Comparative concepts of criminal law / edited by Johannes Keiler, David Roef.
2015
KJC7975 .C66 2015 (Map It)
Available at Cellar
Formats
| Format | |
|---|---|
| BibTeX | |
| MARCXML | |
| TextMARC | |
| MARC | |
| DublinCore | |
| EndNote | |
| NLM | |
| RefWorks | |
| RIS |
Items
Details
Title
Comparative concepts of criminal law / edited by Johannes Keiler, David Roef.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Intersentia, [2015]
Copyright
©2015
Call Number
KJC7975 .C66 2015
ISBN
9781780682907 (paperback)
1780682905 (paperback)
1780682905 (paperback)
Description
xvi, 282 pages ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)903399695
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
v
List of Abbreviations
xv
Introduction / David Roef
1
1.
The general purpose of the book
1
2.
A comparative approach
2
3.
The three penal systems
4
4.
The changing contours of criminal law
6
5.
The structure of the book
7
ch. I
The Principle of Legality / Christina Peristeridou
11
1.
Introduction
11
2.
The four aspects of the legality principle
12
2.1.
Lex scripta
12
2.2.
Lex certa
13
2.3.
Lex stricta
13
2.4.
Lex praevia
14
3.
The rationale of the principle of legality
15
3.1.
Historical roots
15
3.2.
Individual liberty, autonomy and human dignity
16
3.3.
Rule of Law
17
3.4.
Separation of powers
18
4.
The legality principle in the national systems
19
4.1.
A comparative view of the legality principle
19
4.1.1.
The traditional difference
19
4.1.2.
A convergence of traditions?
20
4.1.3.
Application of lex certa
22
4.2.
The influence of the ECtHR on national systems
23
5.
Modern challenges: two judgments
25
5.1.
The German Constitutional Court and the definition of coercion
25
5.2.
The ECtHR and the definition of rape
27
5.3.
What we can learn from both cases: a comparative analysis
28
6.
Concluding remarks
30
ch. II
Actus Reus and Mens Rea: The Elements of Crime and the Framework of Criminal Liability / Johannes Keiler
33
1.
Introduction
33
2.
Actus reus and mens rea
35
2.1.
Actus reus
35
2.2.
Mens rea
38
3.
The framework of criminal liability: the bipartite and tripartite system
40
4.
Concluding remarks
45
ch. III
Commission versus Omission / Johannes Keiler
47
1.
Introduction
47
2.
Offences of commission: the theory of conduct and the baseline of criminal liability
47
2.1.
Different theories of conduct
48
2.1.1.
The causal theory of action -- or the ghost in the machine
48
2.1.2.
The teleological theory of action: human conduct is `seeing', not blind
50
2.1.3.
The social theory of action: the context in which the act occurs is significant
50
2.2.
The conduct requirement in practice
51
2.2.1.
Loss of physical control
52
2.2.2.
Impaired consciousness
55
2.2.3.
The pitfalls of the conduct requirement
56
2.3.
Concluding remarks regarding the conduct requirement
58
3.
Omission liability
58
3.1.
Introduction
58
3.2.
Statutory duties of care (or proper crimes of omission)
59
3.3.
Commission by omission (or improper crimes of omission)
60
3.3.1.
Duties of care in modern criminal law
61
3.3.2.
Commission by omission: a short comparative overview
63
3.3.2.1.
England
63
3.3.2.2.
The Netherlands
64
3.3.2.3.
Germany
64
3.3.3.
The different categories of duties of care
65
3.3.3.1.
Duties based on a special relationship to the victim
65
3.3.3.2.
Undertaken duties
68
3.3.3.3.
Duties based on specific qualities of the offender
70
3.3.3.4.
Duties based on ownership of or responsibility for a source of danger
73
3.3.3.5.
Duties based on the creation of a dangerous situation
75
4.
Concluding remarks
76
ch. IV
Human Causes versus Natural Events / Johannes Keiler
79
1.
Introduction
79
2.
The field of application of causation
80
3.
Approaches to causation
81
3.1.
The conditio sine qua non
82
3.2.
The theory of proximate cause
83
3.3.
The theory of adequate causation
84
3.4.
Other factors bearing on causation
85
3.4.1.
The role of the underlying offence
85
3.4.2.
The role of criminal policy and blameworthiness
85
4.
Causality compared
86
4.1.
Contributory causes
86
4.2.
Intervening causes
90
4.2.1.
Naturally occurring interventions
90
4.2.2.
Conduct of the victim breaking the chain of causation
91
4.2.3.
Medical interventions
96
4.3.
Causal uncertainties in the modern risk society
98
5.
Concluding remarks
101
ch. V
Forms and Aspects of Mens Rea / David Roef
103
1.
Introduction
103
2.
Different fault elements compared
104
2.1.
Direct intent or dolus directus
105
2.2.
Indirect intent or dolus indirectus
106
2.3.
Conditional intent or dolus eventualis
108
2.3.1.
Meaning and rationale
108
2.3.2.
Awareness of a risk
109
2.3.3.
Acceptance of the risk
112
2.4.
Recklessness
115
2.4.1.
A subjective test
116
2.4.1.1.
Caldwell recklessness
116
2.4.1.2.
R v G recklessness
117
2.4.2.
An unreasonable risk
118
2.4.3.
Recklessness in HIV cases
119
2.5.
Negligence or culpa
121
2.5.1.
Conscious negligence
122
2.5.2.
Unconscious negligence
123
3.
Demarcation from premeditation and motive
126
4.
Strict liability
128
5.
Concluding remarks
130
ch. VI
Justifications and Excuses / David Roef
133
1.
Introduction
133
2.
Rationale of the dichotomy
134
2.1.
Communicative difference
134
2.2.
Personal and universal application
135
3.
Self-defence
136
3.1.
Rationales
136
3.2.
Criteria
137
3.2.1.
Interrelationship of the criteria
138
3.2.2.
Wrongful and imminent attack
138
3.2.3.
Legitimate interests
140
3.2.4.
Necessity
141
3.2.5.
Proportionality
142
3.2.6.
The `reasonableness' requirement in England
144
4.
Self-defence-excess
147
4.1.
Intensive and extensive excess
148
4.2.
State of mind caused by the attack
149
4.3.
Partial defences in England
150
4.3.1.
Loss of control
150
4.3.2.
Diminished responsibility
151
5.
Necessity
152
5.1.
Rationale and history
153
5.2.
Criteria
154
5.2.1.
Imminent danger of legitimate interest
154
5.2.2.
Subsidiarity
156
5.2.3.
Proportionality
157
6.
Duress
160
6.1.
Rationale
161
6.2.
Criteria
161
6.2.1.
Legitimate interests
162
6.2.2.
Imminent danger
162
6.2.3.
Subsidiarity
163
6.2.4.
Proportionality
164
7.
Insanity
166
7.1.
Rationale
166
7.2.
Criteria
167
7.2.1.
Mental disorder
167
7.2.2.
Impaired capacities
169
7.2.3.
Attribution and prior fault
170
7.3.
Diminished capacity
171
8.
Intoxication
171
8.1.
Effects on fault (mens rea)
172
8.2.
Intoxication as an excuse
174
9.
Concluding remarks
176
ch. VII
Inchoate Offences: Attempt and Preparation / David Roef
179
1.
Introduction
179
2.
Two patterns of criminality: two ways of looking at inchoate offences
180
3.
Preparation
181
3.1.
Attempt versus preparation
181
3.2.
Offences criminalising specific preparatory conduct
182
3.3.
Conspiracy
182
3.4.
The Serious Crime Act 2007
183
3.5.
Preparation as a general doctrine: the Dutch example
184
3.5.1.
The history and rationale of Article 46 DCC
184
3.5.2.
The actus reus of preparatory acts
185
3.5.3.
The mens rea of preparatory acts
189
4.
Attempt
189
4.1.
Introduction
189
4.2.
Different rationales for punishing attempts
190
4.3.
An overview of the legal provisions on attempt
191
4.3.1.
Germany
191
4.3.2.
The Netherlands
192
4.3.3.
England and Wales
192
4.4.
The actus reus of attempt: drawing the line between attempt and preparation
193
4.4.1.
The German approach
193
4.4.2.
The Dutch approach
195
4.4.3.
The English approach
196
4.5.
The mens rea of attempt
198
4.5.1.
The fault element in the Netherlands and Germany
198
4.5.2.
The English fault element
199
4.6.
Impossible attempts
200
4.6.1.
Impossibility in the Netherlands: an objective approach
201
4.6.2.
Impossibility in England and Wales: a subjective approach
201
4.6.3.
Impossibility in Germany: a mixed approach
203
4.7.
Voluntary withdrawal
204
4.7.1.
The common law versus civil law approach
204
4.7.2.
Preconditions for withdrawal: the need for an (in)complete attempt
205
4.7.3.
The voluntariness requirement
207
5.
Concluding remarks
209
ch. VIII
Forms of Participation / David Roef
211
1.
Introduction
211
2.
Terminology and some conceptual challenges
212
2.1.
Terminology
212
2.2.
The equivalence of perpetrators and accomplices
213
2.3.
The derivative nature of complicity
214
2.4.
Mens rea and deviations from the original plan
215
3.
Participation in Germany
216
3.1.
Introduction
216
3.2.
Distinguishing perpetrators from accomplices
217
3.3.
Direct perpetration
219
3.4.
Perpetration by means
219
3.5.
Co-perpetration
220
3.5.1.
General requirements
220
3.5.2.
Deviation from the common plan
222
3.6.
Forms of complicity: instigation and aiding
224
3.6.1.
General requirements
224
3.6.2.
Instigation
224
3.6.3.
Aiding
226
4.
Participation in the Netherlands
228
4.1.
Introduction
228
4.2.
Direct perpetration: from a restrictive to a functional approach
229
4.3.
Co-perpetration
230
4.3.1.
Conscious, complete and close cooperation
230
4.3.2.
Is physical presence necessary?
231
4.3.3.
Is physical presence sufficient?
232
4.3.4.
Deviation from the common plan
234
4.4.
Perpetration by means
235
4.5.
Instigation
236
4.5.1.
Means of instigation
236
4.5.2.
Mens rea of instigation
237
4.5.3.
Deviation from the instigator's plan
238
4.5.4.
Attempt to instigate
238
4.6.
Aiding
239
5.
Participation in England and Wales
240
5.1.
Introduction
240
5.2.
Perpetration
241
5.3.
Perpetration through innocent agency
242
5.4.
Accomplice liability
242
5.4.1.
The actus reus of accomplice liability
243
5.4.1.1.
Aiding
243
5.4.1.2.
Abetting
244
5.4.1.3.
Counselling
244
5.4.1.4.
Procuring
245
5.4.2.
The mens rea of accomplice liability
245
5.4.3.
The doctrine of joint criminal enterprise
248
6.
Concluding remarks
253
ch. IX
Corporate Criminal Liability / David Roef
257
1.
Introduction
257
2.
Approaches to corporate wrongdoing: a conceptual overview
258
3.
Corporate liability compared
261
3.1.
Nominalistic approaches to liability
261
3.1.1.
The doctrine of vicarious liability
261
3.1.2.
The identification doctrine
263
3.1.3.
Corporate liability in European Union law
266
3.1.4.
Shortcomings of the identification doctrine
267
3.2.
More realistic approaches to liability
270
3.2.1.
The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007
270
3.2.2.
Realistic liability criteria in Dutch case law
273
3.3.
The alternative administrative liability approach of German law
276
4.
Concluding remarks
279
About the Authors
281