Specific performance in German, French and Dutch law in the nineteenth century : remedies in an age of fundamental rights and industrialisation / by Janwillem Oosterhuis.
2011
KJC1564.5 .O57 2011 (Map It)
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Details
Author
Title
Specific performance in German, French and Dutch law in the nineteenth century : remedies in an age of fundamental rights and industrialisation / by Janwillem Oosterhuis.
Published
Leiden ; Boston : Martins Nijhoff Publishers, 2011.
Call Number
KJC1564.5 .O57 2011
ISBN
9789004196056 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9004196056 (hbk. : alk. paper)
9004196056 (hbk. : alk. paper)
Description
xxi, 635 pages ; 25 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)671238369
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references (pages 591-610) and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Foreword
xv
Abbreviations
xvii
1.
Introduction
1
1.1.
The Subject of this Study
1
1.2.
Methodology
2
1.2.1.
Central Questions
2
1.2.2.
Comparative Legal History
3
1.2.2.a.
Legal Obligations and Possible Performance
7
1.2.2.b.
Definition of the Remedies Specific Performance, Damages and Rescission
9
1.2.2.c.
France, the German territories, the Netherlands and the Nineteenth Century
11
1.2.2.d.
Civil Law versus Common Law
13
1.2.2.e.
Understanding Specific Performance
15
1.2.2.f.
Legal Sources
16
1.3.
Structure
18
2.
Specific Performance before the Nineteenth Century
21
2.1.
Introduction
21
2.2.
Roman Law
21
2.3.
Glossators, Commentators and Canonists
27
2.3.1.
Bulgarus, Martinus and Accursius
28
2.3.2.
Bartolus and Baldus
30
2.3.3.
Canon law
33
2.4.
Customary Law, Early Modern Scholasticism and Legal Humanism
34
2.4.1.
Dumoulin and Molina
35
2.4.2.
Coras and Doneau
40
2.5.
Roman-Dutch Law and Roman-Frisian Law
43
2.5.1.
Grotius, Vinnius, Groenewegen and Huber
44
2.5.2.
Bynkershoek and Civil Custody as Indirect Means of Enforcement
49
2.6.
Early Modern Natural Law and the usus modernus pandectarum
52
2.6.1.
Domat
53
2.6.1.a.
General Conception of Obligations
55
2.6.1.b.
Performance of Obligations to Act or Abstain
56
2.6.1.c.
Obligations to Give and the Transfer of Ownership
57
2.6.2.
Bourjon
62
2.6.2.a.
Third Party Performance
63
2.6.2.b.
Transfer of Ownership
65
2.6.3.
Pothier
67
2.6.3.a.
General Conception of Obligations
69
2.6.3.b.
Specific Performance of Obligations to Act or Abstain
70
2.6.3.c.
Specific Performance of Obligations to Give
72
2.6.3.d.
Third Party Performance
74
2.6.3.e.
Transfer of Ownership by Presumed Conveyance
76
2.6.4.
Thomasius, Boehmer and Hopfner
78
2.7.
Specific Performance versus nemo praecise
84
3.
Specific Performance as Primary Remedy
87
3.1.
Introduction
87
3.2.
German ius commune
88
3.2.1.
Specific Performance as Primary Remedy
90
3.2.1.a.
Betrothals
96
3.2.1.b.
Contracts of Employment and other Performances of a Highly Personal Nature
99
3.2.1.c.
Construction Contracts
101
3.2.1.d.
Trade Sales and Obligations to Hand over Goods
102
3.2.2.
Direct and Indirect Enforcement
105
3.2.2.a.
Indirect Enforcement of Betrothals
110
3.2.2.b.
Direct Enforcement of Non-Competition Clauses
112
3.2.3.
Specific Performance or Damages?
113
3.3.
Prussia and the Allgemeines Landrecht (1794)
114
3.3.1.
Specific Performance as the Primary Remedy: Betrothals
115
3.3.2.
Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung (1793)
118
3.3.2.a.
Indirect Enforcement of Betrothals
122
3.3.2.b.
Direct Enforcement of Delivery of Generic Goods
123
3.3.3.
Specific Performance, Rescission or Damages?
124
3.4.
France and the Code civil (1804)
125
3.4.1.
Specific Performance as Primary Remedy in the Code civil
127
3.4.1.a.
Performances of a Highly Personal Nature
129
3.4.1.b.
Generic Acts or Abstentions
130
3.4.1.c.
Obligations to Give
132
3.4.1.d.
Transfer of Ownership of Immovable Property
134
3.4.1.e.
Transfer of Ownership of Movable Property
139
3.4.1.f.
Code de procedure civile (1807)
140
3.4.2.
Specific Performance of Obligations to Act or Abstain
141
3.4.2.a.
Cohabitation and other Performances of a Highly Personal Nature
146
3.4.2.b.
Third Party Performance of Generic Acts or Abstentions
151
3.4.3.
Specific Performance of Obligations to Give
154
3.4.3.a.
Consensual Transfer of Ownership
157
3.4.3.b.
Transfer of Ownership of Immovable Property
162
3.4.3.c.
Transfer of Ownership of Specific Movable Property
168
3.4.3.d.
Duties to Hand Over and Cumulative or Fixed Damages
171
3.4.3.e.
Sales of Generic Goods: Third Party Performance or Damages?
174
3.5.
The Rhine Province, Baden and the Code civil
178
3.5.1.
Specific Performance as Primary Remedy
179
3.5.1.a.
Construction Contracts and Betrothals
182
3.5.1.b.
Sales of Generic Goods in the Rhine Province
187
3.5.2.
No Enforcement of Obligations to Act or Abstain
188
3.6.
The Netherlands, Roman-Dutch Law and the Code civil
192
3.6.1.
Roman-Dutch Law and Early Modern Natural Law
193
3.6.1.a.
Specific Performance of all Obligations
193
3.6.1.b.
Natural Law Drafts (1798--1804)
198
3.6.2.
Wetboek Napoleon
201
3.6.2.a.
Draft van der Linden (1807/1808)
202
3.6.2.b.
Wetboek Napoleon ingerigt voor het Koningrijk Holland (1809--1811)
204
3.6.3.
Burgerlijk Wetboek (1838)
208
3.6.3.a.
Kemper's Drafts: First (1816) and Second (1820)
209
3.6.3.b.
Wetboek 1830
211
3.6.4.
The Code civil in the Netherlands (1811--1838)
216
3.6.4.a.
Specific Performance as Primary Remedy
216
3.6.4.b.
Indirect Enforcement
219
3.7.
Comparison
221
3.7.1.
Specific Performance in German, French and Dutch Law
221
3.7.1.a.
Execution of Specific Enforcement
223
3.7.1.b.
Specific Performance in Legal Doctrine
224
3.7.2.
Specific Performance in Legal Practice
228
3.7.2.a.
Personal and Generic Acts
228
3.7.2.b.
Unique and Generic Goods
231
3.7.2.c.
Performance by Equivalence: Generic Acts and Goods
231
3.7.2.d.
Reasons for Specific Performance
232
3.7.3.
Specific Performance versus Damages
233
4.
Damages as Rule
237
4.1.
Introduction
237
4.2.
German Confederation (1815--1866)
239
4.2.1.
Gemeines Recht, Pandectism and Mercantile Law
240
4.2.1.a.
Mora, Lack of Interest and Rescission
242
4.2.1.b.
Dogmatics Behind a Specific Date of Delivery
245
4.2.1.c.
Damages as Price Difference
252
4.2.1.d.
Acceptance of a `Recent Practice'
256
4.2.2.
The Rhine Province and Baden: Sales of Generic Goods
262
4.2.3.
Prussia and the Allgemeines Landrecht
266
4.2.3.a.
Draft Handelsgesetzbuch fur die preußischen Staaten (1856)
267
4.2.3.b.
Rescission upon Default due to a Specific Date of Delivery
268
4.2.3.c.
Damages Alongside Actual Performance
270
4.2.3.d.
Contracts of Delivery
272
4.2.4.
Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (1861)
274
4.2.4.a.
Status quo versus `the Needs of Commerce'
275
4.2.4.b.
A Codified Choice of Remedies
278
4.3.
German Empire (1871--1918)
280
4.3.1.
Civilprozeßordnung (1879)
280
4.3.1.a.
Direct Enforcement of Deliveries of Generic Goods?
281
4.3.1.b.
Delivery of Generic Goods: a dare or facere?
284
4.3.2.
Fixgeschaft and the Specific Date of Delivery
285
4.3.2.a.
Immediate Notification
287
4.3.2.b.
Restrictive Interpretation of a Specific Date of Delivery
289
4.3.3.
Damages as Default Remedy
291
4.3.3.a.
Restrictive Interpretation of the Additional Period
292
4.3.3.b.
Extended Choice of Remedies
296
4.3.3.c.
Deckungskauf or Specific Performance by Equivalence
298
4.3.4.
Impossibility of the Contractual Performance
303
4.3.5.
Commercialisation of Private law in the Burgerliches Gesetzbuch
306
4.4.
France and Belgium
309
4.4.1.
Trade Sales: Specific Performance by Equivalence
310
4.4.2.
Damages as Default Remedy
314
4.4.2.a.
Default due to a Separate Notice
316
4.4.2.b.
Judicial Rescission and an Extended Choice of Remedies
317
4.4.3.
Specific Date of Delivery
317
4.4.3.a.
Commodities
318
4.4.3.b.
Rescission ipso jure or Lack of causa
318
4.4.3.c.
Price Difference
321
4.5.
The Netherlands
323
4.5.1.
Sales of Movable Property
325
4.5.1.a.
Indirect Enforcement of Delivery
326
4.5.1.b.
Subsidiary Damages
329
4.5.2.
Damages as Default Remedy
333
4.5.2.a.
Rescission in Court
335
4.5.2.b.
Default due to a Separate Notice
339
4.5.2.c.
International and Domestic Trade Sales
343
4.5.2.d.
Delivery Contracts and Penalty Clauses
347
4.5.2.e.
Restrictive Interpretation of the Additional Period
349
4.5.3.
Specific Date of Delivery
352
4.5.3.a.
Immediate Default
355
4.5.3.b.
Rescission ipso jure
357
4.5.3.c.
Commodities
361
4.5.3.d.
Price Difference
364
4.5.3.e.
Damages as Primary Remedy
369
4.5.4.
Impossibility of the Contractual Performance
375
4.6.
Comparison
377
4.6.1.
Specific performance
378
4.6.1.a.
Unique and Generic Goods
378
4.6.1.b.
Enforcement
379
4.6.2.
Damages and Rescission
380
4.6.2.a.
Mercantile Law
381
4.6.2.b.
Generic Goods and Timely Delivery
383
4.6.2.c.
Damages as Primary Remedy
386
4.6.3.
Damages versus Specific Performance by Equivalence
391
4.6.3.a.
Subsidiary Damages
391
4.6.3.b.
Third Party Performance, Covering Purchases and Penalty Clauses
392
4.6.4.
Disintegration of the Law of Obligations
393
5.
Specific Performance as an Exceptional Remedy
395
5.1.
Introduction
395
5.2.
France and Belgium
395
5.2.1.
Specific Performance of Obligations or Duties to Act or Abstain
396
5.2.1.a.
Acting, Turning Over Children and Abstaining from Competition
398
5.2.1.b.
Demolombe on Cumulative Amounts as an Indirect Means of Enforcement
405
5.2.1.c.
Cumulative Damages in French and Belgian Legal Practice
408
5.2.1.d.
Astreinte
413
5.2.1.e.
Generic Acts or Abstentions and Third Party Enforcement
419
5.2.2.
Specific Performance of Obligations to Give
427
5.2.2.a.
Consensual Transfer of Ownership
430
5.2.2.b.
Transfer of Ownership of Immovable Property
435
5.2.2.c.
Transfer of Ownership of Specific Movable Property
442
5.2.2.d.
Duties to Hand Over and Cumulative or Fixed Damages
446
5.3.
The Netherlands
447
5.3.1.
Performance of Obligations or Duties to Act or Abstain
448
5.3.1.a.
Civil Imprisonment
453
5.3.1.b.
Construction Contracts
456
5.3.1.c.
Leases
461
5.3.1.d.
Servitudes
466
5.3.1.e.
Contractual Penalties to secure Performance of Actors and Non-Competition Clauses
472
5.3.1.f.
Cohabitation and Other Performances of a Highly Personal Nature
475
5.3.1.g.
Choice of Remedies: Actual Performance or Rescission with Damages
481
5.3.1.h.
Cumulative Damages for Obligations and Duties to Act or Hand Over
490
5.3.2.
Specific Performance of Obligations to Deliver Immovable Property
501
5.3.2.a.
Delivery: Formal and Informal
502
5.3.2.b.
No Direct Enforcement of the Conveyance Without a Deed of Transfer
505
5.3.2.c.
Existing Titles and Reinstatement of the Registers to their Previous Positions
510
5.3.2.d.
Direct Enforcement of Informal Delivery or Duty to Hand Over
513
5.3.2.e.
Drawing up a Deed as an Obligation to Do
517
5.3.2.f.
Specific Performance as an Exceptional Remedy
522
5.3.2.g.
Obligations to Do Something, Remittance of Verdicts and Damages
525
5.3.2.h.
Enforcement of Conveyance Through Cumulative Damages
531
5.4.
German Empire
539
5.4.1.
Civilprozeßordnung (1879)
539
5.4.1.a.
Actual Enforcement as Purpose
540
5.4.1.b.
Betrothals Unenforceable
545
5.4.1.c.
Diversity at a Substantive Level and Damages Alongside Actual Performance
546
5.4.2.
Specific Performance in the Rhine Province and Baden
548
5.4.2.a.
Perpetual Clause
550
5.4.2.b.
Construction Contracts
553
5.4.2.c.
No Direct or Indirect Coercion of Obligations to Act
555
5.4.3.
Strict Enforcement in Legal Practice
558
5.4.3.a.
Monetary Penalties and Imprisonment; Cumulation and Discretion
559
5.4.3.b.
Acts Only Dependent on a Debtor's Will
561
5.4.3.c.
Abgabe einer Willenserklarung
563
5.4.3.d.
Turning Over of Children and Handing Over of Goods
564
5.4.4.
Specific Performance under the Burgerliches Gesetzbuch
566
5.5.
Comparison
571
5.5.1.
Specific Performance
571
5.5.1.a.
Unique Goods and Personal Acts
574
5.5.1.b.
Contractual Penalties
577
5.5.1.c.
Specific Performance by Equivalence: Generic Acts and Specified Goods
577
5.5.2.
Specific Performance as an Exceptional Remedy
578
6.
Summary and Conclusions
581
Bibliography
591
Index of Names
611
Index of Sources
615
Index of Cases
621