Equitable principles of maritime boundary delimitation : the quest for distributive justice in international law / Thomas Cottier.
2015
KZA1450 .C68 2015 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Equitable principles of maritime boundary delimitation : the quest for distributive justice in international law / Thomas Cottier.
Published
Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2015.
Call Number
KZA1450 .C68 2015
ISBN
9781107080171 (hardback)
1107080177 (hardback)
9781316309841 (PDF ebook)
1107080177 (hardback)
9781316309841 (PDF ebook)
Description
xxxvi, 798 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
System Control No.
(OCoLC)890310407
Summary
"Equity emerged as a powerful symbol of aspired redistribution in international relations. Operationally, it has had limited impact in the Westphalian system of nation states - except for maritime boundary delimitations. This book deals with the role of equity in international law, and offers a detailed case study on maritime boundary delimitation in the context of the enclosure movement in the law of the sea. It assesses treaty law and the impact of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It depicts the process of trial and error in the extensive case law of the International Court of Justice and arbitral tribunals and expounds the underlying principles and factors informing the methodology both in adjudication and negotiations. Unlike other books, the main focus is on equity and its implications for legal methodology, in particular offering further guidance in the field of international economic law"-- Provided by publisher.
"This book deals with the role of equity in international law, and offers a detailed case study on maritime boundary delimitation in the context of the enclosure movement in the law of the sea"-- Provided by publisher.
"This book deals with the role of equity in international law, and offers a detailed case study on maritime boundary delimitation in the context of the enclosure movement in the law of the sea"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 747-777) and index.
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
List of tables
xviii
List of maps
xix
Preface
xxiii
Acknowledgements
xxvi
Table of cases
xxix
Table of treaties and instruments
xxxiv
Equity revisited: an introduction
1
I.
The renaissance of equity
1
A.
New frontiers
1
B.
Traditional functions and the decline of equity
8
C.
The rebirth of equity in the law of natural resources
16
II.
The quest for global equity
21
A.
The programmatic function of equity
22
B.
The impact of sovereignty and self-determination
25
III.
The legal nature of equity
28
A.
Different layers
28
B.
A source of new legal principles
29
C.
Ambivalence and the need for context
31
D.
The impact of different schools
34
IV.
Conclusion
39
Part I Context: the enclosure of the seas
43
1.
The silent revolution
45
I.
The partition of the seas
45
II.
Conferences, conventions, and customary law
49
A.
UNCLOS I, II and the Geneva Conventions
49
B.
UNCLOS III and the LOS Convention
50
C.
Multiple sources of law
59
D.
A historical perspective
63
2.
The new maritime zones: evolution and legal foundations
67
I.
Horizontally shared zones and quasi-territoriality
67
II.
The continental shelf zone
70
A.
Description and development
70
B.
The scope of shelf rights
74
C.
The foundation and legal nature of shelf rights
77
1.
The concept of natural prolongation of the territory of the coastal state
77
2.
Distance: close relationship of the coastal state to offshore marine spaces
92
D.
Summary and conclusions
101
III.
The exclusive economic zone
104
A.
Description and development
104
B.
The foundation and legal nature of EEZ rights
111
1.
Permanent sovereignty over natural resources and the close relationship of the coastal state to offshore marine spaces
111
2.
Customary law
114
C.
The scope of EEZ rights
116
1.
State practice and customary law
116
2.
The LOS Convention
118
IV.
The relationship of the continental shelf and the EEZ
121
A.
Divergencies
121
B.
Convergencies: towards a single homogeneous zone
122
C.
Summary and conclusions
125
1.
Towards a presumption of single maritime boundaries
125
2.
Exceptions: diverging boundaries
128
3.
Distributive effects of the enclosure movement: an assessment of global equity
130
I.
The quest for global equity in maritime law
130
II.
The allocation of marine spaces
140
A.
The main beneficiaries
140
B.
The position of land-locked and geographically disadvantaged states
143
1.
Mineral resources
144
2.
Living resources: the concept of equitable surplus allocation
146
III.
Developments in fisheries production and market shares
153
IV.
Conservation and management - equity towards sustainable use
161
V.
Structural limits to equitable sharing in contemporary international law
170
Part II The new boundaries
177
4.
Approaches to delimitation
179
I.
The basic dilemma
179
II.
Technical and scientific methods of delimitation
182
A.
Geometrical and geographical methods
183
1.
The method of equidistance or median line
184
2.
The bisector method
191
3.
Perpendicular to the general direction of the coastal line
195
4.
The extrapolation of the land boundary
196
5.
Parallel lines (corridors)
197
6.
Enclaving
197
7.
Annex: problems of scale distortions
198
B.
Geological and ecological methods (natural boundaries)
199
1.
Practical problems of scientific evidence
200
2.
Theoretical and legal issues
202
III.
Competing legal approaches to delimitation
204
A.
Four regulatory models
204
1.
The model of juridical vacuum (ex aequo et Bono)
205
2.
The model of equity and equitable principles
206
3.
The model of residual rules and exceptions (equidistance or median line)
208
4.
Equidistance v. equity: the model of agreed equitable solutions based on international law
213
IV.
Conclusions
233
5.
State practice
236
I.
Unilateral acts (proclamations and legislation)
236
A.
Continental shelf
236
B.
Fisheries and exclusive economic zones
238
II.
Maritime boundary delimitation agreements
242
A.
Indications in agreements
243
B.
Models and methods applied
244
C.
The impact of the 1958 Shelf Convention equidistance-special circumstances rule
245
D.
Assessment and former studies
246
E.
Protracted negotiations
250
III.
The functional approach in co-operation agreements
252
A.
The model of revenue sharing and compensation
257
B.
The model of shared jurisdiction in boundary area pending exploration
258
C.
The model of long-lasting zones overlapping a boundary line
259
D.
The model of common zones under joint administration
261
E.
The potential and limits of co-operation and package deals
266
6.
Judicial and conciliatory settlements
271
I.
Introductory
271
II.
Claims and results in legal proceedings
272
A.
The 1969 North Sea Continental Shelf cases
272
B.
The 1977/78 Anglo-French Channel arbitration
275
C.
The 1981 Arbitration concerning the Border between the Emirates of Dubai and Sharjah
279
D.
The 1982 and 1985 Tunisia v. Libya Continental Shelf cases
281
E.
The 1984 Canada v. United States Gulf of Maine case
285
F.
The 1985 Guinea v. Guinea-Bissau arbitration
290
G.
The 1985 Libya v. Malta Continental Shelf case
294
H.
The 1992 Canada v. France St. Pierre and Miquelon arbitration
297
I.
The 1992 Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador v. Honduras)
300
J.
The 1993 Jan Mayen case (Denmark v. Norway)
303
K.
The 1999 Eritrea v. Yemen award
306
L.
The 2001 Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions (Qatar v. Bahrain)
311
M.
The 2002 Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary (Cameroon v. Nigeria)
315
N.
The 2006 Barbados v. Trinidad and Tobago award
318
O.
The 2007 Guyana v. Suriname Award
321
P.
The 2007 Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Honduras)
324
Q.
The 2009 Case Concerning the Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine)
327
R.
The 2012 Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh v. Myanmar) case
332
S.
The 2012 Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)
336
T.
The 2014 Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile)
338
III.
Claims and Results in Domestic and Quasi-judicial Proceedings
341
A.
The 1979 United States CEIP Delimitation Recommendations
341
B.
The 1981 Jan Mayen Ridge Conciliation
344
C.
The 2002 Arbitration between Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia
346
IV.
Assessment
348
A.
Individuality of configurations
348
B.
The importance of the compromis (special agreement)
349
C.
Claims and the role of equidistance
350
D.
Geometrical constructions and results
352
E.
The common basis of equity
352
7.
An assessment of customary law
354
I.
The state of play in customary law
354
A.
The prohibition of unilateral delimitation
357
B.
The absence of a duty to negotiate boundaries
358
C.
The absence of specific customary rules for shelf and EEZ delimitation
359
1.
The model of residual rules and exceptions (equidistance-special circumstances)
359
2.
The model of equitable principles
363
3.
Other methods and legal approaches
365
4.
Customary obligation to achieve an equitable solution
365
5.
Customary obligation of mutual co-operation?
367
II.
The potential and limitation of equidistance
369
Part III Delimitation based on equity
373
8.
The rule of equity
375
I.
The rationale of equity and equitable principles
375
A.
Corrective or autonomous equity?
375
B.
The inherent need for underlying values and principles
379
C.
The normative level of equitable principles
381
D.
A closer look at equidistance-special circumstances
381
1.
A clear and simple model?
382
2.
A more predictable model?
385
3.
The shortcomings of an equidistance rule
386
E.
The roots of the controversy: jurisprudence and legal theory
389
F.
The appropriateness of equity
392
II.
The evolution of the fundamental norm of equity
394
A.
Roots of the fundamental rule
394
1.
The 1909 Grisbadarna arbitration
394
2.
The 1951 Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case
398
B.
1969: The beginnings
403
C.
1977: Reducing the rule
404
D.
1982 and 1984: The victory of discretionary determination
405
E.
1985: The turning of the tide
409
F.
1999-2014: The two-step and three-step approach
413
G.
Conclusions
417
III.
Legal foundations of the fundamental rule of equity
418
A.
The Truman Proclamation and legal thinking
421
B.
The principle of peaceful settlement of disputes (Article 33 UN Charter)
422
C.
Justice, good faith, and equity in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases
423
D.
Judicial legislation
426
E.
Decision-making ex aequo et Bono in disguise?
430
F.
Subsequent case law
435
1.
Paramount foundation in equity
435
2.
Foundation in the LOS Convention
437
G.
Towards a set of independent equitable principles
438
9.
Conceptual issues and the context of equity
440
I.
The conceptual task
440
A.
The quest for equitable standards
440
B.
The process in case law
442
C.
Basic conceptual problems
451
II.
The impact of underlying concepts, objectives and ideas
453
A.
The relational nature of equity and equitable standards
453
B.
The object of delimitation: resources or marine space?
456
C.
The window of delimitation
459
D.
The issue of natural boundaries
462
1.
The impact of natural prolongation and plate tectonics
463
2.
The impact of ecology (ecosystems)
470
E.
A doctrine of the closest relationship
472
F.
The impact of underlying objectives and values
473
III.
The legal environment of equity
475
A.
Pacta sunt servanda
476
1.
Delimitation and related agreements
476
2.
The principle of uti possidetis
479
3.
Compromis (special agreement)
482
B.
Historic rights
485
C.
Estoppel and acquiescence
489
D.
Third party interests
491
1.
Substantive claims and rights
491
2.
Procedural claims and rights: intervention or fair hearing?
494
IV.
The political environment of equity and the need for transparency
510
V.
Conclusion: essential elements of an equitable solution
512
10.
Justiciable standards of equity
515
I.
The legal nature of equitable standards
515
A.
The requirement of justiciability
515
B.
The legal nature of equitable principles and relevant circumstances
518
1.
Equitable principles
518
2.
The nature of relevant circumstances
522
3.
The element of 'equitable solution'
525
II.
Equitable standards related to physical geography
525
A.
Standards related to surface coastal configuration
525
1.
The coast dominates the sea (CDS)
526
2.
The principles of non-encroachment and non-cutting-off (NEP, NCP)
530
B.
Equitable principles related to space allocation
538
1.
Equal division of marine space (EDS)
538
C.
The principle of fair and reasonable proportionality (FRP)
541
1.
The relationship to the coastal lengths
542
2.
The problem of specification
543
3.
The field of application
556
4.
Assessment
557
D.
Relevant circumstances related to resource allocation
559
1.
The location of resources
560
2.
The possibility of eco-geographical criteria
563
3.
Inherent limitations to resource allocation in general law of delimitation
564
4.
Improving resource allocation by negotiation and by special agreement (compromis)
567
III.
Equitable standards related to conduct and human geography
568
A.
Standards related to conduct of coastal states
568
1.
Relevant circumstance: historical conduct prior to the creation of the legal shelf and the EEZ
571
2.
The principle of recent and contemporary conduct (RCCP)
574
3.
Conclusions
577
B.
Social and economic standards
577
1.
General social and economic interests
578
2.
Specifically related economic interests, in particular to the EEZ, and the principle of viability (VP)
583
3.
The circumstance of cultural and ethnological interests
589
C.
National security interests
590
D.
Toward a principle of third generational rights
593
IV.
Ad hoc concretization of equity by way of special agreement (compromis)
596
11.
The methodology of judicial boundary delimitation
602
I.
Competing schools of jurisprudence
602
A.
Introduction
602
B.
Topical jurisprudence
605
II.
The programme of delimitation
610
A.
Adjudication of legal issues outside the realm of equity
611
B.
Defining the window of delimitation
611
C.
Adjudication of rights and obligations stemming from treaty law, historical rights, estoppel and acquiescence or any other legal title
613
D.
Adjudication of territorial jurisdiction
614
III.
The proper methodology of equity
614
A.
The beginnings in the courts: the idea of weighing and balancing factors
614
B.
Toward a topical, problem-oriented methodology of equity
622
1.
Assessing the type of boundary required or permitted
623
2.
Assessment and adjudication of equitable principles
625
3.
Specification and visualization of principles
625
4.
Vector analysis and co-ordination of boundary lines
626
5.
The corrective impact of relevant circumstances and of the requirement of an equitable result
628
C.
The methodological impact of the goal of an equitable apportionment
630
D.
Role of technical methods and geometrical constructions
631
E.
Tura novit curia and the need for structural pairing of substance and procedure
631
F.
Conclusions
634
IV.
The problem and impact of islands
635
A.
Introduction
635
B.
Legal issues
638
1.
Basic entitlement to shelf and EEZ
638
2.
Two categories of islands: constitutive and accessory entitlement
641
C.
Assessment and adjudication of equitable principles
642
1.
The impact of additive islands: ignoring locations
642
2.
Constitutive islands
644
3.
Special circumstances and geometric fixation
644
12.
The role of equity in negotiations
645
I.
Introduction
645
II.
The rule of equity and equitable principles in negotiated settlements
647
A.
Mandatory or residual rules?
647
B.
Law and policy in the negotiating process
653
C.
Equity and the methodology of negotiations
654
1.
The role of equitable standards
654
2.
The proper methodology of delimitation in negotiations
655
D.
Conclusion
660
III.
The equitable obligation to negotiate
660
A.
A new dimension of law
660
B.
The duty to negotiate maritime boundary delimitations
663
1.
The scope of obligation
663
2.
The impact of good faith and legitimate expectations
665
3.
The prohibition of acts frustrating negotiations
666
C.
Foundations of the duty to negotiate
672
1.
Issues
672
2.
Specific foundations
672
3.
UN Charter?
674
4.
Customary law: prior consultation
675
5.
Equity
676
D.
Legal effects of violations of the duty to negotiate
679
1.
Compliance and possible reprisals
679
2.
The impact in court proceedings
681
3.
The 1978 Aegean Continental Shelf case: an opportunity missed
682
4.
Ordering negotiations
687
Appendix I Maritime boundary agreements 1942-1992
691
Appendix II General maps
721
Bibliography
747
Index
778