Defining federal crimes / Daniel C. Richman, Paul J. Kellner Professor of Law, Columbia Law School; Kate Stith, Lafayette S. Foster, Professor of Law Yale Law School; William J. Stuntz, Late of Harvard University.
2014
KF9219 .R53 2014 (Map It)
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Author
Richman, Daniel C. author.
Title
Defining federal crimes / Daniel C. Richman, Paul J. Kellner Professor of Law, Columbia Law School; Kate Stith, Lafayette S. Foster, Professor of Law Yale Law School; William J. Stuntz, Late of Harvard University.
Published
New York : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, [2014]
Call Number
KF9219 .R53 2014
ISBN
9781454819899
1454819898
1454819898
Description
xxiii, 836 pages ; 26 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)870211378
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (page xxiii) and index.
Series
Aspen casebook series.
Record Appears in
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All Resources
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Shared Records
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Casebooks
Added Author
Stuntz, William J., author.
Stith, Kate author.
Stith, Kate author.
Table of Contents
Introduction
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxiii
1.
Institutional Design
1
A.
Changing Boundaries
1
1.
The Growth of Federal Criminal Jurisdiction
2
2.
Negotiated Boundaries
8
3.
The Costs of Negotiated Boundaries
12
4.
Toward New Boundaries?
14
B.
The United States Department of Justice
15
C.
Federal Criminal Litigation: A Snapshot
16
Introduction to Federal Criminal Practice
19
D.
Constitutional Structure
20
Constitution of the United States
20
The Constitution and Federal Criminal Law
23
2.
Jurisdiction: Federal Criminal Law and the Commerce Power
27
A.
"Commerce...Among the Several States"
28
1.
Historical Development
28
Champion v. Ames (The Lottery Case)
30
Notes and Questions
34
Perez v. United States
37
Notes and Questions
40
Scarborough v. United States
40
The Growth in Firearm Prosecutions
44
United States v. Lopez
45
Notes and Questions
51
Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1995,
18
U.S.C. [§]922(q)
51
2.
The Present
54
Gonzales v. Raich
54
Notes and Questions
66
United States v. Alderman
70
Notes and Questions
76
B.
"Commerce with Foreign Nations"
83
United States v. Clark
83
Federal Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
92
3.
The Separation of Powers: Interpreting Federal Criminal Statutes
99
A.
The Ban on Common-Law Crimes
100
United States v. Hudson & Goodwin
100
Notes and Questions
102
B.
The Definition of Criminal Conduct
105
Brogan v. United States
105
Notes and Questions
111
The "So-Called Rule of Lenity"
117
C.
Criminal Defenses
119
Dixon v. United States
120
The Federal Law of Defenses
128
D.
Criminal Intent
135
1.
The Historical Debate
135
United States v. Dotterweich
135
Notes and Questions
137
Morissette v. United States
139
Notes and Questions
147
2.
Factual Knowledge
148
Staples v. United States
148
Notes and Questions
157
3.
Legal Knowledge
163
Bryan v. United States
169
Notes and Questions
175
4.
Mail and Wire Fraud
179
[§]1341. Frauds and Swindles
179
[§]1343. Fraud By Wire, Radio, or Television
179
A.
Scheme to Defraud
180
Durland v. United States
181
Notes and Questions
182
B.
Prosecutorial Innovations and Judicial Constraints in Mail and Wire Fraud
187
McNally v. United States
188
Notes and Questions
195
Carpenter v. United States
196
Notes and Questions
199
United States v. Al Hedaithy
200
Notes and Questions
207
United States v. Ratcliff
209
Notes and Questions
214
C.
Honest Services Fraud
215
Interpretive Strategies Between McNally and Skilling
215
Skilling v. United States
221
Notes and Questions
233
D.
Jurisdiction - Mailings and Wire Communications
238
Schmuck v. United States
238
Notes and Questions
242
Inter- versus Intra-State Communications
246
United States v. Phillips
247
Wire-Fraud Jurisdiction
249
E.
An Alternative Vision of Law Development
249
Dan M. Kahan, Is Chevron Relevant to Federal Criminal Law?
250
Notes and Questions
260
5.
Extortion
263
A.
Coercion and Consent
264
1.
Violence
264
United States v. Zhou
264
Extortion and Threats of Violence
269
2.
Economic Threats
276
United States v. Albertson
279
Notes and Questions
289
3.
Informational Blackmail
293
United States v. Jackson
294
Notes and Questions
303
B.
Obtaining Property
305
United States v. Gotti
305
Notes and Questions
317
Sekhar v. United States
322
Questions
330
6.
Official Corruption
331
A.
Extortion Under Color of Official Right
332
McCormick v. United States
332
Notes and Questions
342
Evans v. United States
343
"Color of Right" Extortion
351
United States v. Giles
354
Notes and Questions
358
B.
Bribes and Gratuities
363
[§]201. Bribery of Public Officials and Witnesses
363
Notes and Questions
365
United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California
367
Notes and Questions
374
Valdes v. United States
377
Notes and Questions
386
C.
Program Bribery
389
18 U.S.C. [§]666
390
Sabri v. United States
391
Notes and Questions
394
United States v. Thompson
396
Notes and Questions
400
United States v. [Bravo] Fernandez
401
Notes and Questions
405
D.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
406
Notes and Questions
407
7.
Criminal Violations of Constitutional Rights
409
18 U.S.C. [§]241. Conspiracy Against Rights
409
18 U.S.C. [§]242. Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law
410
The History of Criminal Enforcement of Civil Rights
410
A.
Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law
414
1.
"Willfully"
414
Screws v. United States
414
Notes and Questions
420
United States v. Bradley
424
Notes and Questions
427
2.
Deprivation of "Rights"
428
United States v. Lanier
428
Notes and Questions
434
3.
"Under Color of Law"
435
Screws v. United States
435
Under Color of Whose Law?
437
United States v. Giordano
438
Notes and Questions
443
B.
Civil Rights Prosecutions of Private Actors
445
United States v. Magleby
445
Notes and Questions
448
18 U.S.C. [§]245. Federally Protected Activities
449
The Enactment of [§]245 451 United States v. Allen
452
Notes and Questions
457
18 U.S.C. [§]249
459
The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009
460
United States v. Jenkins
462
8.
The Law of Criminal Organizations
465
A.
Accomplice Liability
466
18 U.S.C. [§]2
466
What Constitutes Aiding and Abetting a Crime?
467
B.
Conspiracy
476
18 U.S.C. [§]371
476
Distinguishing Between Conspiracy Liability and Accomplice Liability
476
Pinkerton v. United States
477
The Federal Law of Conspiracy
481
United States v. Franco-Santiago
488
C.
Money Laundering
494
Regulatory Background
495
18 U.S.C. [§]1956
496
Distinguishing Money Laundering from the Underlying Criminal Activity
499
United States v. Santos
500
Notes and Questions
511
United States v. Corchado-Peralta
513
United States v. Rivera-Rodriguez
517
Notes and Questions
520
D.
Enterprise Crime
523
18 U.S.C. [§][§]1961-1964
524
The RICO Statute
528
1.
Defining the RICO "Enterprise"
531
Boyle v. United States
533
The Meaning of "Enterprise"
540
United States v. Cianci
543
Notes and Questions
549
2.
Conducting, or Participating in the Conduct of, the Enterprise's Affairs
552
United States v. Oreto
553
Other Ways to Participate in the Enterprise
555
3.
Through a Pattern of Racketeering Activity
557
H.J., Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.
557
The Meaning of "Pattern of Racketeering Activity"
561
4.
RICO Conspiracies
563
E.
Material-Support Statutes
566
1.
Criminal Enforcement Tools Against Terrorism
566
2.
Material-Support Offenses
568
18 U.S.C. [§]2339A
568
18 U.S.C. [§]2339B
569
3.
Liability Under [§]2339 (A)
569
United States v. Stewart
571
Epilogue: Lynne Stewart's Sentencing
580
4.
Liability Under [§]2339B
581
Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
582
Notes and Questions
598
9.
Drugs and Punishment
601
A.
Substantive Law
606
21 U.S.C. [§]841(a)
606
1.
Drug Scheduling
607
21 U.S.C. [§]812
607
Notes and Questions
608
United States v. Hussein
610
Notes and Questions
618
2.
Federal Drug Law Within U.S. Borders
621
a.
The Crime of Simple Possession
621
b.
Prosecuting Drug Kingpins
622
c.
Prosecuting Traffickers in Listed Chemicals
623
d.
Marijuana Prosecutions in Changing Times
624
3.
International Narcotics Trafficking
626
United States v. Martinez
627
Notes and Questions
630
Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act, 46 U.S.C. Chapter 705
631
B.
Drug Penalties
634
1.
The Statutory Structure of Drug Sentencing Law
635
Mandatory Minimum Sentences
636
2.
Calculating Drug Quantity
640
United States v. Pressley
640
3.
The Crack/Powder Cocaine Sentencing Disparity
642
Notes and Questions
643
4.
Sentencing Entrapment
648
5.
Drugs, Guns, and Consecutive Mandatory Minimum Sentences
651
Notes and Questions
652
6.
Sentencing Under Duress
657
A Judicial Plea to the Political Branches
657
10.
Sentencing
661
A.
Discretionary Sentencing
662
How Judges Exercised Broad Sentencing Discretion
663
B.
The Advent, Operation, and Evolution of Federal Sentencing Guidelines
668
1.
Introduction to the Guidelines
668
2.
Real-Offense Sentencing
672
Stephen Breyer, The Federal Sentencing Guidelines and the Key Compromises upon Which They Rest
672
How the Guidelines Implement Real-Offense Sentencing
673
3.
The Sentencing Guidelines and the Constitution
676
United States v. Watts
676
The Path from Watts to Booker
678
4.
The Status of the Guidelines After Booker
682
C.
Defining Crimes Under Advisory Sentencing Guidelines
686
1.
Mail and Wire Fraud
686
U.S.S.G. [§]2B1.1
686
"The Law of Fraud" Under the Guidelines
687
United States v. Olis
689
Notes and Questions
695
2.
Political Corruption
698
U.S.S.G. [§]2C1.1
699
How the Guidelines Redefine Political Corruption Crimes
700
United States v. Cruzado
701
Notes and Questions
705
3.
Drug Trafficking
708
a.
Mandatory Sentences versus Mandatory Guidelines
708
Gerard E. Lynch, Sentencing Eddie
710
Notes and Questions
716
b.
The Crack/Powder Disparity After United States v. Booker
718
Kimbrough v. United States
719
Notes and Questions
726
D.
The Future of Sentencing Law
728
Nancy Gertner, Gall, Kimbrough and Me
729
Gerard E. Lynch, Letting Guidelines Be Guidelines (and Judges Be Judges)
730
Notes and Questions
731
11.
Corporate Crime
733
A.
Entity Liability
736
1.
The Origins of Corporate Criminal Liability
736
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States
736
Notes and Questions
741
2.
Application
745
United States v. Singh
746
Notes and Questions
749
3.
Recent Developments: Deferred Prosecutions, Corporate Monitors, and Prosecutors as "Super-Regulators"
753
a.
Leveraging Respondeat Superior: The Use of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements
753
b.
The Use of Corporate Monitors
755
c.
Prosecutors as Regulators: Deferred Prosecutions and the Anachronistic Nature of Corporate Criminal Liability
757
d.
Current Department of Justice Policies
759
Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations
759
Notes and Questions
762
4.
Prospects for the Future
762
a.
Due Diligence Defense?
763
b.
Limitation to High Corporate Officials?
765
c.
Increased Judicial Oversight of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements?
765
The Significance of Expansive Corporate Criminal Liability
766
B.
Liability of "Responsible Corporate Officers"
767
United States v. Park
767
Notes and Questions
775
Park Redux
778
12 Delegating Criminal Lawmaking
781
A.
Delegation to Executive and Independent Agencies
782
1.
Delegation to Independent Federal Agencies
783
2.
Delegation to Executive Agencies
788
United States v. Dhafir
788
Notes and Questions
793
B.
Delegation to States
793
United States v. Rocha
796
What Is an "Enactment of Congress"?
804
C.
Transnational and International Delegation
804
Delegation to a Supranational Agency
807
Table of Cases
809
Index
817