperback)
1849460965 (paperback)
Description
xxxv, 556 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)904575490
Note
"Bloomsbury"--Cover.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
v
Preface
vii
Table of Cases
xv
Table of Legislation
xxv
Table of Treaties and Other International Documents
xxxi
1.
Introduction: Aims and Outline
1
I.
The Statutes Outlined
2
A.
The Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 and Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1982
2
B.
The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and Human Rights Act 1993
4
C.
UK---The Human Rights Act 1998
7
D.
Ireland---The European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003
10
E.
Australian Capital Territory---The Human Rights Act 2004
13
F.
Victoria---Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006
15
G.
Australia---Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011
18
II.
The Questions to be Explored
18
2.
The Obligation to Secure Internationally Recognised Human Rights
22
I.
The International Human Rights Regime and the Obligation in International Law to Guarantee Rights
23
A.
The Background: the United Nations and the Council of Europe
23
B.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
27
C.
The European Convention on Human Rights 1950
28
D.
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
31
E.
Further Conventions---Council of Europe
34
F.
Further Conventions---United Nations
36
G.
Purpose of This Material
52
II.
The Need for an Effective Domestic Remedy
54
III.
International Monitoring and Complaint Provisions
60
A.
The Bodies Involved
61
B.
The Processes
63
i.
Monitoring
63
ii.
Inquiries
66
iii.
Complaints
66
C.
Remedies in the International Mechanisms
77
i.
Compensation
78
ii.
Enforcement
81
3.
The Pre-Existing Protection of Human Rights
83
I.
Fundamental Rights in the Common Law Tradition
84
A.
The Rule of Law
84
B.
The Substantive Rights Protected
89
C.
The Method of Protection---Legality
93
D.
The Method of Protection---Control of Executive Discretion
107
II.
The Value of International Law in the Common Law Tradition
110
A.
Customary International Law
110
B.
International Treaty Law
114
i.
Ireland
115
ii.
The United Kingdom
118
iii.
The UK and Ireland: the European Union
128
iv.
Australia
133
v.
New Zealand
138
vi.
Discussion
144
III.
Conclusion---The Extent and Limits of the Common Law Approach
146
4.
The Desire to Move Further
151
I.
The Purpose of the Bills of Rights Statutes
152
A.
Introduction
152
B.
Relevant Statutory Provisions
153
C.
White Papers and Explanatory Memoranda
158
i.
New Zealand
158
ii.
United Kingdom
163
iii.
UK and Ireland
169
iv.
Ireland
171
v.
Australia
173
D.
The UK Devolution Legislation
175
E.
Discussion
185
5.
Working Out the Content of Rights
191
I.
The Structure of Rights and Limitations in International Documents
193
A.
UDHR
193
B.
ECHR
194
C.
ICCPR
200
D.
Other Regional Treaties
206
E.
Summary; The Margin of Appreciation
208
II.
The Approach to Interpreting Human Rights Standards
210
A.
General Principles in the International Arena
210
B.
Taking Account of Other Conventions
213
C.
Common Law Approach
216
III.
Limiting Clauses in Domestic Bills of Rights Instruments
217
A.
The Statutory Language
218
B.
White Papers and Other Indications of Legislative Purpose
222
C.
Leading Case Law as to the General Limiting Clauses
227
i.
Canada
228
ii.
South Africa
232
iii.
Hong Kong
237
iv.
New Zealand
240
v.
Australia
246
D.
Deference to the Legislature
249
IV.
The Relationship Between International Rights and Tribunals and Domestic Rights and Tribunals
252
A.
Relevant Provisions
253
B.
White Papers and Explanatory Memoranda
255
C.
Discussion
257
i.
The Terminology of the Rights Standards
257
ii.
The Common Law Power Compared
258
iii.
The Discretion Involved
261
iv.
The Duty to Take into Account---UK and Ireland
263
v.
Domestic Precedent Rules
287
6.
Pre-Enactment Scrutiny
292
I.
Legislative Statements of Compatibility
294
A.
The Statutory Provisions
294
B.
Supporting Policy Documents
298
C.
Variations in Law and Practice
302
II.
Parliamentary Scrutiny
311
III.
Legislative Override
318
IV.
Delegated Legislation
321
7.
The Duty to Respect Rights
324
I.
State Responsibility at the International Law Level
327
II.
Responsibility at the Domestic Level
332
A.
Introduction
332
B.
The Statutory Language
333
C.
Analysis of the Statutory Language
340
D.
The Executive
343
E.
Functions of a Public Nature
344
i.
Introduction
344
ii.
The UK Case Law
346
iii.
Discussion
361
F.
Application to the Judiciary
371
i.
Introduction
371
ii.
Judicial Action based on the Statutes
374
iii.
Judicial Action where the Statutes do not Apply
376
iv.
Rediscovery of the Common Law, Including where the Statutes also Apply
381
8.
Interpretive Obligation
392
I.
Introduction
392
II.
The Statutory Language
396
III.
The Case Law
401
A.
Early New Zealand Case Law
401
B.
UK Case Law
404
C.
Later New Zealand Case Law
419
D.
Australian Comparative Material
421
E.
Irish Material
424
E.
Case Study---Reverse Burdens of Proof
426
IV.
Legality and the Statutory Obligation
432
V.
Discussion
434
9.
Litigation and Complaint Procedures
440
I.
The Statutory Provisions
442
A.
Summary
442
B.
The Statutory Language Analysed
444
II.
Who Can Bring an Action?---Standing
453
A.
Implying a Cause of Action
453
i.
Constitutional Settings
453
ii.
Statutory Bills of Rights
456
B.
Who Can Bring an Action?
462
i.
Natural or Legal Persons?
462
ii.
Victims
463
iii.
Comparative Material
465
C.
Interventions and Parties
467
III.
Time Limits
474
10.
Remedies
478
I.
The Remedy When Conduct is Illegal
479
A.
The Relevant Provisions
480
B.
The Range of Remedies
487
C.
Damages; the Nature and Purpose of the Remedy Provisions
493
i.
The Purpose and Nature of the Remedy
493
ii.
Quantum of Damages
513
iii.
Exemplary Damages
516
II.
The Remedy When Conduct is Required by an Incompatible Statute---Declarations of Incompatibility or Inconsistency
518
A.
The Limits on the Interpretive Obligation
518
B.
The Regimes Outlined
519
C.
The Express Power to Make a Declaration
520
D.
The Implied Power to Make a Declaration
523
i.
The UK Devolution Legislation
523
ii.
The NZBORA
526
E.
The Propriety of the Power; the Discretion as to its Exercise
530
F.
Consequences---the Retention of the Statute; Political Steps
537
G.
Consequences---A Remedy for the Victim
545
11.
Summaries and Conclusions
547
Index
551